946 resultados para low frequency motion
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A one-step method was developed to fabricate conductive graphene/SnO2 (GS) nanocomposites in acidic solution. Graphite oxides were reduced by SnCl2 to graphene sheets in the presence of HCl and urea. The reducing process was accompanied by generation of SnO2 nanoparticles. The structure and composition of GS nanocomposites were confirmed by means of transmission electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy. Moreover, the ultracapacitor characteristics of GS nanocomposites were studied by cyclic voltammograms (CVs) and electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The CVs of GS nanocomposites are nearly rectangular in shape and the specific capacitance degrades slightly as the voltage scan rate is increased. The EIS of GS nanocomposites presents a phase angle close to p/2 at low frequency, indicating a good capacitive behavior.
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The rheological, morphological and mechanical properties of LLDPE/PS blends with a combined catalyst, Me3SiCl and InCl3 center dot 4H(2)O, were studied in this work. The higher complex viscosity and storage modulus at low frequency were ascribed to the presence of graft copolymers, which were in situ formed during the mixing process. From the rheological experiments, the complex viscosity and storage modulus of reactive blends were higher than the physical blends. The dispersion of LLDPE particles of reactive blending becomes finer than that of physical blends, consistent with the rheological results. As a result of increased compatibility between LLDPE/PS, the mechanical properties of reactive blends show much higher tensile and Izod impact strength than those of physical blends.
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The spectroscopic characteristics of cytochrome c(WT) and its mutants(Y67F and N521) in the low frequency region were studied by Resonance Raman technique. The results show that the replacement of phenylalanine for Tyr 67 in WT had a very slight effect on the hydrogen-bonding and conformation of the amino acid residues around propionic acid side chains of heme group. However, large effects on the hydrogen-bonding of internal water with its surrounding amino acid residues and hydrophobility of the home cavity were observed as Asn 52 was substituted with isoleucine, which resulted in conformational regulations of home group and surrounding amino acid residues.
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The effects of plasticizer ethylene carbonate (EC) on the AC impedance spectra and the ionic conductivity are reported. With increasing of EC concentration the semicircle in high frequency disappears, and the slope of the straight line in low frequency decreases. The data obtained from impedance experiments can be explained using an equivalent circuit proposed. On the other hand, the room temperature conductivity increases with EC concentration because of the increase of the segmental flexibility of PEO. For lower EC concentration samples, the temperature dependence of conductivity in low temperature range follows Arrhenius type, but when EC concentration is larger than 20%, the temperature dependence of conductivity obeys the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) equation in all temperature ranges.
Circular dichroism and resonance Raman comparative studies of wild type cytochrome c and F82H mutant
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The UV-visible, circular dichroism (CD), and resonance Raman (RR) spectra of the wild type yeast iso-1-cytochrome c (WT) and its mutant F82H in which phenylalanine-82 (Phe-82) is substituted with His are measured and compared for oxidized and reduced forms. The CD spectra in the intrinsic and Soret spectral region, as well as RR spectra in high, middle, and low frequency regions, are discussed. From the analysis of the spectra, it is determined that in the oxidized F82H the two axial ligands to the heme iron are His-18 and His-82 whereas in the reduced form the sixth ligand switches from His-82 to Met-80 providing the coordination geometry similar to that of WT. Based on the spectroscopic data, the conclusion is that the porphyrin macrocycle is less distorted in the oxidized F82H compared to the oxidized WT. Similar distortions are present in the reduced form of the proteins. Frequency shifts of Raman bands, as well as the decrease of the or-helix content in the CD spectra, indicate more open conformation of the protein around the heme. (C) 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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A composite solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) of (PEO)(10)LiClO4-Al2O3 was prepared and Pt and stainless steel(SS) blocking electrodes were used for an impedance study. It was found that the semicircle in the high frequency range and the straight line in the low frequency range depend upon different blocking electrodes and polarization potentials applied in the experiments. In the equivalent circuit. two constant phase elements (CPE) have been used instead of the pure geometrical and double layer capacitances. respectively. A theoretical line calculated from their estimated values has a good correlation with the experiment data. Moreover. the equivalent circuit also can be used to explain the impedance properties of Pt and stainless steel (SS) blocking electrodes both in the high and the low frequency ranges. (C) 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
