Predigten

von Dr. Michael Sachs ; aus dessen schriftlichen Nachlaß herausgegeben von Dr. David Rosin

Metodología para la determinación de la evapotranspiración integrada y la capacidad de canales en una zona de riego

La capacidad de la red de canales en un sistema de riego depende de satisfacer la demanda hídrica máxima de los cultivos. Los métodos para determinar la capacidad del canal requieren de la estimación de la variable agronómica: evapotranspiración de los cultivos. En grandes áreas de riego, con un padrón diversificado de cultivos, diferentes fechas de siembra y varios ciclos agrícolas no existe un procedimiento integrado para estimar esta variable agronómica, lo cual genera incertidumbre al ser requerida en los métodos. En este trabajo se desarrolla una propuesta para estimar dicha variable para grandes zonas de riego. La propuesta inicia con el cálculo de la evapotranspiración de los cultivos por fecha de siembra, y termina con la obtención de una curva general integral para un año agrícola, encontrándose la variable evapotranspiración de una zona de riego (ETzr). Esta metodología se aplicó para el canal principal del módulo de riego Santa Rosa, Distrito de Riego 075, Sinaloa, México en que la ETzr resultó de 4,1 mm d-1. Por los resultados se concluye la veracidad de la propuesta en determinar la evapotranspiración para el cálculo en la capacidad del canal.

Estudio experimental del Sistema de Albañilería Integral en la construcción de viviendas sismorresistentes. Experimental study of the Integral Masonry System in the construction of earthquake resistant houses

This paper presents the application of the Integral Masonry System (IMS) to the construction of earthquake resistant houses and its experimental study. To verify the security of this new type of building in seismic areas of the third world two prototypes have been tested, one with adobe and the other with hollow brick. In both cases it’s a two-story 6x6x6 m3 house built to scale 1/2. The tests are carried out at the Laboratory of Antiseismic Structures of the Department of Engineering, Pontifical Catholic University of Peru in Lima, in collaboration with the UPM (Technical University of Madrid). This article shows the design process of the prototypes to test, including the sizing of the reinforcements, the characteristics of the tests and the results obtained. These results show that the IMS with adobe or brick remains stable with no significant cracks faced with a severe earthquake, with an estimated acceleration of 1.8 g. Este artículo presenta una aplicación del Sistema de Albañilería Integral (SAI) a la construcción de viviendas sismorresistentes y su estudio experimental. Para verificar su seguridad para su construcción en zonas sísmicas del tercer mundo se han ensayado dos prototipos, uno con adobe, y otro con ladrillo hueco. Se trata de una vivienda de 6x6x6 m3 y dos plantas que se construyen a escala 1/2. Los ensayos se realizaron en el Laboratorio de Estructuras Antisísmicas del Departamento de Ingeniería de la Pontificia Católica Universidad del Perú (PUCP) de Lima en colaboración con la UPM (Universidad Politécnica de Madrid). Este artículo muestra el proceso de diseño de los prototipos a ensayar, incluido el dimensionado de los refuerzos, las características de los ensayos y los resultados obtenidos. Estos resultados muestran que el SAI con adobe o ladrillo permanece estable sin grietas significativas ante un sismo severo, con una aceleración estimada de 1,8 g.

Practical case with regard to applying the functional and environmental method to low crest level, detached breakwaters

The research work as presented in this article covers the design of detached breakwaters since they constitute a type of coastal defence work with which to combat many of the erosion problems found on beaches in a stable, sustainable fashion. The main aim of this work is to formulate a functional and environmental (but not structural) design method, enabling the fundamental characteristics of a detached breakwater to be defined as a function of the effect it is wished to induce on the coast, and taking into account variables of a different nature (climate, geomorphology and geometry) influencing the changes the shoreline undergoes after its construction. With this article, it is intended to submit the final result of the investigation undertaken, applying the detached breakwater design method as developed to solving a practical case. Thus it may be shown how the method enables a detached breakwater’s geometric pre-sizing to be tackled at a place on the coast with certain climate, geomorphology and littoral dynamic characteristics, first setting the final state of equilibrium it is wanted to obtain therein after its construction.

