Controlling the group velocity in a five-level K-type atomic system

The properties of a five-level K-type system are investigated. With the controlling fields, the properties of the dispersion and absorption of the system are changed greatly. The system can produce anomalous dispersion regions with absorption and normal dispersion regions with absorption or transparency. Furthermore, the group velocity can be varied from subluminal to superluminal by varying the intensity of the controlling field and the probe detunings in principle. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Associação entre periodontite crônica e marcadores de risco para doença cardiovascular

Pesquisas recentes têm demonstrado que a periodontite pode modificar a concentração sanguínea de uma série de tipos celulares e substâncias bioquímicas, que são considerados fatores de risco para doenças cardiovasculares. Este trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar a associação entre a periodontite crônica e marcadores de risco para doença cardiovascular. No Estudo I foram examinados 100 pacientes aparentemente saudáveis sistemicamente, sendo 66 portadores de periodontite crônica e 34 pacientes controle, sem doença periodontal. Exames periodontais e exames sanguíneos foram realizados, e obtidas as espessuras das camadas íntima-média (IMT) da artéria carótida. No Estudo II, 66 pacientes participantes do Estudo I, diagnosticados com periodontite crônica, foram aleatoriamente submetidos a tratamento periodontal imediato (Grupo Teste, n=33) ou tratamento periodontal retardado (Grupo Controle, n=33). Os dados colhidos no Estudo I foram registrados como pré-tratamento (T0). Novos exames clínicos periodontais e laboratoriais foram realizados no período de 2 meses (T2) e 6 meses (T6) após os exames iniciais (Grupo Controle) ou conclusão do tratamento periodontal (Grupo Teste). Os dados colhidos foram analisados através de testes estatísticos. Os resultados mostraram que pacientes com periodontite crônica quando comparados ao grupo controle, apresentaram valores médios significativamente mais elevados na contagem total de hemácias (p<0,001), hemoglobina (p<0,001), hematócrito (p<0,001), contagem de plaquetas (p=0,019), velocidade de hemossedimentação (p<0,001), proteína C-reativa (p<0,001). Os níveis de HDL-colesterol foram significativamente mais baixos nos pacientes com periodontite crônica quando comparados ao grupo controle (p<0,001). As camadas íntima-média da parede da artéria carótida esquerda foram significativamente mais espessas nos pacientes com periodontite crônica quando comparados ao grupo controle (p=0,049). Os indíviduos com periodontite crônica também apresentaram 3,26 vezes mais chances de possuir Síndrome Metabólica do que aqueles indivíduos que não possuem doença peridontal (IC 95%: 1,8-5,9). No Estudo II, quando comparados os valores médios dos dados hematológicos após tratamento, no grupo teste, foi possível observar melhora estatisticamente significativa, entre T0/T2, dos valores de VHS e triglicerídeos (p=0,002; p=0,004; respectivamente). Redução nos valores médios da contagem total de leucócitos, VHS, CRP, transaminase glutâmico pirúvica, colesterol total e triglicerídeos, entre T0/T6, foi verificada no grupo teste pós-tratamento (p=0,028; p<0,001; p<0,001; p=0,010; p<0,001; p=0,015, respectivamente). Os resultados indicaram que a periodontite crônica severa está associada com níveis elevados de marcadores da inflamação e trombogênese, além de alterações no perfil lipídico em indivíduos sistemicamente saudáveis, podendo atuar como possível fator de risco para as doenças cardiovasculares. O tratamento periodontal não-cirúrgico mostrou-se eficaz na redução dos níveis dos marcadores sistêmicos da inflamação e na melhora do perfil lipídico em indivíduos com doença periodontal severa, consequentemente, reduzindo o risco de doenças cardiovasculares.

Investigations of group IVA transition metal mediated carbon-carbon bond forming reactions

Zirconocene aldehyde and ketone complexes were synthesized in high yield by treatment of zirconocene acyl complexes with trimethylaluminum or diisobutylaluminum hydride. These complexes, which are activated by dialkylaluminum chloride ligands, inserted unsaturated substrates such as alkynes, allenes, ethylene, nitriles, ketenes, aldehydes, ketones, lactones, and acid chlorides with moderate to high conversion. Insertion of aldehyde substrates yielded zirconocene diolate complexes with up to 20:1 (anti:syn) diastereoselectivity. The zirconocene diolates were hydrolyzed to afford unsymmetrical 1,2-diols in 40-80% isolated yield. Unsymmetrical ketones gave similar insertion yields with little or no diastereoselectivity. A high yielding one-pot method was developed that coupled carbonyl substrates with zirconocene aldehyde complexes that were derived from olefins by hydrozirconation and carbonylation. The zirconocene aldehyde complexes also inserted carbon monoxide and gave acyloins in 50% yield after hydrolysis.

