Tree line shifts and disturbance events for sites studied in the Torneträsk area of sub-Arctic Sweden for the period 1800-2009

Aim: Models project that climate warming will cause the tree line to move to higher elevations in alpine areas and more northerly latitudes in Arctic environments. We aimed to document changes or stability of the tree line in a sub-Arctic model area at different temporal and spatial scales, and particularly to clarify the ambiguity that currently exists about tree line dynamics and their causes. Location: The study was conducted in the Tornetrask area in northern Sweden where climate warmed by 2.5 °C between 1913 and 2006. Mountain birch (Betula pubescens ssp. czerepanovii) sets the alpine tree line. Methods: We used repeat photography, dendrochronological analysis, field observations along elevational transects and historical documents to study tree line dynamics. Results: Since 1912, only four out of eight tree line sites had advanced: on average the tree line had shifted 24 m upslope (+0.2 m/year assuming linear shifts). Maximum tree line advance was +145 m (+1.5 m/year in elevation and +2.7 m/year in actual distance), whereas maximum retreat was 120 m downslope. Counter-intuitively, tree line advance was most pronounced during the cooler late 1960s and 1970s. Tree establishment and tree line advance were significantly correlated with periods of low reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) population numbers. A decreased anthropozoogenic impact since the early 20th century was found to be the main factor shaping the current tree line ecotone and its dynamics. In addition, episodic disturbances by moth outbreaks and geomorphological processes resulted in descent and long-term stability of the tree line position, respectively. Main conclusions: In contrast to what is generally stated in the literature, this study shows that in a period of climate warming, disturbance may not only determine when tree line advance will occur but if tree line advance will occur at all. In the case of non-climatic climax tree lines, such as those in our study area, both climate-driven model projections of future tree line positions and the use of the tree line position for bioclimatic monitoring should be used with caution.

Catalogue of the very select and valuable library of William Roscoe, Esq. : which will be sold by auction by Mr. Winstanley at his rooms in Marble Street, Liverpool, on Monday the 19th of August, and thirteen following days (Sundays excepted) : the sale to begin at eleven o'clock precisely.

Includes index of 15th century printers.

The album of a heart /

Poetry of a black poet.

Ballads of Down /

"Opinions of the Press" bound in at back (19 p.).

The complete works in verse and prose of Edmund Spenser /

Vol. 10 ("Glossarial index, with notes and illustrations on every word, person and thing, in the entire works") never published?

Index-catalogue of the library of the Surgeon-General's Office ...

"Collection of incunabula and early medical prints in the library of the Surgeon-general's office, U.S. Army": Ser. 3, v. 10, p. 1415-1436.

[al-Qurʼān, late 8th century?].

Fragment from an early ʻAbbāsid Qurʼān on parchment dyed orange-red (compare cat.11, p.58 in Déroche, The Abbasid tradition, Nasser D. Khalili collection of Islamic art, v.1 and Metropolitan Museum of Art accession nos. 40.164.1a and 40.164.1b) carrying Sūrat Hūd (11) verses 88 through 103 (11:88-11:103).

The correspondence of Sir Thomas Hanmer, Bart., speaker of the House of Commons. With a memoir of his life. To which are added, other relicks of a gentleman's family.

Memoir.--Correspondence.--Extracts from the private account-book of Isabella, Duchess of Grafton.--Sir Thomas Hanmer, grandfather of the speaker, his account of France in 1648.--Extracts from Sir Henry North's Eroclea.--Miscellaneous letters.--Memoir of Charles Lee.--Poetry of the late H.F.R. Soame.

Arco trionfale eretto alle glorie dell'eminentiss.mo e rev.mo prencipe il sig.re cardinale Gio. Stefano Donghi : ossequio poetico /

Signatures: pi² A-C⁴.

The story of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow /

Includes selections from the poetry of Longfellow.

Talk of the town,

The tyranny of clothes.--The London bus.--The tragedy of the "ex."--The new fashion in heroes.--The tyranny of the past.--The plague of monuments.--The minor crimes.--The craze of collecting.--The trials of the celebrated.--The poetry of sound.--The toast-master.--The gutter sphinx.--The pleasures of being in the right.--The wrong sex.--Men's wrongs.--The American and his holiday.--London-by-the-Sea.--The camel at home.

In the republic of letters /

Half-title p. : Critical essays.

The later renaissance,

The later renaissance in Spain.--The Spanish learned poets.--The growth and decadence of the Spanish drama.--Forms of the Spanish drama.--Spanish prose romance.--Spain: historians, miscellaneous writers, and the mystics.--Elizabethan poetry.--The earlier dramatists.--The Elizabethan prose-writers.--France. Poetry of the later renaissance.--French prose-writers of the later sixteenth century.--The later renaissance in Italy.--Conclusion.

A lyrical poem, delivered at the commemoration of the two hundredth anniversary of the settlement of Newark before the New Jersey Historical Society

Mode of access: Internet.

Esequie di Ferdinando III. principe I. d'Austria, principe R. d'Ungheria e di Boemia, arciduca d'Austria, gran-duca di Toscana : celebrate in Livorno nel 7 settembre 1824.

"Componimenti poetici": p. [1]-[30] at end.