Native women, theory and research : contexts and contestations

In this thesis I outline a critical approach to interpreting the considerable academic literature on Aboriginal women in North America. I locate the scholarship concerning Native women within an understanding of three developments related to a philosophy of science: (I) paradigmatic shifts concerning the philosophy of science, (2) materialist-idealist debates and (3) transitions in feminist theory characterized by what is tenned the shift from second to third wave feminism. My exploration of emergent themes suggests that the elements indicated above provide overlapping frameworks within which most scholarship about Indigenous women is positioned. I illustrate my finding that employing critical discourse analysis and postcolonial feminism as both method and theory provides a useful approach in attending to intersecting experiences of 'race, class, and gender.' I view these intersecting experiences as central to the socio-political positioning of Indigenous women within contemporary feminist theorizing. I conclude my thesis by reflecting on the conceptual struggles I experienced in fonnulating and organizing the thesis and the significance of my underlying epistemological position and value-orientation as both a feminist and Native woman.

Power, Contextual Intelligence and Leadership: Research Approaches for Understanding Participatory Community Climate Change Adaptation

Analysis of power in natural resources management is important as multiple stakeholders interact within complex, social-ecological systems. As a sub-set of these interactions, community climate change adaptation is increasingly using participatory processes to address issues of local concern. While some attention has been paid to power relations in this respect, e.g. evaluating international climate regimes or assessing vulnerability as part of integrated impact assessments, little attention has been paid to how a structured assessment of power could facilitate real adaptation and increase the potential for successful participatory processes. This paper surveys how the concept of power is currently being applied in natural resources management and links these ideas to agency and leadership for climate change adaptation. By exploring behavioural research on destructive leadership, a model is developed for informing participatory climate change adaptation. The working paper then concludes with a discussion of developing research questions in two specific areas - examining barriers to adaptation and mapping the evolution of specific participatory processes for climate change adaptation.

The Clinical Translation Gap in Child Health Exercise Research: A Call for Disruptive Innovation

In children, levels of play, physical activity, and fitness are key indicators of health and disease and closely tied to optimal growth and development. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) provides clinicians with biomarkers of disease and effectiveness of therapy, and researchers with novel insights into fundamental biological mechanisms reflecting an integrated physiological response that is hidden when the child is at rest. Yet the growth of clinical trials utilizing CPET in pediatrics remains stunted despite the current emphasis on preventative medicine and the growing recognition that therapies used in children should be clinically tested in children. There exists a translational gap between basic discovery and clinical application in this essential component of child health. To address this gap, the NIH provided funding through the Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program to convene a panel of experts. This report summarizes our major findings and outlines next steps necessary to enhance child health exercise medicine translational research. We present specific plans to bolster data interoperability, improve child health CPET reference values, stimulate formal training in exercise medicine for child health care professionals, and outline innovative approaches through which exercise medicine can become more accessible and advance therapeutics across the child health spectrum.

Frailty, an Emerging Research and Clinical Paradigm: Issues and Controversies

Ne pas citer. Version pour diffusion uniquement. Citer l'article une fois publié. / Not to be cited. For distribution only. Cite article once published.

The Development, Validation and Implementation of a Broad-Based ADME Genotyping Assay into Research and Clinical Trials