The insertion reaction of aryl epoxides with the trimethylphoshine adduct of titanocene methylidene was examined. The resulting oxytitanacyclopentanes were carbonylated and oxidatively cleaved with dioxygen to afford y-lactones in moderate yields. Due to the instability and difficult isolation of titanocene methylidene trimethylphoshine adducts, a one-pot method involving the addition of catalytic amounts of trimethylphosphine to β,β-dimethyltitanacyclobutane was developed. A series of disubstituted aryl epoxides were examined which gave mixtures of diastereomeric insertion products. Based on these results, as well as earlier Hammett studies and labeling experiments, a biradical transition state intermediate is proposed. The method is limited to aryl substituted epoxide substrates with aliphatic examples showing no insertion reactivity.

The third study involved the use of magnesium chloride supported titanium catalysts for the Lewis acid catalyzed silyl group transfer condensation of enol silanes with aldehydes. The reaction resulted in silylated aldol products with as many as 140 catalytic turnovers before catalyst inactivation. Low diastereoselectivities favoring the anti-isomer were consistent with an open transition state involving a titanium atom bound to the catalyst surface. The catalysts were also used for the aldol group transfer polymerization of t-butyldimethylsilyloxy-1-ethene resulting in polymers with molecular weights of 5000-31,000 and molar mass dispersities of 1.5-2.8. Attempts to polymerize methylmethacrylate using GTP proved unsuccessful with these catalysts.

Information-theoretic Studies and Capacity Bounds: Group Network Codes and Energy Harvesting Communication Systems

Network information theory and channels with memory are two important but difficult frontiers of information theory. In this two-parted dissertation, we study these two areas, each comprising one part. For the first area we study the so-called entropy vectors via finite group theory, and the network codes constructed from finite groups. In particular, we identify the smallest finite group that violates the Ingleton inequality, an inequality respected by all linear network codes, but not satisfied by all entropy vectors. Based on the analysis of this group we generalize it to several families of Ingleton-violating groups, which may be used to design good network codes. Regarding that aspect, we study the network codes constructed with finite groups, and especially show that linear network codes are embedded in the group network codes constructed with these Ingleton-violating families. Furthermore, such codes are strictly more powerful than linear network codes, as they are able to violate the Ingleton inequality while linear network codes cannot. For the second area, we study the impact of memory to the channel capacity through a novel communication system: the energy harvesting channel. Different from traditional communication systems, the transmitter of an energy harvesting channel is powered by an exogenous energy harvesting device and a finite-sized battery. As a consequence, each time the system can only transmit a symbol whose energy consumption is no more than the energy currently available. This new type of power supply introduces an unprecedented input constraint for the channel, which is random, instantaneous, and has memory. Furthermore, naturally, the energy harvesting process is observed causally at the transmitter, but no such information is provided to the receiver. Both of these features pose great challenges for the analysis of the channel capacity. In this work we use techniques from channels with side information, and finite state channels, to obtain lower and upper bounds of the energy harvesting channel. In particular, we study the stationarity and ergodicity conditions of a surrogate channel to compute and optimize the achievable rates for the original channel. In addition, for practical code design of the system we study the pairwise error probabilities of the input sequences.

The effect of the group delay ripple of chirped fiber grating on composite second-order in optical fiber CATV system

The effect of group delay ripple of chirped fiber gratings on composite second-order (CSO) performance in optical fiber CATV system is investigated. We analyze the system CSO performances for different ripple amplitudes, periods and residual dispersion amounts in detail. It is found that the large ripple amplitude and small ripple period will deteriorate the system CSO performance seriously. Additionally, the residual dispersion amount has considerable effect on CSO performance in the case of small ripple amplitude and large ripple period. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Two topics in elementary particle physics. I. Crossing as a group and elimination of exotic channels. II. Real parts of meson-nucleon forward scattering amplitudes.

I. Crossing transformations constitute a group of permutations under which the scattering amplitude is invariant. Using Mandelstem's analyticity, we decompose the amplitude into irreducible representations of this group. The usual quantum numbers, such as isospin or SU(3), are "crossing-invariant". Thus no higher symmetry is generated by crossing itself. However, elimination of certain quantum numbers in intermediate states is not crossing-invariant, and higher symmetries have to be introduced to make it possible. The current literature on exchange degeneracy is a manifestation of this statement. To exemplify application of our analysis, we show how, starting with SU(3) invariance, one can use crossing and the absence of exotic channels to derive the quark-model picture of the tensor nonet. No detailed dynamical input is used.

