Como são possíveis deveres de virtude em Kant?

Este trabalho pretende mostrar em que consiste e qual é a importância de se investigar e oferecer uma resposta ao problema da possibilidade dos deveres de virtude. Sendo assim, faremos, em primeiro lugar, uma aproximação do problema da possibilidade dos deveres de virtude a partir de problemas que dizem respeito a outros juízos sintéticos a priori para, em seguida, indicarmos os requisitos que devem ser cumpridos pelos deveres de virtude para que sejam considerados possíveis. Esta investigação está comprometida com a leitura semântica de Loparic.

Progresso Científico e Verdade em Popper

O presente trabalho pretende mostrar que, para solucionar a questão da possibilidade do progresso científico, Popper precisou introduzir a ideia de verdade no âmbito de sua teoria da ciência. Essa concepção de progresso, em termos da noção de verdade, só será delineada na obra Conjectura e refutações (1963), pois a ideia de que o alvo da ciência é a verdade ainda não aparece teorizada em suas primeiras obras. Quando Popper escreveu sua A lógica da pesquisa científica(1934), a ciência era definida em termos de regras lógico-metodológicas e não de suas metas. O avanço científico é concebido a partir das noções de testabilidade e de corroborabilidade das teorias, exigências lógicometodológicas para que uma teoria seja considerada como científica. Popper não relacionou a questão do progresso científico à noção de verdade, nessa obra, porque, quando a escreveu, não dispunha de uma consistente teoria da verdade. Foi somente após Tarski ter escrito seu artigo sobre a concepção semântica da verdade que Popper, tendo por base essa concepção de verdade, pôde complementar as suas teses sobre o progresso da ciência, expostas em sua A lógica da pesquisa cientifica, com uma teoria acerca do conteúdo de verdade e da aproximação da verdade.

O Relativismo Cognitivo é Autorrefutante?

RESUMO: Hilary Putnam procurou solapar o relativismo cognitivo, mediante acusações de incoerência autodestrutiva. A concepção de Thomas Kuhn de desenvolvimento do conhecimento científico ocupa um lugar de destaque nesse empreendimento crítico, e a incomensurabilidade entre paradigmas rivais constitui o núcleo da disputa. Putnam afirmou que a incomensurabilidade é autorrefutante, levando em conta apenas sua dimensão semântica. Este artigo examina essa investida antirrelativista. Considero dois sentidos de autorrefutação, o material e o formal, e defendo que essa acusação não atinge a referida formulação semântica. Adicionalmente, mostro que a dimensão epistemológica da incomensurabilidade também não é afetada.

Temple Grandin fonds, 1974-2006 (non-inclusive)

Temple Grandin was born in Boston, Massachusetts on August 29,1947 to Richard Grandin and Eustacia Cutler. She was diagnosed with autism at age 2. She suffered from delayed speech development and did not begin to speak until the age of 4. Temple’s mother defied the doctors and kept her out of institutions. Temple was given speech therapy as well as an intensive education. Her high school science teacher and her aunt on a ranch in Arizona inspired Temple to continue her studies and pursue a career as a scientist and livestock equipment designer.She graduated from Hampshire Country School (a boarding school for gifted children) in Ridge, New Hampshire in 1966, and earned a bachelor’s degree in psychology from Franklin Pierce College in 1970. In 1975, she received a master’s degree in animal science from Arizona State University and then a doctoral degree in animal science from the University of Illinois in 1989. She is currently a professor at Colorado State University. Dr. Grandin is one of the world’s leaders in the design of livestock handling facilities. She has done extensive work in design of handling facilities for animals and has developed animal welfare guidelines for the meat industries. Dr. Grandin is a past member of the board of directors of the Autism Society of America. She lectures to parents and teachers throughout the U.S. on her experiences with autism. She makes the case that the world needs people on the autism spectrum: visual thinkers, pattern thinkers and verbal thinkers. Some of Temple Grandin’s books include: Animals Make Us Human, Animals in Translation, The Way I See It, The Autistic Brain, and Different…Not Less. In 2010, a movie entitled “Temple Grandin” starring Clare Danes was released. The movie was based on Grandin’s own writings. Temple Grandin is an expert on animal behavior, a bestselling author, and an autism activist. In 2010, she was listed in the “Heroes” category in the “Time” list of the world’s 100 most influential people. She has received numerous awards including an honorary doctorate from McGill, the University of Illinois and Duke University. Temple Granin is a philosophical leader of both the animal welfare and autism advocacy movements. sources: http://www.templegrandin.com/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temple_Grandin