Experience with PV-diesel hybrid village power systems in southern Morocco

In October 2002, under the auspices of Spanish Cooperation, a pilot electrification project put into operation two centralised PV-diesel hybrid systems in two different Moroccan villages. These systems currently provide a full-time energy service and supply electricity to more than a hundred of families, six community buildings, street lighting and one running water system. The appearance of the electricity service is very similar to an urban one: one phase AC supply (230V/50Hz) distributed up to each dwelling using a low-voltage mini-grid, which has been designed to be fully compatible with a future arrival of the utility grid. The management of this electricity service is based on a “fee-for-service” scheme agreed between a local NGO, partner of the project, and electricity associations created in each village, which are in charge of, among other tasks, recording the daily energy production of systems and the monthly energy consumption of each house. This register of data allows a systematic evaluation of both the system performance and the energy consumption of users. Now, after four years of operation, this paper presents the experience of this pilot electrification project and draws lessons that can be useful for designing, managing and sizing this type of small village PV-hybrid system

Dimensionamiento de una instalación eléctrica de un edificio de oficinas y almacén de productos farmacéuticos

En el presente proyecto se realiza el diseño y cálculo de la instalación eléctrica y el cálculo de luminarias, de un edificio de oficinas y almacén de productos farmacéuticos. Este diseño se precisa para el correcto desarrollo de la actividad de la nave industrial objeto de la instalación. Mediante la utilización de programas informáticos se pretende diseñar una guía para agilizar los procesos de dimensionamiento y cálculo para este tipo de proyectos. Al contar estos programas con una normativa totalmente actualizada, también agilizan el proceso de adecuación a la norma. En el cálculo de luminarias se consigue un cálculo muy aproximado de la potencia requerida, además de asegurar las condiciones lumínicas necesarias. También se tiene un cálculo muy exacto del circuito eléctrico que es fácil modificar a futuras ampliaciones. ABSTRACT The project´s aim is to make the design and calculations of the electrical and lighting installations, for a pharmaceutical warehouse. This design is necessary to ensure proper operational activity of the industrial warehouse, subject to the installation. By means of computer programs, it is intended to design a guide in order to speed up the processes of calculations and sizing of the electric wiring for this type of project. These programs are also fully updated, and therefore, the processes of adaptation to the legislation and regulations are made easier. In the calculation of the lighting, the software achieves a close approximation of the required power as well as ensuring the necessary light conditions. With this software we also achieve a very accurate calculation of the electrical circuit that is easy to modify to future expansions.

Diseño de un sistema de climatización para un edificio singular mediante el uso de fuentes de energía renovable

El proyecto consiste en el diseño del sistema de climatización de un edificio ubicado en la ciudad de Madrid que utilice la energía solar como fuente de calor y electricidad. El objetivo es que el edificio tenga un consumo energético lo más bajo posible y que utilice energías de origen renovable para su explotación. Se incluye el cálculo de cargas térmicas, el dimensionamiento del sistema de climatización y de los sistemas de captación de energía solar (térmica y fotovoltaica). Adicionalmente, se definen las principales características de un sistema de control centralizado que permita optimizar el rendimiento y monitorizar el funcionamiento de la instalación de forma continua. Se incluye el diseño de las instalaciones auxiliares con un grado de detalle suficiente que permita su valoración, tanto desde el punto de vista energético como económico. Como parte fundamental del proyecto, se extraen conclusiones acerca del ahorro energético de las instalaciones y se analiza la viabilidad económica de las inversiones. ABSTRACT The project covers the design of a Heating and Climatization System for a building located in the city of Madrid (Spain). The facilities will use solar energy as the main source for both heat and electricity. The main goals are to achieve the lowest possible energy consumption and to use renewable sources of energy to cover it. Calculation of thermal charges is included, together with the sizing of both the Climatization System and the Solar Energy (Thermal and PV) facilities. In addition, the main characteristics of a Centralized Control System are defined. This will help both to optimize the performance of the different systems involved and to monitor the operation. Design of all auxiliary systems is included with enough level of detail as to be able to evaluate them from both energetic and economic points of view. Paramount in this project is to be able to draw conclusions about the energy savings and the profitability (or not) of the main investments to be carried out

Metodología para maximizar la rentabilidad de una terminal marítima de contenedores a través de la optimización de su grado de automatización