II. A dispersion relation calculation of the real parts of forward π^±p and K^±p scattering amplitudes is carried out under the assumption of constant total cross sections in the Serpukhov energy range. Comparison with existing experimental results as well as predictions for future high energy experiments are presented and discussed. Electromagnetic effects are found to be too small to account for the expected difference between the π^-p and π⁺p total cross sections at higher energies.

Ecological effects of trial pumpings in the Upper Lambourn: Stage 1 group pumping test Upper Lambourn group, September - November 1975

This report to the Thames Water Authority and Central Water Planning Unit is on research carried out in conjunction with the Stage 1 Group Pumping Test of five boreholes in the upper Lambourn Group for a period of three months in September, October and November 1975. The aim of the study was to assess the ecological effects of the pumpin g of five bore-holes in the upper Lambourn. That is, to determine how the seasonal sequence of ecological events in the river differed from what would hav e occurred had no pumping taken place. Since this 'experiment' has no control it is not possible to make a direct assessment. Nevertheless, by careful monitoring of ecological events before, during and after the pumping it is possible to document changes in th e river and by reference to the data already available for the Rive r Lambourn, normal seasonal changes in the flora and fauna can be separated from changes which may be attributable to the pumping and subsequent events.

Heteroepitaxy of Group IV and Group III-V semiconductor alloys for photovoltaic applications

Photovoltaic energy conversion represents a economically viable technology for realizing collection of the largest energy resource known to the Earth -- the sun. Energy conversion efficiency is the most leveraging factor in the price of energy derived from this process. This thesis focuses on two routes for high efficiency, low cost devices: first, to use Group IV semiconductor alloy wire array bottom cells and epitaxially grown Group III-V compound semiconductor alloy top cells in a tandem configuration, and second, GaP growth on planar Si for heterojunction and tandem cell applications.

Metal catalyzed vapor-liquid-solid grown microwire arrays are an intriguing alternative for wafer-free Si and SiGe materials which can be removed as flexible membranes. Selected area Cu-catalyzed vapor-liquid solid growth of SiGe microwires is achieved using chlorosilane and chlorogermane precursors. The composition can be tuned up to 12% Ge with a simultaneous decrease in the growth rate from 7 to 1 μm/min^-1. Significant changes to the morphology were observed, including tapering and faceting on the sidewalls and along the lengths of the wires. Characterization of axial and radial cross sections with transmission electron microscopy revealed no evidence of defects at facet corners and edges, and the tapering is shown to be due to in-situ removal of catalyst material during growth. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy reveal a Ge-rich crystal at the tip of the wires, strongly suggesting that the Ge incorporation is limited by the crystallization rate.

Tandem Ga_1-xIn_xP/Si microwire array solar cells are a route towards a high efficiency, low cost, flexible, wafer-free solar technology. Realizing tandem Group III-V compound semiconductor/Si wire array devices requires optimization of materials growth and device performance. GaP and Ga_1-xIn_xP layers were grown heteroepitaxially with metalorganic chemical vapor deposition on Si microwire array substrates. The layer morphology and crystalline quality have been studied with scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy, and they provide a baseline for the growth and characterization of a full device stack. Ultimately, the complexity of the substrates and the prevalence of defects resulted in material without detectable photoluminescence, unsuitable for optoelectronic applications.

Coupled full-field optical and device physics simulations of a Ga_0.51In_0.49P/Si wire array tandem are used to predict device performance. A 500 nm thick, highly doped "buffer" layer between the bottom cell and tunnel junction is assumed to harbor a high density of lattice mismatch and heteroepitaxial defects. Under simulated AM1.5G illumination, the device structure explored in this work has a simulated efficiency of 23.84% with realistic top cell SRH lifetimes and surface recombination velocities. The relative insensitivity to surface recombination is likely due to optical generation further away from the free surfaces and interfaces of the device structure.

Finally, GaP has been grown free of antiphase domains on Si (112) oriented substrates using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Low temperature pulsed nucleation is followed by high temperature continuous growth, yielding smooth, specular thin films. Atomic force microscopy topography mapping showed very smooth surfaces (4-6 Å RMS roughness) with small depressions in the surface. Thin films (~ 50 nm) were pseudomorphic, as confirmed by high resolution x-ray diffraction reciprocal space mapping, and 200 nm thick films showed full relaxation. Transmission electron microscopy showed no evidence of antiphase domain formation, but there is a population of microtwin and stacking fault defects.