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Impedance study was carried out for the interfaces between lithium, polyaniline (PAn), lithium-doped MnO2 and modified poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) electrolyte under various' conditions. The interfacial charge-transfer resistances R(ct) on PEO/PAn, R(ct) on PEO/LiMn2O4 increase with depth-of-discharge and decrease after the charge of the cell containing modified PEO as electrolyte. The charge-transfer resistance R(ct) on PEO/PAn is higher than R(ct) on PEO/LiMn2O4 under the same condition, since inserted species and mechanism are different for both cases. In the case of PAn, an additional charge-transfer resistance might be related to the electronic conductivity change in discharge/charge potential range, as it was evident from a voltammetry curve. With increasing cycle numbers, the charge-transfer resistance increases gradually. The impedance results also have shown that at low frequency the diffusion control is dominant in the process of the charge and discharge of Li/PEO/PAn or Li/PEO/LiMn2O4 cell. The diffusion coefficients have been calculated from impedance data.
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The C-H stretching, C-H bending, C-C stretching and the low-frequency vibration regions have been investigated by Raman spectroscopy for [n-CnH2n+1NH3]2 ZnCl4 with n=7 approximately 12, 16. It is found that their frequency and relative intensities are related to the length of carbon chain in the molecules and present the odd-even effect to carbon atom numbers in chain. Some changes in spectra are interpreted in terms of the different molecular packing and interaction of chain.
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The C-H stretching, C-H bending, C-C stretching and the low-frequency vibrational regions have been investigated by Raman spectroscopy for [n-CnH2n+1NH3]2ZnCl4 with n = 7-12, 16. The frequencies and relative intensities are related to the length of the carbon chain in the molecules and present the odd-even effect of the carbon atom numbers in the chains. Some changes in the spectra are interpreted in terms of the different molecular packing.
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Attenuations of different types of gas hydrate cementation in fluid-saturated porous solids are discussed. The factors affecting estimation of gas hydrate and free gas saturation are analyzed. It is suggested that porosity of sediment, the P wave velocity model and methods of calculating elastic modulus are key factors in the estimation of gas hydrate and free gas saturations. Attenuation of gas hydrate-bearing sediment is closely related with the cementation types of gas hydrate. Negative anomalies of quality factors indicate that gas hydrate deposits away from grain as part of fluid. Positive anomalies of the quality factors indicate that gas hydrate contacts with solid and changes the elastic modulus of matrix. Low frequency velocity and high frequency velocity models are used to estimate gas hydrate and free gas saturation in the Blake Ridge area according to the well log data of the hole 995 in ODP leg 164. The gas hydrate saturation obtained by low frequency velocity is 10% similar to 20% of the pore space and free gas saturation is 0.5% similar to 1% of the pore space. The gas hydrate saturation obtained by high frequency velocity is 5% similar to 10% of the pore space and free gas saturation is 1% similar to 2% of the pore space.
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A major problem which is envisaged in the course of man-made climate change is sea-level rise. The global aspect of the thermal expansion of the sea water likely is reasonably well simulated by present day climate models; the variation of sea level, due to variations of the regional atmospheric forcing and of the large-scale oceanic circulation, is not adequately simulated by a global climate model because of insufficient spatial resolution. A method to infer the coastal aspects of sea level change is to use a statistical ''downscaling'' strategy: a linear statistical model is built upon a multi-year data set of local sea level data and of large-scale oceanic and/or atmospheric data such as sea-surface temperature or sea-level air-pressure. We apply this idea to sea level along the Japanese coast. The sea level is related to regional and North Pacific sea-surface temperature and sea-level air pressure. Two relevant processes are identified. One process is the local wind set-up of water due to regional low-frequency wind anomalies; the other is a planetary scale atmosphere-ocean interaction which takes place in the eastern North Pacific.