Son generalmente aceptadas las tendencias actuales de maximización de la automatización para la adaptación de las terminales marítimas de contenedores a las cada vez mayores exigencias competitivas del negocio de transporte de contenedores. En esta investigación, se somete a consideración dichas tendencias a través de un análisis que tenga en cuenta la realidad global de la terminal pero también su propia realidad local que le permita aprovechar sus fortalezas y minimizar sus debilidades en un mercado continuamente en crecimiento y cambio. Para lo cual se ha desarrollado un modelo de análisis en el que se tengan en cuenta los parámetros técnicos, operativos, económicos y financieros que influyen en el diseño de una terminal marítima de contenedores, desde su concepción como ente dependiente para generar negocio, todos ellos dentro de un perímetro definido por el mercado del tráfico de contenedores así como las limitaciones físicas introducidas por la propia terminal. Para la obtención de dicho modelo ha sido necesario llevar a cabo un proceso de estudio del contexto actual del tráfico de contenedores y su relación con el diseño de las terminales marítimas, así como de las metodologías propuestas hasta ahora por los diferentes autores para abordar el proceso de dimensionamiento y diseño de la terminal. Una vez definido el modelo que ha de servir de base para el diseño de una terminal marítima de contenedores desde un planteamiento multicriterio, se analiza la influencia de las diversas variables explicativas de dicho modelo y se cuantifica su impacto en los resultados económicos, financieros y operativos de la terminal. Un paso siguiente consiste en definir un modelo simplificado que vincule la rentabilidad de una concesión de terminal con el tráfico esperado en función del grado de automatización y del tipo de terminal. Esta investigación es el fruto del objetivo ambicioso de aportar una metodología que defina la opción óptima de diseño de una terminal marítima de contenedores apoyada en los pilares de la optimización del grado de automatización y de la maximización de la rentabilidad del negocio que en ella se desarrolla. It is generally accepted current trends in automation to maximize the adaptation of maritime container terminals to the growing competitive demands of the business of container shipping. In this research, is submitted to these trends through an analysis taking into account the global reality of the terminal but also their own local reality it could exploit its strengths and minimize their weaknesses in a market continuously growing and changing. For which we have developed a model analysis that takes into account the technical, operational, financial and economic influence in the design of a container shipping terminal, from its conception as being dependent to generate business, all within a perimeter defined by the market of container traffic and the physical constraints introduced by the terminal. To obtain this model has been necessary to conduct a study process in the current context of container traffic and its relation to the design of marine terminals, as well as the methodologies proposed so far by different authors to address the process sizing and design of the terminal. Having defined the model that will serve as the basis for the design for a container shipping terminal from a multi-criteria approach, we analyze the influence of various explanatory variables of the model and quantify their impact on economic performance, financial and operational of the terminal. A next step is to define a simplified model that links the profitability of a terminal concession with traffic expected on the basis of the degree of automation and the kind of terminal. This research is the result of the ambitious target of providing a methodology to define the optimal choice of designing a container shipping terminal on the pillars of automation optimizing and maximizing the profitability of the business that it develops.

Static Pressure Impact on Aerodynamics of High Speed Railway Tunnels

A pressure wave is generated when a high speed train enters a tunnel. This wave travels along the tunnel back and forth, and is reflected at the irregularities of the tunnel duct (section changes, chimneys and tunnel ends). The pressure changes are associated to these waves can have an effect on passengers if the trains are not suitably sealed or pressurized. The intensity of the waves depends mainly on the train speed, and on the blockage ratio (train-section-to- tunnel-section area ratio). As the intensity of the waves is limited by regulations, and also by the effects on passengers and infrastructures, the sizing of the tunnel section area is largely influenced by the maximum train speed allowed in the tunnel. The aim of this study is to analyse the increase in cost in a tunnel due to the existence of this difference in ground level, and evaluate the increase of construction costs that this elevation might involve.