Afin d’adresser la variabilité interindividuelle observée dans la réponse pharmacocinétique à de nombreux médicaments, nous avons créé un panel de génotypage personnalisée en utilisant des méthodes de conception et d’élaboration d’essais uniques. Celles-ci ont pour but premier de capturer les variations génétiques présentent dans les gènes clés impliqués dans les processus d'absorption, de distribution, de métabolisme et d’excrétion (ADME) de nombreux agents thérapeutiques. Bien que ces gènes et voies de signalement sont impliqués dans plusieurs mécanismes pharmacocinétiques qui sont bien connues, il y a eu jusqu’à présent peu d'efforts envers l’évaluation simultanée d’un grand nombre de ces gènes moyennant un seul outil expérimental. La recherche pharmacogénomique peut être réalisée en utilisant deux approches: 1) les marqueurs fonctionnels peuvent être utilisés pour présélectionner ou stratifier les populations de patients en se basant sur des états métaboliques connus; 2) les marqueurs Tag peuvent être utilisés pour découvrir de nouvelles corrélations génotype-phénotype. Présentement, il existe un besoin pour un outil de recherche qui englobe un grand nombre de gènes ADME et variantes et dont le contenu est applicable à ces deux modèles d'étude. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons développé un panel d’essais de génotypage de 3,000 marqueurs génétiques ADME qui peuvent satisfaire ce besoin. Dans le cadre de ce projet, les gènes et marqueurs associés avec la famille ADME ont été sélectionnés en collaboration avec plusieurs groupes du milieu universitaire et de l'industrie pharmaceutique. Pendant trois phases de développement de cet essai de génotypage, le taux de conversion pour 3,000 marqueurs a été amélioré de 83% à 97,4% grâce à l'incorporation de nouvelles stratégies ayant pour but de surmonter les zones d'interférence génomiques comprenant entre autres les régions homologues et les polymorphismes sous-jacent les régions d’intérêt. La précision du panel de génotypage a été validée par l’évaluation de plus de 200 échantillons pour lesquelles les génotypes sont connus pour lesquels nous avons obtenu une concordance > 98%. De plus, une comparaison croisée entre nos données provenant de cet essai et des données obtenues par différentes plateformes technologiques déjà disponibles sur le marché a révélé une concordance globale de > 99,5%. L'efficacité de notre stratégie de conception ont été démontrées par l'utilisation réussie de cet essai dans le cadre de plusieurs projets de recherche où plus de 1,000 échantillons ont été testés. Nous avons entre autre évalué avec succès 150 échantillons hépatiques qui ont été largement caractérisés pour plusieurs phénotypes. Dans ces échantillons, nous avons pu valider 13 gènes ADME avec cis-eQTL précédemment rapportés et de découvrir et de 13 autres gènes ADME avec cis eQTLs qui n'avaient pas été observés en utilisant des méthodes standard. Enfin, à l'appui de ce travail, un outil logiciel a été développé, Opitimus Primer, pour aider pour aider au développement du test. Le logiciel a également été utilisé pour aider à l'enrichissement de cibles génomiques pour d'expériences séquençage. Le contenu ainsi que la conception, l’optimisation et la validation de notre panel le distingue largement de l’ensemble des essais commerciaux couramment disponibles sur le marché qui comprennent soit des marqueurs fonctionnels pour seulement un petit nombre de gènes, ou alors n’offre pas une couverture adéquate pour les gènes connus d’ADME. Nous pouvons ainsi conclure que l’essai que nous avons développé est et continuera certainement d’être un outil d’une grande utilité pour les futures études et essais cliniques dans le domaine de la pharmacocinétique, qui bénéficieraient de l'évaluation d'une longue liste complète de gènes d’ADME.

How Gene Patents May Inhibit Scientific Research

Commentaire / Commentary

Screening for adolescent idiopathic scoliosis: an information statement by the scoliosis research society international task force

Background: Routine screening of scoliosis is a controversial subject and screening efforts vary greatly around the world. METHODS: Consensus was sought among an international group of experts (seven spine surgeons and one clinical epidemiologist) using a modified Delphi approach. The consensus achieved was based on careful analysis of a recent critical review of the literature on scoliosis screening, performed using a conceptual framework of analysis focusing on five main dimensions: technical, clinical, program, cost and treatment effectiveness. FINDINGS: A consensus was obtained in all five dimensions of analysis, resulting in 10 statements and recommendations. In summary, there is scientific evidence to support the value of scoliosis screening with respect to technical efficacy, clinical, program and treatment effectiveness, but there insufficient evidence to make a statement with respect to cost effectiveness. Scoliosis screening should be aimed at identifying suspected cases of scoliosis that will be referred for diagnostic evaluation and confirmed, or ruled out, with a clinically significant scoliosis. The scoliometer is currently the best tool available for scoliosis screening and there is moderate evidence to recommend referral with values between 5 degrees and 7 degrees. There is moderate evidence that scoliosis screening allows for detection and referral of patients at an earlier stage of the clinical course, and there is low evidence suggesting that scoliosis patients detected by screening are less likely to need surgery than those who did not have screening. There is strong evidence to support treatment by bracing. INTERPRETATION: This information statement by an expert panel supports scoliosis screening in 4 of the 5 domains studied, using a framework of analysis which includes all of the World Health Organisation criteria for a valid screening procedure.

Engaging Ethical Issues Associated with Research and Public Health Interventions During Humanitarian Crises: Review of a Dialogic Workshop

Compte-rendu / Review

Analysis of Some Queueing Models Related To N-Policy: Operations Research

This study is about the analysis of some queueing models related to N-policy.The optimal value the queue size has to attain in order to turn on a single server, assuming that the policy is to turn on a single server when the queue size reaches a certain number, N, and turn him off when the system is empty.The operating policy is the usual N-policy, but with random N and in model 2, a system similar to the one described here.This study analyses “ Tandem queue with two servers”.Here assume that the first server is a specialized one.In a queueing system,under N-policy ,the server will be on vacation until N units accumulate for the first time after becoming idle.A modified version of the N-policy for an M│M│1 queueing system is considered here.The novel feature of this model is that a busy service unit prevents the access of new customers to servers further down the line.It is deals with a queueing model consisting of two servers connected in series with a finite intermediate waiting room of capacity k.Here assume that server I is a specialized server.For this model ,the steady state probability vector and the stability condition are obtained using matrix – geometric method.

Research Directions in Cyber Physical Systems

Cyber Physical systems (CPS) connect the physical world with cyber world. The events happening in the real world is enormous and most of it go unnoticed and information is lost. CPS enables to embed tiny smart devices to capture the data and send it to Internet for further processing. The entire set-up call for lots of challenges and open new research problems. This talk is a journey through the landscape of research problems in this emerging area.