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The cold-water event along the southeast coast of the United States in the summer of 2003 is studied using satellite data combined with in situ observations. The analysis suggests that the cooling is produced by wind-driven coastal upwelling, which breaks the thermocline barrier in the summer of 2003. The strong and persistent southwesterly winds in the summer of 2003 play an important role of lifting the bottom isotherms up to the surface and away from the coast, generating persistent surface cooling in July-August 2003. Once the thermocline barrier is broken, the stratification in the nearshore region is weakened substantially, allowing further coastal cooling of large magnitudes by episodic southerly wind bursts or passage of coastally trapped waves at periods of a few days. These short-period winds or waves would otherwise have no effects on the surface temperature because of the strong thermocline barrier in summer if not for the low-frequency cooling produced by the persistent southwesterly winds.
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利用ERA40逐日再分析资料、NCEP/NCAR2逐日再分析资料、中国740个测站日降水资料、上海台风研究所提供的西太平洋热带气旋资料、Kaplan等重建的月平均SSTA资料、NOAA逐日长波辐射(OLR)等资料,应用离散功率谱分析、带通滤波、EOF分析等统计方法,研究了东亚夏季风(EASM)的移动特征、东亚地区季节内振荡(ISO)的基本特征、季节内振荡对东亚夏季风活动的影响、季节内振荡对东亚夏季风异常活动的影响机理。主要结论如下: (1)综合动力和热力因素定义了可动态描述东亚夏季风移动和强度的指数,并利用该指数研究了东亚夏季风的爆发和移动的季节内变化及其年际和年代际变化特征。研究发现,气候平均东亚夏季风前沿分别在28候、33候、36候、38候、40候、44候出现了明显的跳跃。东亚夏季风活动具有显著的年际变率,主要由于季风前沿在某些区域异常停滞和突然跨越北跳或南撤引起,造成中国东部旱涝灾害频繁发生。东亚夏季风的活动具有明显的年代际变化,在1965年、1980年、1994年发生了突变,造成中国东部降水由“南旱北涝”向“南涝北旱”的转变。 (2)东亚季风区季节内变化具有10~25d和30~60d两个波段的季节内振荡周期,以30-60d为主。存在三个主要低频模态,第一模态主要表征了EASM在长江中下游和华北地区活动期间的低频形势;第二模态印度洋-菲律宾由低频气旋式环流控制,主要表现了ISO在EASM爆发期间的低频形势;第三模态主要出现在EASM在华南和淮河活动期间的低频形势。第一模态和第三模态是代表东亚夏季风活动异常的主要低频形势。 (3)热带和副热带地区ISO总是沿垂直切变风的垂直方向传播。因此,在南海-菲律宾东北风垂直切变和副热带西太平洋北风垂直切变下,大气热源激发菲律宾附近交替出现的低频气旋和低频反气旋不断向西北传播,副热带西太平洋ISO以向西传播为主。中高纬度地区,乌拉尔山附近ISO以向东、向南移动或局地振荡为主;北太平洋中部ISO在某些情况下向南、向西传播。 (4)季风爆发期,伴随着热带东印度洋到菲律宾一系列低频气旋和低频反气旋, 冷空气向南输送,10~25天和30~60天季节内振荡低频气旋同时传入南海加快了南海夏季风的爆发。在气候态下,ISO活动表现的欧亚- 太平洋(EAP)以及太平洋-北美(PNA)低频波列分布特征(本文提出的EAP和PNA低频波列与传统意义上的二维定点相关得到的波列不同)。这种低频分布形式使得欧亚和太平洋中高纬度的槽、脊及太平洋副热带高压稳定、加强,东亚地区的低频波列则成为热带和中高纬度ISO相互作用影响东亚夏季风活动的纽带。不同的阶段表现不同的低频模态,30~60d低频模态的转变加快了EASM推进过程中跳跃性;30-60d低频模态的维持使得EASM前沿相对停滞。 (5)30-60d滤波场,菲律宾海域交替出现的低频气旋和低频反气旋不断向西北传播到南海-西太平洋一带。当南海-西太平洋地区低频气旋活跃时,季风槽加强、东伸,季风槽内热带气旋(TC)频数增加;当南海-西太平洋低频反气旋活跃时,季风槽减弱、西退,TC处于间歇期,生成位置不集中。 (6)在El Nino态下,大气季节内振荡偏弱,北传特征不明显,但ISO由中高纬度北太平洋中部向南和副热带西太平洋向西的传播特征显著,东亚地区ISO活动以第三模态为主,EASM集中停滞在华南和淮河流域,常伴随着持续性区域暴雨的出现,易造成华南和江淮流域洪涝灾害,长江和华北持续干旱。在La Nina态下,大气季节内振荡活跃,且具有明显的向北传播特征,PNA低频波列显著,东亚地区ISO活动以第一模态单峰为主;EASM主要停滞在长江中下游和华北地区,这些地区出现异常持续强降水,华南和淮河流域多干旱;在El Nino态向La Nina态转换期,ISO活动以第一模态双峰为主,长江中下游常常出现二度梅。
