Nutrient Mobility in Chalakudy River,Typified With Riparian Buffer Zone and Its Adjoining Estuary:Spatiotemporal Manifestation

This study was aimed at to characterize the spatio-temporal trends in the distributional characteristics of various species of nitrogen and phosphorus as well as to elucidate the factors and processes aflecting these nutrients in the dissolved, particulate and sedimentary phases of a river estuarine system. The main area of study is Chalakudy river in Kerala, which is a fresh water system originating from Anamalai hills and ending at Arabian Sea. Its basin is between I00 05 ’ to I00 35’ North latitude and 76” 15 ’ to 760 55’ East longitude. Being a riparian bufler zone, the dynamics of nutrient mobility tend to be more complex and variable in this river-estuarine system.The diflerent species of nitrogen estimated from the filtrate were nitrite-N, nitrateN, ammonia-N, urea-N, total nitrogen and residual nitrogen. The diflerent forms of phosphorus estimated from the filtrate were phosphate-P, total-P and residualP. Pre weighed sediments as well as particulate matter were analysed for quantijying nitrite-N, nitrate-N, ammonia-N and urea-N. Total nitrogen was estimated after digestion with potassium persulfate. Fractionation of phosphorus in sediment/particulate matter was performed by applying sequential extraction procedure. The dijferent forms of phosphorus thus estimated were loosely bound (exchangeable) P, Fe/Al bound P, polyphosphates, Ca bound P and refractory P. Sedimental total P was also measured directly by applying digestion method.The analyses carried out in this bimonthly annual survey have revealed specific information on the latent factors influencing the water quality pattern ofthe river. There was dependence among the chemical components of the river sediment and suspended matter, reflecting the water quality. A period of profound environmental change occurred and changes in various species had been noted in association with seasonal variations in the waterway, especially following enhanced river runoff during the monsoon. The results also successfully represented the distribution trend of nutrients during the rainy as well as dry season. Thus, the information gathered in this work will also be beneficial for those interested or involved in river management, conservation, regulation and policy making in regional and national levels.

Synergic Reactions in the Estuarine Environment leading to Modulation of Aluminium metal during Transport Processes (in Cochin Estuary)

The research work which was carried out to Synergic Reactions in the Estuarine Environment leading to Modulation of Aluminium metal during Transport Processes (in Cochin Estuary)Estuaries are considered as sink or source for terrestrial and various anthropogenically generated materials. These include naturally occurring elements Al, Si, Fe or trace inorganics or industrial pollutants of different types. There have been reports on both positive and negative impacts by the introduction of above materials into the ecosystem.This thesis deals with the trace metal Aluminium (Al) whose average concentration (about 8%) in the earths crust is surpassed only by that of Oxygen and Silicon. There can be no doubt that most of the land derived materials reaches the ocean through rivers via estuaries. An important aspect noticed here is that the concentration of dissolved Al is much lower in sea water than in river water.On critically analysing Cochin estuary, for the entire cycles, covering monsoon, postmonsoon and premonsoon, the following salient features are documented as hereunder. Dissolved Al exhibits high and variable trends in Cochin estuary, the influencing parameters being salinity, SPM, pH and dissolved Si. A general profile showed removal in upper/mid estuary followed by regeneration in the mid/lower estuary and further decrease seawards in the southern/northem arms.Distribution appears to be a function of freshwater input, the monsoon season exhibiting very high concentrations throughout the estuary. As the river discharge decreased with the progress of seasons, dissolved Al concentration also decreased, the metal limiting itself to the upper and mid estuary.

Mobility Metric based LEACH-Mobile Protocol

Cluster based protocols like LEACH were found best suited for routing in wireless sensor networks. In mobility centric environments some improvements were suggested in the basic scheme. LEACH-Mobile is one such protocol. The basic LEACH protocol is improved in the mobile scenario by ensuring whether a sensor node is able to communicate with its cluster head. Since all the nodes, including cluster head is moving it will be better to elect a node as cluster head which is having less mobility related to its neighbours. In this paper, LEACH-Mobile protocol has been enhanced based on a mobility metric “remoteness” for cluster head election. This ensures high success rate in data transfer between the cluster head and the collector nodes even though nodes are moving. We have simulated and compared our LEACH-Mobile-Enhanced protocol with LEACHMobile. Results show that inclusion of neighbouring node information improves the routing protocol.

