999 resultados para impacto ambiental da aplicação de herbicidas


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The sharp consumption of natural resources by the construction industry has motivated numerous studies concerning the application of waste to replace partially or fully, some materials, such as aggregates, thereby reducing the environmental impact caused by the extraction of sand and crushing process. The application of stone dust from crushing process arising as an aggregate for the production of Portland cement concrete is a viable alternative in view of the high cost of natural sands, in addition to the environmental damage which causes its operation to the environment. The stone dust has reduced cost compared to natural sand because it is produced in the beds of their own quarries, which are usually located close to major urban centers. This study examined the feasibility of using stone dust from the crushing of rock gneisses in the state of Bahia, replacing natural quartz sand. In the development of scientific study was conducted to characterize physical and chemical raw materials applied and molded cylindrical specimens , using as reference values Fck 20, Fck 25 and Fck 30 MPa ( resistance characteristic of the concrete after 28 days) in following compositions stone powder: 10%, 30%, 50 %, 100% and 100% with additive. The specimens were cured and subjected to the tests of compressive strength and water absorption, then the samples were subjected to the tests of X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results obtained showed that the composition with 10% stone powder showed the best results regarding the physical and mechanical tests performed, confirming the reduction in compressive strength and increased water uptake increased as the content of the powder stone in the concrete composition

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Existe uma crescente preocupação com a sustentabilidade e com o impacto ambiental da atividade da construção que, desde o início do séc. XXI, com o avanço exponencial da nanotecnologia e do estudo das nanopartículas (para incorporação em argamassas e betões), tem vindo a ser atendida de uma forma inovadora. As nanopartículas, quando substituindo pequenas percentagens da massa de cimento, conferem características melhoradas às misturas: resistência, durabilidade, entre outras. Os potenciais benefícios no betão são variados e estão, genericamente, identificados. Todavia, existem ainda algumas lacunas (e.g. estudos que incluam ensaios estruturais). Tendo este aspeto em conta, foi formado um consórcio entre a empresa Smart Inovation, Lda e o Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Coimbra por forma a conduzir uma investigação com o intuito de estudar o efeito da incorporação das nanopartículas em argamassas e betões. Inserindo-se a presente dissertação no âmbito desse projeto de investigação, decidiu-se estudar o comportamento de vigas de betão incorporando nanopartículas (ou nanobetão) quando sujeitas a esforços de corte e de flexão, comparando-o com o de betões de referência. Foram, então, realizados dois tipos de ensaios, para as mesmas misturas (que incluem betões simples, com nanopartículas, com fibras e com nanopartículas e fibras em conjunto): (i) ao corte – em que se submeteram oito vigas, simplesmente apoiadas, à aplicação de uma carga concentrada a 0,85 m do apoio mais afastado; (ii) à flexão – em que se submeteram também oito vigas, simplesmente apoiadas, à aplicação de uma carga concentrada a meio vão. Com base nos dados recolhidos durante os ensaios experimentais, estudou-se: a relação carga-deslocamento, os valores teóricos e experimentais do esforço transverso e do momento, a curvatura, a rigidez, a fendilhação e o tipo de rotura. Da análise de resultados, foi possível observar que o comportamento estrutural de vigas de betão incorporando nanopartículas não evidencia, de forma clara, as previsões dos ensaios de caracterização dos betões. Porém, verificou-se que existe alguma potencialidade da incorporação das nanopartículas (principalmente as nanopartículas de Al2O3) beneficiarem a resistência ao corte e à flexão. Foi ainda possível observar que a interação entre nanopartículas e fibras de aço induz efeitos negativos na resistência ao corte e a resistência à flexão

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2009

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A proposal for a global analysis of sustainability in projects related in oil facilities is presented. By considering economic, environmental and social aspects in the early stages of design, the suggested method is more comprehensive and can be used to complement the analysis commonly applied in the petroleum industry, such as: Study of Technical and Economic Feasibility; Environmental Impact Assessment and Risk Analysis. Several authors, associations, certification bodies and oil companies suggest different approaches to study sustainability in some specific activities (or industries). In this study, a checklist of significant sustainability aspects for the oil industry (surface facilities) was assembled. In addition, a matrix was developed to assess the sustainability items relevant to these projects. In this work, the checklist interacts with the matrix to perform a "Preliminary Analysis of Sustainability of the Enterprise" (APSE). This method allows the identification of aspects that contribute significantly to global sustainability. From this analysis, which includes economic, social and environmental aspects, is built a report that is used to analyze qualitatively and quantitatively the impact of the sustainability aspects of the project. In this analysis are identified items that strongly influence the economic, social or environmental aspects and evaluated alternatives that can increase the overall sustainability of the project. Finally, the alternatives that can be used to indicate the most sustainable option are identified. This method was applied in a project (design) of a small offshore platform. This case study shows how the APSE can contribute to the identification of sustainability initiatives for the enterprise. The results showed that relevant aspects can contribute decisively to global sustainability. Finally, it was observed that the proposed method can contribute to increased rates of sustainability, even after application of analysis commonly used in these projects