Letter to Mr. Walsh, Registrar Office, 1836

The man to whom the letter is addressed is Francis Leigh Walsh who was a land surveyor and registrar. Mr. Walsh was born on March 12, 1789 in Harford County, Maryland to Thomas Welsh, a United Empire Loyalist. In 1793, his family moved to Norfolk County and in 1810, Francis succeeded his father as registrar for Norfolk County. During the War of 1812 he served in the local militia and became a captain in 1824. He was the representative for Norfolk in the legislative assembly of Upper Canada from 1820 to 1828 and 1834 to 1836. He became justice of the peace in the London district in 1821 and 1838 in the Talbot district. He died in Simcoe on Oct. 14th, 1884. His son, Aquila Walsh served in the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Canada and in the Canadian House of Commons. Benjamin Hardison was born in Berwick in the Thirteen Colonies (British colonies on the Atlantic Coast of North America) on April 2, 1757 to Thomas Hardison and Mary Chadbourne. He was a farmer, miller and political figure. He was the representative for 4th Lincoln and Norfolk in the Legislative Assembly of Upper Canada from 1797-1800. On January 21, 1800 he married Jane Warren. He served with the American forces during the American Revolution at which time he was taken prisoner and sent to Canada. Later, he settled in Fort Erie where he was a captain in the militia and a justice of the peace for the Niagara district. He operated mills and a distillery in Fort Erie and died there on July 26, 1823. Source: http://en.vionto.com/show/me/Francis+Leigh+Walsh http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Hardison

Friendship Album

The album includes an illustration of a dog howling, by one of Eliza's friends. There is also a painting of roses. There is a poem signed Denison, that reads:" In truth it is not every book That's suited to the mind; In some forever you may look and no amusement find. But seldom does an album fail To please both grave and gay; It teams with many a merry tale and many a mournful day. Then reader know, whoever thou be Wise, witty, gay or sad; It's like the world in some degree Made up of good and bad". Another poem of eight verses is signed A. McNab. A poem and illustration are included by George Coventry. The illustration shows a man (presumed to be Coventry) looking at a book while others fish and work. Another poem initialed W.A.R. is thought to be by William Anthony Rooth, it is called "To Caroline". Also included in the album is a note from a Major who stayed at Eliza's home Christmas Day 1837. The note thanks Eliza for caring for him while he was ill at her home. A poem by Eliza's brother-in-law, Oliver T. Macklem is also included in the album. An illustration of two birds by Benjamin, Eliza's son, he was ten years old at the time. There is a poem written by L. D. Raymond with an attached newspaper clipping from Welland. The clipping is from L. D. Raymond's 79th birthday and is also a poem, "To the Old Barrister". There is a page of soldier autographs from 1866, those who fought in the Battle of Ridgeway during the Fenian Raid. (http://www.wikitree.com/wiki/Space:Ann_Eliza_Hepburne_Rooth%27s_1837_Album)

El texto como objeto de análisis de diferentes teorías y métodos ;Carasucia, desde la perspectiva Barthesiana

Tesis (Maestría en Letras Españolas) U.A.N.L.