Storm evolution characterization for analysing stone armour damage progression

Storm evolution is fundamental for analysing the damage progression of the different failure modes and establishing suitable protocols for maintaining and optimally sizing structures. However, this aspect has hardly been studied and practically the whole of the studies dealing with the subject adopt the Equivalent triangle storm. As against this approach, two new ones are proposed. The first is the Equivalent Triangle Magnitude Storm model (ETMS), whose base, the triangular storm duration, D, is established such that its magnitude (area describing the storm history above the reference threshold level which sets the storm condition),HT, equals the real storm magnitude. The other is the Equivalent Triangle Number of Waves Storm (ETNWS), where the base is referred in terms of the real storm's number of waves,Nz. Three approaches are used for estimating the mean period, Tm, associated to each of the sea states defining the storm evolution, which is necessary to determine the full energy flux withstood by the structure in the course of the extreme event. Two are based on the Jonswap spectrum representativity and the other uses the bivariate Gumbel copula (Hs, Tm), resulting from adjusting the storm peaks. The representativity of the approaches proposed and those defined in specialised literature are analysed by comparing the main armour layer's progressive loss of hydraulic stability caused by real storms and that relating to theoretical ones. An empirical maximum energy flux model is used for this purpose. The agreement between the empirical and theoretical results demonstrates that the representativity of the different approaches depends on the storm characteristics and point towards a need to investigate other geometrical shapes to characterise the storm evolution associated with sea states heavily influenced by swell wave components.

Storm characterization for analyzing stone armour damage progression

Storm evolution is fundamental for analysing the damage progression of the different failure modes and establishing suitable protocols for maintaining and optimally sizing structures. However, this aspect has hardly been studied and practically the whole of the studies dealing with the subject adopt the Equivalent triangle storm. As against this approach, two new ones are proposed. The first is the Equivalent Triangle Magnitude Storm model (ETMS), whose base, the triangular storm duration, D, is established such that its magnitude (area describing the storm history above the reference threshold level which sets the storm condition),HT, equals the real storm magnitude. The other is the Equivalent Triangle Number of Waves Storm (ETNWS), where the base is referred in terms of the real storm's number of waves,Nz. Three approaches are used for estimating the mean period, Tm, associated to each of the sea states defining the storm evolution, which is necessary to determine the full energy flux withstood by the structure in the course of the extreme event. Two are based on the Jonswap spectrum representativity and the other uses the bivariate Gumbel copula (Hs, Tm), resulting from adjusting the storm peaks. The representativity of the approaches proposed and those defined in specialised literature are analysed by comparing the main armour layer's progressive loss of hydraulic stability caused by real storms and that relating to theoretical ones. An empirical maximum energy flux model is used for this purpose. The agreement between the empirical and theoretical results demonstrates that the representativity of the different approaches depends on the storm characteristics and point towards a need to investigate other geometrical shapes to characterise the storm evolution associated with sea states heavily influenced by swell wave components.

System Engineering Approach to Initial Design of LEO Remote Sensing Missions

The satellite remote sensing missions are essential for long-term research around the condition of the earth resources and environment. On the other hand, in recent years the application of microsatellites is of interest in many space programs for their less cost and response time. In microsatellite remote sensing missions there are tight interrelations between different requirements such as orbital altitude, revisit time, mission life and spatial resolution. Also, all of these requirements can affect the whole system level design characteristics. In this work, the remote sensing microsatellite sizing process is divided into three major design disciplines; a) orbit design, b) payload sizing and c) bus sizing. Finally, some specific design cases are investigated inside the design space for evaluating the effect of different design variables on the satellite total mass. Considering the results of the work, it is concluded that applying a systematic approach at the initial design phase of such projects provides a good insight to the not clearly seen interactions inside their highly extended design space