Verbal proficiency as fitness indicator: Experimental and comparative research on the evolutionary psychology of language and verbal displays

Summary: Recent research on the evolution of language and verbal displays (e.g., Miller, 1999, 2000a, 2000b, 2002) indicated that language is not only the result of natural selection but serves as a sexually-selected fitness indicator that is an adaptation showing an individual’s suitability as a reproductive mate. Thus, language could be placed within the framework of concepts such as the handicap principle (Zahavi, 1975). There are several reasons for this position: Many linguistic traits are highly heritable (Stromswold, 2001, 2005), while naturally-selected traits are only marginally heritable (Miller, 2000a); men are more prone to verbal displays than women, who in turn judge the displays (Dunbar, 1996; Locke & Bogin, 2006; Lange, in press; Miller, 2000a; Rosenberg & Tunney, 2008); verbal proficiency universally raises especially male status (Brown, 1991); many linguistic features are handicaps (Miller, 2000a) in the Zahavian sense; most literature is produced by men at reproduction-relevant age (Miller, 1999). However, neither an experimental study investigating the causal relation between verbal proficiency and attractiveness, nor a study showing a correlation between markers of literary and mating success existed. In the current studies, it was aimed to fill these gaps. In the first one, I conducted a laboratory experiment. Videos in which an actor and an actress performed verbal self-presentations were the stimuli for counter-sex participants. Content was always alike, but the videos differed on three levels of verbal proficiency. Predictions were, among others, that (1) verbal proficiency increases mate value, but that (2) this applies more to male than to female mate value due to assumed past sex-different selection pressures causing women to be very demanding in mate choice (Trivers, 1972). After running a two-factorial analysis of variance with the variables sex and verbal proficiency as factors, the first hypothesis was supported with high effect size. For the second hypothesis, there was only a trend going in the predicted direction. Furthermore, it became evident that verbal proficiency affects long-term more than short-term mate value. In the second study, verbal proficiency as a menstrual cycle-dependent mate choice criterion was investigated. Basically the same materials as in the former study were used with only marginal changes in the used questionnaire. The hypothesis was that fertile women rate high verbal proficiency in men higher than non-fertile women because of verbal proficiency being a potential indicator of “good genes”. However, no significant result could be obtained in support of the hypothesis in the current study. In the third study, the hypotheses were: (1) most literature is produced by men at reproduction-relevant age. (2) The more works of high literary quality a male writer produces, the more mates and children he has. (3) Lyricists have higher mating success than non-lyric writers because of poetic language being a larger handicap than other forms of language. (4) Writing literature increases a man’s status insofar that his offspring shows a significantly higher male-to-female sex ratio than in the general population, as the Trivers-Willard hypothesis (Trivers & Willard, 1973) applied to literature predicts. In order to test these hypotheses, two famous literary canons were chosen. Extensive biographical research was conducted on the writers’ mating successes. The first hypothesis was confirmed; the second one, controlling for life age, only for number of mates but not entirely regarding number of children. The latter finding was discussed with respect to, among others, the availability of effective contraception especially in the 20th century. The third hypothesis was not satisfactorily supported. The fourth hypothesis was partially supported. For the 20th century part of the German list, the secondary sex ratio differed with high statistical significance from the ratio assumed to be valid for a general population.

Análisis de una iniciativa estudiantil de investigación surgida en Criptogamia, una asignatura optativa de segundo ciclo de Biología = Analysis of a students’ research initiative originating in Cryptogamy, an elective course in the last two years of the Biology degree

Presentamos una experiencia exitosa de aprendizaje que partió de Criptogamia (asignatura optativa de segundo ciclo de Biología), que dio lugar a un proyecto de investigación gestionado por los propios alumnos. La iniciativa se consolidó estableciendo una Asociación de Estudiantes centrada en investigación y divulgación. En poco tiempo, los participantes han presentado comunicaciones científicas, y organizado actividades dirigidas a diversos públicos, dentro y fuera de la comunidad universitaria. Actualmente se plantea una colaboración multidisciplinar con otros organismos de investigación y la extensión de su ámbito de estudio. Abordamos su incidencia en el aprendizaje en varios aspectos: científico (técnicas específicas, rigor, búsqueda de información e interpretación de resultados), comunicativo (estructuración y presentación de la información obtenida, para diversos públicos), y organizativo, incluyendo el trabajo en equipo. Aunque de carácter espontáneo, esta experiencia muestra rasgos evaluables en cuanto a sus posibilidades para otras asignaturas. Analizamos las características y planteamiento de esta optativa, el perfil de sus alumnos, y el contexto universitario que la acoge. Detectamos como factores principales los aspectos participativos de la asignatura, la cohesión del grupo, el carácter voluntario de la implicación, los beneficios percibidos por los estudiantes, y la disponibilidad de recursos humanos (supervisión) y materiales (equipamiento y subvenciones)