Die Juden unter den Braunschweigischen Herzögen Julius und Heinrich Julius : nach hs. Quellen dargest.

von M. Wiener

Zum siebzigsten Geburtstage des Professor Dr. Heinrich Grätz, am 31. Oktober 1887

[]Benjamin Rippner; Mitarb.: Benno Badt]

Wir Leopold von Gottes Gnaden ... [Dekret gegen die Plünderer und Verfolger der Juden im fränkischen Kreise d. d. Wien, 16. Juni 1699]

[von Leopold I. Kaiser von Deutschland]

Wir Leopold von Gottes Gnaden ... [Dekret, die Verhaftung einiger Juden betreffend, d. d. 5. April 1686]

[von Leopold I. Kaiser von Deutschland]

Richard Wagner und die Juden

von K. Grunsky

Successful pacing using a batteryless sunlight-powered pacemaker.

AIMS Today's cardiac pacemakers are powered by batteries with limited energy capacity. As the battery's lifetime ends, the pacemaker needs to be replaced. This surgical re-intervention is costly and bears the risk of complications. Thus, a pacemaker without primary batteries is desirable. The goal of this study was to test whether transcutaneous solar light could power a pacemaker. METHODS AND RESULTS We used a three-step approach to investigate the feasibility of sunlight-powered cardiac pacing. First, the harvestable power was estimated. Theoretically, a subcutaneously implanted 1 cm(2) solar module may harvest ∼2500 µW from sunlight (3 mm implantation depth). Secondly, ex vivo measurements were performed with solar cells placed under pig skin flaps exposed to a solar simulator and real sunlight. Ex vivo measurements under real sunlight resulted in a median output power of 4941 µW/cm(2) [interquartile range (IQR) 3767-5598 µW/cm(2), median skin flap thickness 3.0 mm (IQR 2.7-3.3 mm)]. The output power strongly depended on implantation depth (ρSpearman = -0.86, P < 0.001). Finally, a batteryless single-chamber pacemaker powered by a 3.24 cm(2) solar module was implanted in vivo in a pig to measure output power and to pace. In vivo measurements showed a median output power of >3500 µW/cm(2) (skin flap thickness 2.8-3.84 mm). Successful batteryless VVI pacing using a subcutaneously implanted solar module was performed. CONCLUSION Based on our results, we estimate that a few minutes of direct sunlight (irradiating an implanted solar module) allow powering a pacemaker for 24 h using a suitable energy storage. Thus, powering a pacemaker by sunlight is feasible and may be an alternative energy supply for tomorrow's pacemakers.

Jubelschrift zum neunzigsten Geburtstag des Dr Leopold Zunz : 2 Teile in e. Bd.

hrsg. durch d. Curatorium d. Zunz-Stiftung. [Vorr.: Salomon Neumann]