Propellantless de orbiting of space debris by bare electrodynamic tethers

A 3-year Project started on November 1 2010, financed by the European Commision within the FP-7 Space Program, and aimed at developing an efficient de-orbit system that could be carried on board by future spacecraft launched into LEO, will be presented. The operational system will deploy a thin uninsulated tape-tether to collect electrons as a giant Langmuir probe, using no propellant/no power supply, and generating power on board. This project will involve free-fall tests, and laboratory hypervelocity-impact and tether-current tests, and design/Manufacturing of subsystems: interface elements, electric control and driving module, electron-ejecting plasma contactor, tether-deployment mechanism/end-mass, and tape samples. Preliminary results to be presented involve: i) devising criteria for sizing the three disparate tape dimensions, affecting mass, resistance, current-collection, magnetic self-field, and survivability against debris itself; ii) assessing the dynamical relevance of tether parameters in implementing control laws to limit oscillations in /off the orbital plane, where passive stability may be marginal; iii) deriving a law for bare-tape current from numerical simulations and chamber tests, taking into account ambient magnetic field, ion ram motion, and adiabatic electron trapping; iv) determining requirements on a year-dormant hollow cathode under long times/broad emission-range operation, and trading-off against use of electron thermal emission; v) determining requirements on magnetic components and power semiconductors for a control module that faces high voltage/power operation under mass/volume limitations; vi) assessing strategies to passively deploy a wide conductive tape that needs no retrieval, while avoiding jamming and ending at minimum libration; vii) evaluating the tape structure as regards conductive and dielectric materials, both lengthwise and in its cross-section, in particular to prevent arcing in triple-point junctions.

Low Voltage Ride-through in DFIG Wind Generators by Controlling the Rotor Current without Crowbars

Among all the different types of electric wind generators, those that are based on doubly fed induction generators, or DFIG technology, are the most vulnerable to grid faults such as voltage sags. This paper proposes a new control strategy for this type of wind generator, that allows these devices to withstand the effects of a voltage sag while following the new requirements imposed by grid operators. This new control strategy makes the use of complementary devices such as crowbars unnecessary, as it greatly reduces the value of currents originated by the fault. This ensures less costly designs for the rotor systems as well as a more economic sizing of the necessary power electronics. The strategy described here uses an electric generator model based on space-phasor theory that provides a direct control over the position of the rotor magnetic flux. Controlling the rotor magnetic flux has a direct influence on the rest of the electrical variables enabling the machine to evolve to a desired work point during the transient imposed by the grid disturbance. Simulation studies have been carried out, as well as test bench trials, in order to prove the viability and functionality of the proposed control strategy.

Influencia de los requisitos de seguridad a la fatiga en el dimensionamiento de puentes mixtos de carretera

El fenómeno de fatiga es uno de los condicionantes más importantes en el diseño de puentes metálicos y mixtos bajo la acción cíclica de fuertes sobrecargas reales. Hoy en día, ha tomado mayor relevancia en el ámbito de puentes de carretera debido al aumento sustancial de la intensidad de tráfico y el peso de los vehículos. La evolución de las normativas actuales, que recogen su cálculo a partir del ELU de seguridad a fatiga, debe ir dirigida, hacia una mayor simplicidad de aplicación y un mayor rigor técnico. A partir del análisis de seis puentes mixtos de carretera proyectados recientemente (2007-2011) se pretende establecer una comparación, tanto cualitativa como cuantitativa, entre los métodos simplificados de la normativa española (antigua RPM/RPX 95 y actual EAE) y el Eurocódigo frente al Método del Daño Acumulado, caracterizado por ser más complicado de aplicar pero más riguroso. A través del análisis efectuado, se obtienen reglas prácticas sencillas y fiables para el dimensionamiento o verificación de elementos estructurales a fatiga según características principales como la tipología de la sección o la longitud de vano, entre otros. En conclusión, el trabajo que se propone desarrollar combina el análisis crítico de la base teórica con el estudio aplicado de casos reales y pretende sentar las bases para profundizar en esta área de gran interés para proyectistas. Fatigue is one of the most determining factors in the design of steel and composite bridges with dynamic loads subject to cyclic live loads. Nowadays, it has taken relevance in the field of roadway bridges due to considerable increase in the intensity of traffic and the weight of vehicles. The evolution of the current design codes, which include an analysis of the ultimate limit state of fatigue, should aim for greater ease of application and technical rigour. Based on the analysis of six composite road bridges designed recently (2007-2011), a comparison has been made, both qualitative and quantitative, between the simplified methods of the Spanish codes (current EAE and old RPM/RPX95) and Eurocode with regard to the Cumulative Damage Method, characterised for being more difficult to apply but more rigorous. Through an exhaustive analysis, a set of practical and reliable rules have been obtained for the sizing or verification of structural elements according to main characteristics such as the tipology of the cross section or the length of span, among others. In conclusion, the work developed combines the critical analysis of the theory with the applied study of real cases and sets out to lay the foundations for deepening into this area of great interest to designers.