Cours de philosophie : programmes des baccalauréats de philosophie et de mathematiques, a l'usage de la Jeunesse catholoque des écoles

UANL

Proposition et simulation de modèles numériques de compréhension d'un patrimoine : le théâtre romain de Byblos au Liban

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Extraction de motifs dans la rédaction collaborative sur les Wikis

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Evaluating the state of the art of parallel programming systems

This paper describes our plans to evaluate the present state of affairs concerning parallel programming and its systems. Three subprojects are proposed: a survey among programmers and scientists, a comparison of parallel programming systems using a standard set of test programs, and a wiki resource for the parallel programming community - the Parawiki. We would like to invite you to participate and turn these subprojects into true community efforts.

Knowledge Building in Landscape Architecture

The objective of this study was to develop an internet-based seminar framework applicable for landscape architecture education. This process was accompanied by various aims. The basic expectation was to keep the main characteristics of landscape architecture education also in the online format. On top of that, four further objectives were anticipated: (1) training of competences for virtual team work, (2) fostering intercultural competence, (3) creation of equal opportunities for education through internet-based open access and (4) synergy effects and learning processes across institutional boundaries. This work started with the hypothesis that these four expected advantages would compensate for additional organisational efforts caused by the online delivery of the seminars and thus lead to a sustainable integration of this new learning mode into landscape architecture curricula. This rationale was followed by a presentation of four areas of knowledge to which the seminar development was directly related (1) landscape architecture as a subject and its pedagogy, (2) general learning theories, (3) developments in the ICT sector and (4) wider societal driving forces such as global citizenship and the increase of open educational resources. The research design took the shape of a pedagogical action research cycle. This approach was constructive: The author herself is teaching international landscape architecture students so that the model could directly be applied in practice. Seven online seminars were implemented in the period from 2008 to 2013 and this experience represents the core of this study. The seminars were conducted with varying themes while its pedagogy, organisation and the technological tools remained widely identical. The research design is further based on three levels of observation: (1) the seminar design on the basis of theory and methods from the learning sciences, in particular educational constructivism, (2) the seminar evaluation and (3) the evaluation of the seminars’ long term impact. The seminar model itself basically consists of four elements: (1) the taxonomy of learning objectives, (2) ICT tools and their application and pedagogy, (3) process models and (4) the case study framework. The seminar framework was followed by the presentation of the evaluation findings. The major findings of this study can be summed up as follows: Implementing online seminars across educational and national boundaries was possible both in term of organisation and technology. In particular, a high level of cultural diversity among the seminar participants has definitively been achieved. However, there were also obvious obstacles. These were primarily competing study commitments and incompatible schedules among the students attending from different academic programmes, partly even in different time zones. Both factors had negative impact on the individual and working group performances. With respect to the technical framework it can be concluded that the majority of the participants were able to use the tools either directly without any problem or after overcoming some smaller problems. Also the seminar wiki was intensively used for completing the seminar assignments. However, too less truly collaborative text production was observed which could be improved by changing the requirements for the collaborative task. Two different process models have been applied for guiding the collaboration of the small groups and both were in general successful. However, it needs to be said that even if the students were able to follow the collaborative task and to co-construct and compare case studies, most of them were not able to synthesize the knowledge they had compiled. This means that the area of consideration often remained on the level of the case and further reflections, generalisations and critique were largely missing. This shows that the seminar model needs to find better ways for triggering knowledge building and critical reflection. It was also suggested to have a more differentiated group building strategy in future seminars. A comparison of pre- and post seminar concept maps showed that an increase of factual and conceptual knowledge on the individual level was widely recognizable. Also the evaluation of the case studies (the major seminar output) revealed that the students have undergone developments of both the factual and the conceptual knowledge domain. Also their self-assessment with respect to individual learning development showed that the highest consensus was achieved in the field of subject-specific knowledge. The participants were much more doubtful with regard to the progress of generic competences such as analysis, communication and organisation. However, 50% of the participants confirmed that they perceived individual development on all competence areas the survey had asked for. Have the additional four targets been met? Concerning the competences for working in a virtual team it can be concluded that the vast majority was able to use the internet-based tools and to work with them in a target-oriented way. However, there were obvious differences regarding the intensity and activity of participation, both because of external and personal factors. A very positive aspect is the achievement of a high cultural diversity supporting the participants’ intercultural competence. Learning from group members was obviously a success factor for the working groups. Regarding the possibilities for better accessibility of educational opportunities it became clear that a significant number of participants were not able to go abroad during their studies because of financial or personal reasons. They confirmed that the online seminar was to some extent a compensation for not having been abroad for studying. Inter-institutional learning and synergy was achieved in so far that many teachers from different countries contributed with individual lectures. However, those teachers hardly ever followed more than one session. Therefore, the learning effect remained largely within the seminar learning group. Looking back at the research design it can be said that the pedagogical action research cycle was an appropriate and valuable approach allowing for strong interaction between theory and practice. However, some more external evaluation from peers in particular regarding the participants’ products would have been valuable.