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Rossby波是地球物理流体动力学中非常重要的一种波动,海洋斜压长Rossby波在海洋动力过程中起着相当重要的作用。它维持并影响强西边界流,是海盆内能量传播的主要机制,它所携带的变异信号从大洋的东边界传播到内部,对海气耦合系统起到很重要的作用。热带印度洋是季风爆发的源地,对季风的年际变化具有重要影响。研究热带印度洋对理解季风变率和提高季风预测水平有重要的科学和应用价值。 本文利用TOPEX/Poseidon等高度计资料、美国国家海洋数据中心(NODC)的世界海洋图集(WOA05)长期气候态水文资料、美国Scripps海洋研究所的上层海温资料、中国Argo资料中心提供的Argo资料、美国国家环境预测中心(NCEP)的海表面温度、FSU(Florida State University)月平均风场和海气界面热通量等观测数据,全面分析了热带印度洋低频Rossby波的基本特征,并深入研究了低频Rossby波的生成机制及其对上层海洋热结构的影响。 采用相关分析等统计方法,结合1.5层约化重力模式,研究了热带南印度洋低频Rossby波的生成机制。结果表明: (1)热带南印度洋低频Rossby波分为东边界扰动产生的Rossby波和南印度洋中部风强迫Rossby波;东边界激发的为自由Rossby波,沿12°S波速大约13 cm/s,向西最远传播到80°E左右,之后被局地变量调整;强迫Rossby波在西传的过程中不断加强,波速较快,沿12°S能超过20 cm/s; (2)东边界扰动由印度尼西亚贯通流(ITF)导致的地转调整过程引起;内区风强迫Rossby波生成和加强的关键区为(70°E–95°E,15°S–5°S);显著的西传Rossby波同太平洋上的厄尔尼诺/南方涛动(ENSO)事件紧密相连,ENSO通过大气的遥驱动机制激发热带南印度洋低频Rossby波; (3)作为东边界低频变量扰动的一个重要因子,ITF的变化与ENSO事件密切相关,总的来讲,El Niño年ITF偏弱,La Niña年ITF偏强,这与前人的研究结果一致;但它在ENSO的不同位相时期,存在一定差异,并具有夏季锁相特征:El Niño事件发生年的春季到秋季,ITF偏强,夏季最强;从El Niño盛期(冬季)到次年秋季,ITF持续偏弱,夏季最弱。上述夏季锁相特征与夏季风的强弱变化相对应。La Niña期间情况相反。 西南印度洋(SWIO)(50°E–75°E,15°S–5°S)以及苏门答腊-爪哇沿岸地区是海表面高度异常(SSHA)和海表面温度异常(SSTA)相关显著的区域,表明内部海洋动力过程在次表层和表层变量的相互关系中起重要作用。本文以2006–2008年期间三个连续的同El Niño或者La Niña同时发生的正印度洋偶极子(IOD)事件为背景,基于Argo观测资料研究了表层和次表层IOD的演变以及二者的区别和联系,并首次采用垂直模态分解方法探讨了Rossby波对上层海洋热力结构影响的动力学特征,得到如下主要结论: (1)在热带印度洋,海洋动力过程一般主要由第一和第二低阶垂直斜压模态控制,而第一斜压模态处于主导地位——在SWIO海区,第一斜压模态运动的方差解释率为第二模态的2–3倍,在赤道和东南印度洋也达到2倍左右;另外,赤道印度洋地区高阶斜压模态运动对该地区的海洋动力过程也具有一定的贡献; (2)低频斜压Rossby波能影响海洋的垂直层结,尤其是强暖Rossby波使同第二斜压模态运动紧密相连的海洋上层层结减弱,加强第二斜压模态的贡献量,导致上层各等压线向下垂直位移增大,最终通过垂直混合过程调整上层海洋的热力结构;而低频斜压冷Rossby波会加强上层垂直层结,抑制该层内变量变化,因此第二斜压模态的贡献依然很小; (3)表层IOD和次表层IOD分布形态不同:表层东部冷异常主要集中在东南印度洋Sumatra-Java沿岸,次表层冷异常基本关于赤道对称;表层西部暖异常基本关于赤道对称,而在次表层赤道以南海温扰动强度远远大于赤道以北; (4)正IOD事件中,东南印度洋冷SSTA首先出现于Java沿岸,沿岸东南风引起的潜热释放增加以及沿岸上升流是该初始冷异常建立的主要机制,与之相关的SSTA东西梯度加强大气环流变化,并进一步强迫随后的海洋运动;1–2个月后,SST冷异常中心北跳到Sumatra沿岸并向西扩展,同时不断增强,其中Sumatra沿岸上升流、来自赤道印度洋的冷Kelvin波及其反射的西传冷Rossby波是这一演变过程的动力机制,而沿岸上升流起决定作用。