Integrated treatment of first episode psychosis with online training (e-learning): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial

Background: The integrated treatment of first episode psychosis has been shown to improve functionality and negative symptoms in previous studies. In this paper, we describe a study of integrated treatment (individual psychoeducation complementary to pharmacotherapy) versus treatment as usual, comparing results at baseline with those at 6-month re-assessment (at the end of the study) for these patients, and online training of professionals to provide this complementary treatment, with the following objectives: 1) to compare the efficacy of individual psychoeducation as add-on treatment versus treatment as usual in improving psychotic and mood symptoms; 2) to compare adherence to medication, functioning, insight, social response, quality of life, and brain-derived neurotrophic factor, between both groups; and 3) to analyse the efficacy of online training of psychotherapists. Methods/design: This is a single-blind randomised clinical trial including patients with first episode psychosis from hospitals across Spain, randomly assigned to either a control group with pharmacotherapy and regular sessions with their psychiatrist (treatment as usual) or an intervention group with integrated care including treatment as usual plus a psychoeducational intervention (14 sessions). Training for professionals involved at each participating centre was provided by the coordinating centre (University Hospital of Alava) through video conferences. Patients are evaluated with an extensive battery of tests assessing clinical and sociodemographic characteristics (Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale, Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression, Scale to Assess Unawareness of Mental Disorders, Strauss and Carpenter Prognostic Scale, Global Assessment of Functioning Scale, Morisky Green Adherence Scale, Functioning Assessment Short Test, World Health Organization Quality of Life instrument WHOQOL-BREF (an abbreviated version of the WHOQOL-100), and EuroQoL questionnaire), and brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels are measured in peripheral blood at baseline and at 6 months. The statistical analysis, including bivariate analysis, linear and logistic regression models, will be performed using SPSS. Discussion: This is an innovative study that includes the assessment of an integrated intervention for patients with first episode psychosis provided by professionals who are trained online, potentially making it possible to offer the intervention to more patients.

Projeto Vidas Paralelas: estudo sobre uma experiência de participação em saúde do trabalhador no Rio de Janeiro

O objeto deste estudo é o Projeto Vidas Pararelas (PVP) no estado do Rio de Janeiro. Possui como objetivo geral estudar a experiência do PVP do Rio de Janeiro à luz dos conceitos da Educação Popular e Saúde (EPS). Como norteador da pesquisa, utilizamos o método qualitativo e para a análise dos dados, utilizamos a análise de conteúdo. O cenário da pesquisa consta de tudo que envolve o PVP, seus integrantes e o ambiente virtual. Antes de apresentarmos os resultados das entrevistas, descrevemos o componente digital do PVP (o site) e o perfil dos sujeitos da pesquisa que foi composta de 11 trabalhadores inseridos no PVP RJ. Categorizamos os achados das entrevistas em quatro tópicos: o primeiro, fala sobre a participação no PVP, onde constatamos que, quanto a participação, os trabalhadores mostraram várias formas de uso do projeto, bem como tipos de participação, com ênfase às falas que esperam que o PVP também forme multiplicadores. Dentre os ganhos para a classe trabalhadora, no segundo tópico, eles citaram a melhoria da cultura de denúncia e a oportunidade de reconhecimento da identidade de gênero de uma classe em especial. Outros trabalhadores consideram o projeto, também, como agente fortalecedor de sua ou de outras categorias profissionais. No terceiro tópico, consideram que, no futuro, o PVP será uma importante ferramenta nas mãos do trabalhador para a exposição de sua realidade de trabalho. Além disso, eles colocam a esperança na melhoria do convívio com o próprio grupo do PVP no Rio de Janeiro. Por fim, no quarto tópico como melhorias, os entrevistados apontam a necessidade de reorganização do coletivo que compõe o PVP RJ. E para que esse convívio se concretize, os trabalhadores cobram que a Rede de Apoio realize mais reuniões. Outro ponto bem enfático na fala dos entrevistados, neste tópico, foi a dificuldade em acessar o site e a dificuldade de acesso à internet. Portanto, neste estudo observamos como a tecnologia da informação, associada a rede mundial de computadores e guiados pela experiência da metodologia da educação popular em saúde, se mostrou uma ferramenta de auxílio para a participação de trabalhadores em um projeto de saúde do trabalhador. No entanto, observamos que lidar com a metodologia a qual o projeto foi calcado trouxe dificuldades para a maturação dele no Rio de Janeiro. Também foi constatado a dificuldade de alguns trabalhadores em lidar com o componente digital do PVP. E, por fim, a reclamação implícita na fala dos trabalhadores em se sentir participante em todas as etapas da constituição do PVP.