Información e ingeniería del lenguaje.

Desarrollar unas ideas sobre información e ingeniería del lenguaje entre las lecciones de Psicología Industrial del programa, dada la importancia organizativa de las comunicaciones y del lenguaje en el mando de grupos humanos y en la dirección de sus actividades. Ofrecer un tema que despierte la curiosidad investigadora de los universitarios (desde el filósofo hasta el técnico de comunicaciones). El lenguaje como medio importante para la comunicación. Existen tres bloques en el presente trabajo: 1. Psicoinformática, información y conducta, elementos de la teoría de la información, aprehensión de la información. 2. Lenguaje: estructura estadística, psicología y lógica del lenguaje e inteligibilidad. 3. Aplicaciones: lenguaje y comportamiento, criptografía, lenguajes automáticos, máquinas de traducir, lenguajes unívocos, ingeniería de las comunicaciones, mercadotecnia. Se trata el lenguaje y la comunicación explicando sus características, códigos, su lógica y estructura estadística, la semántica, el diferencial semántico, los elementos retóricos de los mensajes, la identificación de textos y el criptoanálisis, para hacer referencia posteriormente a los lenguajes automáticos, los ordenadores, los programas de ordenador, las máquinas de traducir y sus inconvenientes. Por último tratan la mercadotecnia desde la promoción de los productos hasta el análisis del mercado como difusión de la información. La bibliografía que recomienda la divide en varios temas: teoría de la información, ordenadores, vertiente psicológica y lógica matemática. Se trata de un trabajo de tipo informativo en el que se destaca la importancia de la comunicación y el lenguaje en el mando de grupos humanos por lo que señala la importancia de su investigación. Se ofrece una serie de ideas, fórmulas, tablas orientativas e información sobre el lenguaje y las formas de comunicación, que puede servir como estímulo para la posterior investigación dada la importancia organizativa de las comunicaciones.

Comprensión de oraciones simples : un estudio sobre las negativas.