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The increasing use of fossil fuels in line with cities demographic explosion carries out to huge environmental impact in society. For mitigate these social impacts, regulatory requirements have positively influenced the environmental consciousness of society, as well as, the strategic behavior of businesses. Along with this environmental awareness, the regulatory organs have conquered and formulated new laws to control potentially polluting activities, mostly in the gas stations sector. Seeking for increasing market competitiveness, this sector needs to quickly respond to internal and external pressures, adapting to the new standards required in a strategic way to get the Green Badge . Gas stations have incorporated new strategies to attract and retain new customers whom present increasingly social demand. In the social dimension, these projects help the local economy by generating jobs and income distribution. In this survey, the present research aims to align the social, economic and environmental dimensions to set the sustainable performance indicators at Gas Stations sector in the city of Natal/RN. The Sustainable Balanced Scorecard (SBSC) framework was create with a set of indicators for mapping the production process of gas stations. This mapping aimed at identifying operational inefficiencies through multidimensional indicators. To carry out this research, was developed a system for evaluating the sustainability performance with application of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) through a quantitative method approach to detect system s efficiency level. In order to understand the systemic complexity, sub organizational processes were analyzed by the technique Network Data Envelopment Analysis (NDEA) figuring their micro activities to identify and diagnose the real causes of overall inefficiency. The sample size comprised 33 Gas stations and the conceptual model included 15 indicators distributed in the three dimensions of sustainability: social, environmental and economic. These three dimensions were measured by means of classical models DEA-CCR input oriented. To unify performance score of individual dimensions, was designed a unique grouping index based upon two means: arithmetic and weighted. After this, another analysis was performed to measure the four perspectives of SBSC: learning and growth, internal processes, customers, and financial, unifying, by averaging the performance scores. NDEA results showed that no company was assessed with excellence in sustainability performance. Some NDEA higher efficiency Gas Stations proved to be inefficient under certain perspectives of SBSC. In the sequence, a comparative sustainable performance and assessment analyzes among the gas station was done, enabling entrepreneurs evaluate their performance in the market competitors. Diagnoses were also obtained to support the decision making of entrepreneurs in improving the management of organizational resources and promote guidelines the regulators. Finally, the average index of sustainable performance was 69.42%, representing the efforts of the environmental suitability of the Gas station. This results point out a significant awareness of this segment, but it still needs further action to enhance sustainability in the long term

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Despite the importance of coral reefs to humanity, these environments have been threatened throughout the world. Several factors contribute to the degradation of these ecosystems. The Maracajaú Reef Complex, in Rio Grande do Norte state is part of the Coral Reefs Environment Preservation Area in northeastern Brazil. This area has been receiving an increasing influx of tourism and the integrity of the local reefs is a matter of concern. In this study, the reef macroalgae communities were studied and compared within two areas distinguished by the presence or absence of tourism activities. Two sample sites were chosen: the first one, where diving activities are intense; and the other, where these practices do not occur. Samples were collected at both sites within a quadrate of 625 cm2 of area randomly thrown 5 times along a 10 meters transect line. Richness, Shannon-Hill diversity and Simpson dominance indices were determined based on biomass data. Similarity between sites was analyzed with Bray-Curtis similarity and distance index. Fifty-eight macroalgae species were observed, including 7 Chlorophyta, 13 Phaeophyta and 38 Rhodophyta. In the non-disturbed site, 49 species were found, while at the disturbed site, there were 42 species. Dictyotaceae and Corallinaceae were the most representative families at the non-disturbed site, and Rhodomelaceae and Dictyotaceae at the disturbed site. The non-disturbed site presented a higher biomass and the greatest richness and diversity indices. In the disturbed site the dominance index was greater and Caulerpa racemosa was the dominant species. The dendogram based on similarity index showed two major clusters, and an isolated element at the center that corresponds to a sample from the disturbed site. In the first cluster, samples from the non-impacted site were predominant and fleshy brown algae were more conspicuous. The second cluster was composed primarily of samples from the impacted site, where C. racemosa and red filamentous and erect calcareous algae associations (turf forming) were observed covering large extensions. These associations are represented by groups of algae adapted to environments where disturbances are frequent. They can grow rapidly on substrate where benthic community was removed and do not allow the establishment of other species. The results of the present study show that tourism activity is an impacting factor that has been causing shifts in macroalgae communities in the Maracajaú Reef Complex