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How coniferous trees in northern China changed their distribution ranges in response to Quaternary climatic oscillations remains largely unknown. Here we report a study of the phylogeography of Pinus tabulaeformis, an endemic and dominant species of coniferous forest in northern China. We examined sequence variation of maternally inherited, seed-dispersed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) (nad5 intron 1 and nad4/3-4) and paternally inherited, pollen- and seed-dispersed chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) (rpl16 and trnS-trnG) within and among 30 natural populations across the entire range of the species. Six mitotypes and five chlorotypes were recovered among 291 trees surveyed. Population divergence was high for mtDNA variation (G(ST) = 0.738, N-ST = 0.771) indicating low levels of seed-based gene flow and significant phylogeographical structure (N-ST > G(ST), P < 0.05). The spatial distribution of mitotypes suggests that five distinct population groups exist in the species: one in the west comprising seven populations, a second with a north-central distribution comprising 15 populations, a third with a southern and easterly distribution comprising five populations, a fourth comprising one central and one western population, and a fifth comprising a single population located in the north-central part of the species' range. Each group apart from the fourth group is characterized by a distinct mitotype, with other mitotypes, if present, occurring at low frequency. It is suggested, therefore, that most members of each group apart from Group 4 are derived from ancestors that occupied different isolated refugia in a previous period of range fragmentation of the species, possibly at the time of the Last Glacial Maximum. Possible locations for these refugia are suggested. A comparison of mitotype diversity between northern and southern subgroups within the north-central group of populations (Group 2) showed much greater uniformity in the northern part of the range both within and between populations. This could indicate a northward migration of the species from a southern refugium in this region during the postglacial period, although alternative explanations cannot be ruled out. Two chlorotypes were distributed across the geographical range of the species, resulting in lower levels of among-population chlorotype variation. The geographical pattern of variation for all five chlorotypes provided some indication of the species surviving past glaciations in more than one refugium, although differentiation was much less marked, presumably due to the greater dispersal of cpDNA via pollen.