Postmortem magnetic resonance imaging of the heart ex situ: development of technical protocols.

Postmortem MRI (PMMR) examinations are seldom performed in legal medicine due to long examination times, unfamiliarity with the technique, and high costs. Furthermore, it is difficult to obtain access to an MRI device used for patients in clinical settings to image an entire human body. An alternative is available: ex situ organ examination. To our knowledge, there is no standardized protocol that includes ex situ organ preparation and scanning parameters for postmortem MRI. Thus, our objective was to develop a standard procedure for ex situ heart PMMR examinations. We also tested the oily contrast agent Angiofil® commonly used for PMCT angiography, for its applicability in MRI. We worked with a 3 Tesla MRI device and 32-channel head coils. Twelve porcine hearts were used to test different materials to find the best way to prepare and place organs in the device and to test scanning parameters. For coronary MR angiography, we tested different mixtures of Angiofil® and different injection materials. In a second step, 17 human hearts were examined to test the procedure and its applicability to human organs. We established two standardized protocols: one for preparation of the heart and another for scanning parameters based on experience in clinical practice. The established protocols enabled a standardized technical procedure with comparable radiological images, allowing for easy radiological reading. The performance of coronary MR angiography enabled detailed coronary assessment and revealed the utility of Angiofil® as a contrast agent for PMMR. Our simple, reproducible method for performing heart examinations ex situ yields high quality images and visualization of the coronary arteries.

Role of rhinovirus load in the upper respiratory tract and severity of symptoms in lung transplant recipients.

BACKGROUND: Rhinovirus is the most common cause of respiratory viral infections and leads to frequent respiratory symptoms in lung transplant recipients. However, it remains unknown whether the rhinovirus load correlates with the severity of symptoms. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to better characterize the pathogenesis of rhinoviral infection and the way in which viral load correlates with symptoms. STUDY DESIGN: We assessed rhinovirus load in positive upper respiratory specimens of patients enrolled prospectively in a cohort of 116 lung transplant recipients. Rhinovirus load was quantified according to a validated in-house, real-time, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in pooled nasopharyngeal and pharyngeal swabs. Symptoms were recorded in a standardised case report form completed at each screening/routine follow-up visit, or during any emergency visit occurring during the 3-year study. RESULTS: Rhinovirus infections were very frequent, including in asymptomatic patients not seeking a specific medical consultation. Rhinovirus load ranged between 4.1 and 8.3 log copies/ml according to the type of visit and clinical presentation. Patients with highest symptom scores tended to have higher viral loads, particularly those presenting systemic symptoms. When considering symptoms individually, rhinovirus load was significantly higher in the presence of symptoms such as sore throat, fever, sputum production, cough, and fatigue. There was no association between tacrolimus levels and rhinovirus load. CONCLUSIONS: Rhinovirus infections are very frequent in lung transplant recipients and rhinoviral load in the upper respiratory tract is relatively high even in asymptomatic patients. Patients with the highest symptom scores tend to have a higher rhinovirus load.

Iter S. Francisci Xaverii Ex Europa in Indiã, & Iaponiam - 1

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Iter S. Francisci Xaverii Ex Europa in Indiã, & Iaponiam - 3

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Iter S. Francisci Xaverii Ex Europa in Indiã, & Iaponiam - 2

Viduae 1703

Repraesentatio geographica itineris maritimi navis victoriae in qva ex personis CCXXXVII finita navigatione rediere... VI Sept. Ann. MDXXII - 1

Viduae 1703

Ipilimumab-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity of regulatory T cells ex vivo by nonclassical monocytes in melanoma patients.

Enhancing immune responses with immune-modulatory monoclonal antibodies directed to inhibitory immune receptors is a promising modality in cancer therapy. Clinical efficacy has been demonstrated with antibodies blocking inhibitory immune checkpoints such as cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) or PD-1/PD-L1. Treatment with ipilimumab, a fully human CTLA-4-specific mAb, showed durable clinical efficacy in metastatic melanoma; its mechanism of action is, however, only partially understood. This is a study of 29 patients with advanced cutaneous melanoma treated with ipilimumab. We analyzed peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and matched melanoma metastases from 15 patients responding and 14 not responding to ipilimumab by multicolor flow cytometry, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) assay, and immunohistochemistry. PBMCs and matched tumor biopsies were collected 24 h before (i.e., baseline) and up to 4 wk after ipilimumab. Our findings show, to our knowledge for the first time, that ipilimumab can engage ex vivo FcγRIIIA (CD16)-expressing, nonclassical monocytes resulting in ADCC-mediated lysis of regulatory T cells (Tregs). In contrast, classical CD14(++)CD16(-) monocytes are unable to do so. Moreover, we show that patients responding to ipilimumab display significantly higher baseline peripheral frequencies of nonclassical monocytes compared with nonresponder patients. In the tumor microenvironment, responders have higher CD68(+)/CD163(+) macrophage ratios at baseline and show decreased Treg infiltration after treatment. Together, our results suggest that anti-CTLA-4 therapy may target Tregs in vivo. Larger translational studies are, however, warranted to substantiate this mechanism of action of ipilimumab in patients.