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Investigación que identifica la contaminación ambiental que han experimentado las comunidades de Mochuelo Alto y Mochuelo Bajo a raíz de su convivencia con el basurero de Doña Juana (ubicado en la ciudad de Bogotá). Proyecto con enfoque cualitativo desarrollado a partir de una metodología de relatos de vida y perspectiva biográfica que describe la forma como las comunidades han hecho frente al sufrimiento ambiental y algunas de las implicaciones que conlleva la contaminación en sus relaciones sociales.

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A carcinicultura é uma atividade comercial crescente em diversos países tropicais. No Brasil, esta atividade tem se intensificado no litoral do NE. Existem diversas técnicas para a criação de camarão, porém muitas dessas têm causado impactos ambientais nos ecossistemas próximos às fazendas de criação, como exemplo em áreas de manguezal. O presente trabalho tem por finalidade o isolamento e avaliação da resistência de bactérias presentes na água de cultivo de camarão, avaliadas em seis pontos ao longo de um viveiro de criação. A comunidade bacteriana variou em sua densidade entre os pontos amostrados, sendo que dentro do viveiro a densidade bacteriana foi menor. No teste de resistência aos antibióticos, o crescimento de alguns isolados na presença de antibióticos evidenciou que existem populações naturalmente resistentes, que podem sofrer pressão de seleção, gerando um impacto ambiental causado pela aplicação de antibióticos. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que podem ocorrer impactos ambientais em decorrência do uso de antibióticos para controle de doenças de camarão, tornando essa metodologia de grande importância e utilidade para estudos de avaliação e monitoramento de impacto ambiental.

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O presente texto, buscando contribuir metodologicamente com os objetivos do Seminário de Extensão Universitária, COPPE/UFRJ, destaca o tema da pesquisa participativa a partir de experiências praticas de intervenções vividas por uma equipe de pesquisadores do Centro Nacional de Pesquisa de Monitoramento e Avaliação de Impacto Ambiental - CNPMA, da Embrapa, em um trabalho conjunto com 26 famílias de assentados rurais de um projeto de reforma agrária, localizado no município de Sumaré, no interior do estado de São Paulo. O objetivo do trabalho era a analise da relação existente entre os impactos ambientais e a agricultura praticada pelos produtores rurais familiares, tendo em vista uma intervenções em conjunto com os mesmos. Assim, em primeiro lugar, os recursos metodológicos empregados buscaram a compreensão, de uma forma geral, dos valores e praticas dos assentados e, em especifico, dos valores e praticas que constituem o que se pode chamar de sua cultura política. Em seguida, procurava-se definir as ações de intervenções na área, priorizando as atividades relacionadas a agricultura orgânica e a recíproca de áreas degradadas via sistema de mutirão, tendo a educação (não limitada aos seus aspectos convencionais) como elemento viabilizador do processo. Ao enfocar a agricultura familiar e a sua variante, os assentamentos rurais, a pesquisa tomou a perspectiva de uma analise socioambiental, dado que os processos de degradação tem sempre tanto determinações quanto efeitos sociais. Levou-se em conta, no entanto, que os processos de planejamento participativo, a partir de metodologias que permitem aos envolvidos refletirem sobre os problemas e possíveis soluções, tendem a gerar propostas de desenvolvimento mais exeqüíveis, visando a sua maior sustentabilidade econômica e ambiental. Contudo, e também importante reter aqui, a argumentação sobre a contribuição metodológica do projeto, o que, por sua vez, permitira ampliar seus resultados para o desenvolvimento mais sustentável da agricultura familiar de outros espaços geográficos ou do pais como um todo, caso se considere a questão a partir de uma ótica mais política.