Comprobar las implicaciones, que en el procesamiento de las oraciones negativas puede tener la relación semántica entre el sujeto y el predicado. Se realizan nueve experimentos, los ocho primeros con estudiantes de la Facultad de Filosofía y Ciencias de la Educación y con muestras de: 86, 60, 50, 20, 27, 14 y 12 sujetos respectivamente. El noveno experimento se realiza con 38 alumnos de octavo de EGB. Previamente a estos experimentos se aplica una escala de relación semántica a 70 alumnos de la mencionada Facultad. En los diferentes experimentos se controlan todos o algunos de los siguientes factores: tipo de oración; tipo de sujeto de la misma; veracidad de la oración y distancia semántica entre sujeto y predicado. En unos experimentos la variable dependiente es el tiempo de verificación de la proposición y en otros es el tiempo de lectura de la misma. En algunos de los experimentos se introduce como factor la presencia o ausencia de contexto de la oración. Se utilizan tres metodologías: tiempo de verificación, tiempo de lectura, lectura por palabras, ventana fija. Escala de relación semántica. Series de proposiciones afirmativas y negativas de la forma el 's' es/no es un 'p' donde p = predicado es el nombre de una categoría y s = sujeto es un elemento perteneciente o no a dicha categoría. Los estímulos se presentan en una pantalla de ordenador y el sujeto tiene que indicar con una señal si la frase es verdadera o falsa. Diseño factorial mixto que oscila según el experimento, entre cinco, tres, o dos factores con diferentes números de niveles dentro de cada factor. Los factores tipo de oración, tipo de sujeto, veracidad de la oración y distancia semántica actúan normalmente como factores intragrupo, mientras que el contexto suele actuar como factor intergrupos. Los 5 factores tuvieron una influencia significativa en el tiempo de verificación el tiempo de lectura de las frases negativas no difiere estadísticamente al de las frases afirmativas, contrariamente a lo que sucede con el tiempo de verificación, por lo cual parece ser que las metodologías de verificación y tiempo de lectura no miden los mismos procesos. La presencia del factor contexto ejerce un efecto facilitador sobre la comprensión de las negativas. Cuanto mayor es la distancia semántica entre el sujeto y el predicado, menor es el tiempo de reacción a las negativas. Las oraciones negativas son más difíciles de verificar que las correspondientes afirmativas pero no más difíciles de comprender (tiempo de lectura). La tarea de verificación en las negativas exige complicadas operaciones de transformación en afirmativas para conocer su valor de verdad, pues la verificación exige una respuesta, que no es estrictamente necesaria en la comprensión, de las oraciones que es lo que en realidad mide el tiempo de lectura.

Tutor Prolog Didpro : programa de autoenseñanza del Prolog orientado a niños.

Pretende formar en la lógica al tiempo que se aprende la sintaxis del Prolog, de ahí que se consideren las estructuras sintácticas desde el punto de vista de la semántica como medios de representación-deducción de conocimientos. La razón es que se trata de un sistema de autoaprendizaje sin un maestro sino por ejemplos de descripciones características y descripciones discriminantes. Objetivos: iniciar una investigación, con métodos propios, de un área de aprendizaje 'La Alfabetización Informática' intentando que el sistema fuera motivador, de autoaprendizaje y además ayude a consolidar las operaciones lógico-formales y la capacidad de abstracción. El objetivo de cuestionario es ayudar a interpretar y predecir el comportamiento del sujeto en el programa y detectar elementos de dificultad del mismo. Elaboración de un programa de autoaprendizaje del Prolog orientado a niños entre 12 y 14 años. El método general es el inductivo: son los ejemplos los que proporcionan la escalera de ascenso a las clases de conceptos. Comenta las diferentes aproximaciones hechas sobre enseñanza de programación lógica en la escuela como son las de Gran Bretaña en el Imperial College, en Italia y en Portugal. Estudia los condicionantes para que fuera motivador y de autoaprendizaje. Las fases del trabajo son: traducción del lenguaje natural a Prolog, construcción de hechos sencillos como sentencias descriptivas, consulta de esa base de hechos e introducción de reglas. El programa está estructurado por niveles, es preciso superar uno para pasar al siguiente. Cada nivel contiene una evaluación final. Cuestionario 'ad hoc' dividido en cuatro bloques que recogen información acerca de las características generales del sujeto, la experiencia de interacción con la máquina, historia de su presentación y el tipo de preguntas que se realizan y los conceptos elementales del lenguaje de programación. Se utiliza un sistema de aprendizaje de adquisición de conocimientos por medio de ejemplos. Priman los aspectos sintácticos sobre los semánticos pero los primeros están orientados a los segundos. La historia motiva y gusta al niño, lo cual ya es un logro importante ya que de lo que se trata es de iniciar a los niños en la informática de un modo distinto. Uno de los conceptos mejor asimilados es el de la sintaxis en la construcción de hechos, así como en la importancia del orden de los argumentos. Las perspectivas de desarrollo de este trabajo, según el autor, son muchas, entre ellas destaca: crear un metasistema de control del alumno para que exista una especie de árbol de los conceptos a desarrollar y de las preguntas que abordan esos conceptos y seguir perfeccionando la programación lógica, Prolog, para lograr un verdadero sistema experto de aprendizaje para niños.