Enraizamento de plântulas de mirtileiro em condição ex vitro com diferentes substratos

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a capacidade de enraizamento ex vitro de plântulas de mirtileiro cultivares Bluebelle, Woodard e Georgiagem em diferentes substratos. O experimento foi instalado no período de fevereiro a abril/2009, em casa de vegetação, com temperatura de ± 25ºC, na Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel/FAEM), em Pelotas (RS). As plântulas (sete gemas e sete folhas + ápice caulinar), após imersas em AIB (250 mg.L-1) por 10 minutos, foram acondicionadas em bandejas plásticas fechadas, com os seguintes substratos: a) Plantmax®; b) Plantmax® + serragem curtida de pinus (totalmente decomposta); c) serragem curtida; d) Plantmax® + vermiculita expandida de granulometria média, e e) vermiculita expandida de granulometria média. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com arranjo fatorial 3 x 5, sendo três cultivares e cinco substratos, com quatro repetições por tratamento, sendo cada repetição constituída de 8 explantes. Após 75 dias, avaliaram-se a percentagem de enraizamento das plântulas, a formação de calo, as plântulas sobreviventes, o comprimento e o número de raízes, o comprimento da maior raiz, a altura das plântulas, o número de brotações e a biomassa fresca total. Pode-se concluir que os melhores substratos para enraizamento ex vitro de plântulas de mirtileiro são vermiculita expandida de granulometria média, serragem curtida de pinus e Plantmax® + vermiculita expandida de granulometria média. Maior potencial de enraizamento ex vitro é alcançado com as cultivares Bluebelle e Woodard.

PTX3 Polymorphisms and Invasive Mold Infections After Solid Organ Transplant.

Donor PTX3 polymorphisms were shown to influence the risk of invasive aspergillosis among hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Here, we show that PTX3 polymorphisms are independent risk factors for invasive mold infections among 1101 solid organ transplant recipients, thereby strengthening their role in mold infection pathogenesis and patients' risk stratification.

The swiss transplant cohort study: lessons from the first 6 years.

Prospective cohort studies significantly contribute to answering specific research questions in a defined population. Since 2008, the Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS) systematically enrolled >95 % of all transplant recipients in Switzerland, collecting predefined data at determined time points. Designed as an open cohort, the STCS has included >3900 patients to date, with a median follow-up of 2.96 years (IQR 1.44-4.73). This review highlights some relevant findings in the field of transplant-associated infections gained by the STCS so far. Three key general aspects have crystallized: (i) Well-run cohort studies are a powerful tool to conduct genetic studies, which are crucially dependent on a meticulously described phenotype. (ii) Long-term real-life observations are adding a distinct layer of information that cannot be obtained during randomized studies. (iii) The systemic collection of data, close interdisciplinary collaboration, and continuous analysis of some key outcome data such as infectious diseases endpoints can improve patient care.

Enraizamento ex vitro e aclimatização de plântulas micropropagadas de amoreira-preta 'Xavante'

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o enraizamento ex vitro e a aclimatização de plântulas de amoreira-preta 'Xavante'. Este trabalho foi conduzido no Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV/UDESC), em Lages (SC). Na etapa de enraizamento ex vitro, maior número de raízes foi obtido com 320 mg.L-1 de AIB. Observou-se resposta linear crescente em função das doses de AIB para comprimento médio de raízes e massa fresca total das plântulas. Na fase de aclimatização, as plântulas, após seis meses, apresentaram maior massa fresca total com a composição de substrato orgânico Tecnomax® + vermiculita de granulometria média e substrato orgânico Tecnomax®. Assim, para o enraizamento ex vitro de amoreira-preta 'Xavante', recomenda-se a imersão das plântulas em AIB com concentração de 320 mg.L-1 por 5 minutos e indica-se o uso do substrato orgânico Tecnomax® para a etapa de aclimatização.

Diversidade genética em coleções amazônicas de germoplasma de cupuaçuzeiro [Theobroma grandiflorum (Willd. ex Spreng.) Schum.]

Este trabalho teve por finalidade avaliar a diversidade genética e o parentesco de 24 acessos de Theobroma grandiflorum, introduzidos de três unidades da Embrapa, objetivando sua utilização como genitores no programa de hibridação da espécie. Os marcadores genéticos utilizados foram lócus heterólogos de microssatélites desenvolvidos para cacaueiro. Foram encontrados 45 alelos na população estudada. O número médio efetivo de alelos por lócus (2,33) foi menor do que o número médio de alelos por lócus (3,21), indicando que muitos alelos têm baixa frequência. A heterozigosidade observada nos lócus polimórficos variou de 0,33 a 1,00 com média de 0,54 e a heterozigosidade esperada variou entre 0,48 a 0,76 com média de 0,54. O índice de fixação médio entre lócus (0,003) não foi significativamente diferente de zero. A estimativa do parentesco entre pares de indivíduos indica que alguns podem ser parentes, entre meios-irmãos e clones. Os resultados sugerem que os acessos de Theobroma grandiflorum analisados contêm um moderado nível de diversidade genética e ausência de endogamia e, portanto, grande potencial para utilização em programas de melhoramento genético.

Pineapple (Ananas comosus) cv. pérola ex vitro growth and mycorrhizal colonization affected by in vitro sucrose concentration

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of sucrose concentration in the culture medium on growth and on the establishment of mycorrhizas during the acclimatization of pineapple cv. Pérola. The plantlets were micropropagated in MS culture medium with 0, 10, 20 and 30 g L-1 of sucrose and then they were acclimatized during 12 weeks under greenhouse conditions, in a sandy soil - compost mixture, uninoculated or inoculated with a Rhizophagus clarus isolate. Plantlets from the culture medium with 20 g and 30 g of sucrose L-1 showed higher shoot and root biomass than those from sugar-free medium. Mycorrhizal colonization was lower in plantlets micropropagated in sucrose-free medium, but the intensity of arbuscules did not differ among treatments. In the 12-week period of acclimatization, mycorrhizal colonization had no effect on plant biomass.