Mobility Metric based LEACH-Mobile Protocol

Cluster based protocols like LEACH were found best suited for routing in wireless sensor networks. In mobility centric environments some improvements were suggested in the basic scheme. LEACH-Mobile is one such protocol. The basic LEACH protocol is improved in the mobile scenario by ensuring whether a sensor node is able to communicate with its cluster head. Since all the nodes, including cluster head is moving it will be better to elect a node as cluster head which is having less mobility related to its neighbours. In this paper, LEACH-Mobile protocol has been enhanced based on a mobility metric “remoteness” for cluster head election. This ensures high success rate in data transfer between the cluster head and the collector nodes even though nodes are moving. We have simulated and compared our LEACH-Mobile-Enhanced protocol with LEACHMobile. Results show that inclusion of neighbouring node information improves the routing protocol.

Impact of Node Mobility on Routing Protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks

Wireless sensor networks monitor their surrounding environment for the occurrence of some anticipated phenomenon. Most of the research related to sensor networks considers the static deployment of sensor nodes. Mobility of sensor node can be considered as an extra dimension of complexity, which poses interesting and challenging problems. Node mobility is a very important aspect in the design of effective routing algorithm for mobile wireless networks. In this work we intent to present the impact of different mobility models on the performance of the wireless sensor networks. Routing characteristics of various routing protocols for ad-hoc network were studied considering different mobility models. Performance metrics such as end-to-end delay, throughput and routing load were considered and their variations in the case of mobility models like Freeway, RPGM were studied. This work will be useful to figure out the characteristics of routing protocols depending on the mobility patterns of sensors

Interferometrische Sensoren mit Modulation der optischen Weglänge für die Fertigungsmesstechnik

Ziel dieser Dissertation ist es, eine Klasse interferometrischer Messgeräte zu charakterisieren und weiter zu entwickeln. Die Modulation der optischen Weglänge (OPLM) im Referenzarm eines interferometrischen Messsystems ist ein anpassungsfähiger Ansatz. Sie ist zur Messung von Oberflächenprofilen mit einer Auflösung bis in den sub-nm-Bereich bei einem Messbereich von bis zu 100 Mikrometer geeignet. Wird ein statisches Messobjekt gemessen, tritt durch die Modulation im Referenzarm am Detektor ein periodisches Interferenzmuster auf. Dies ist in der unten stehenden Abbildung schematisch dargestellt. Bei einer Veränderung des Abstandes zwischen Objekt und Messgerät kann aus der Phasen- und/oder Hüllkurvenverschiebung im Interferenzmuster die Abstandsänderung abgeleitet werden.Im Rahmen der Arbeit sind zwei funktionsfähige OPLM-Messsysteme entwickelt, aufgebaut und getestet worden. Diese demonstrieren, dass der OPLM-Ansatz ein breites Spektrum an Anwendungen durch eine optische Messung abdecken kann. Allerdings zeigen sich an den Messsystemen auch die Limitierungen des OPLM-Ansatzes. Die Systeme basieren auf einer Punktmessung mittels einer fasergekoppelten Sonde sowie auf einer linienförmigen Messung durch eine Zeilenkamera. Um eine hohe laterale Auflösung zu erzielen, wird die Zeilenkamera mit einem Mikroskop kombiniert. Damit flächenhaft gemessen werden kann, ist es notwendig, Messobjekt und Sensor zueinander zu verschieben. Daher wird eine Theorie entwickelt, unter welchen Randbedingungen bewegte Objekte von einem OPLM-Messsystem aufgelöst werden können. Die Theorie wird anschließend experimentell überprüft und bestätigt. Für die Auswertung der bei der Modulation der optischen Weglänge entstehenden Interferenzen existieren bereits einige erprobte Algorithmen, welche auf ihre Eignung hin untersucht und mit selbst entwickelten Algorithmen verglichen werden. Auch wird darauf eingegangen, welches die zentralen Herausforderungen bei der Planung von OPLM-Interferometern sind und wie sich insbesondere die Wahl des Aktors für die OPLM auf das gesamte Messsystem auswirkt. Bei den beiden Messsystemen werden jeweils wichtige Komponenten wie analoge Elektronik und Aktorik sowie ihre Funktionsweise erläutert. Es wird detailliert beschrieben, wie ein OPLM-Messsystem charakterisiert und kalibriert werden muss, um möglichst zuverlässige Messwerte zu liefern. Abschließend werden die Möglichkeiten der beiden entwickelten Systeme durch Beispielmessungen demonstriert, sowie ihre Messgenauigkeit charakterisiert.

Notes on analogue and digital amplitude modulation

Notes on AM, DSBSC, QAM, BPSK, 4QAM, 8PSK, 16QAM