Vähäisen poikkeamisen rajat ja edellytykset rakennusluvan yhteydessä

Tutkielma koskee maankäyttö- ja rakennuslain 175 §:n mukaista vähäistä poikkeamista suoraan rakennusluvassa. Tutkielmassa analysoidaan vähäisen poikkeamisen edellytyksiä ja rajoja, ja tekijöitä, jotka vaikuttavat vähäisen poikkeamisen myöntämiseen. Tutkielmassa jäsennetään oikeuskäytännön avulla, millä tavoin vähäisen poikkeamisen soveltamisalaa voitaisiin laajentaa. Rakennuslupaa, vähäistä poikkeamista ja varsinaista poikkeamista eritellään niitä koskevien edellytysten, menettelyiden, valitusoikeuksien ja toimivaltaisten viranomaisten kautta. Analysoinnin perusteella vähäinen poikkeaminen on käyttökelpoinen instrumentti rakennusluvan ja poikkeamisluvan välillä, erityisesti korjausrakentamisessa ja muutettaessa rakennuksen käyttötarkoitusta. Poikkeamisen edellytysten täsmentäminen voisi lisätä kuntien rakennusvalvontojen halua käyttää vähäistä poikkeamista laajemmin. Vähäisen poikkeamisen myöntämiseen vaikuttaa esimerkiksi se, mistä säännöksestä tai määräyksestä vähäistä poikkeamista haetaan, naapurin suostumus sekä se, onko vähäisen poikkeamisen myöntäminen tarkoituksenmukaista. Vähäinen poikkeaminen on perusteltava, ja rakentamisen lopputuloksen on parannuttava vähäisen poikkeamisen johdosta. Vähäistä poikkeamista myönnettäessä on huomioitava myös kaava ja sen tavoitteet, sillä kaava on MRL:n keskeisin suunnitteluinstrumentti. Yksityiskohtaiset kaavat voivat kuitenkin johtaa tilanteisiin, joissa noudattamalla tiukasti kaavaa ei päästä parhaaseen mahdolliseen lopputulokseen. Eri osapuolille parhaiten sopivaan lopputulokseen voidaan päästä käyttämällä vähäisen poikkeamisen mahdollisuutta.

Cellular ROS imaging with hydro-Cy3 dye is strongly influenced by mitochondrial membrane potential

Background: Hydrocyanines are widely used as fluorogenic probes to monitor reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in cells. Their brightness, stability to autoxidation and photobleaching, large signal change upon oxidation, pH independence and red/near infrared emission are particularly attractive for imaging ROS in live tissue. Methods: Using confocal fluorescence microscopy we have examined an interference of mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) with fluorescence intensity and localisation of a commercial hydro-Cy3 probe in respiring and non-respiring colon carcinoma HCT116 cells. Results: We found that the oxidised (fluorescent) form of hydro-Cy3 is highly homologous to the common ΔΨm-sensitive probe JC-1, which accumulates and aggregates only in ‘energised’ negatively charged mitochondrial matrix. Therefore, hydro-Cy3 oxidised by hydroxyl and superoxide radicals tends to accumulate in mitochondrial matrix, but dissipates and loses brightness as soon as ΔΨm is compromised. Experiments with mitochondrial inhibitor oligomycin and uncoupler FCCP, as well as a common ROS producer paraquat demonstrated that signals of the oxidised hydro-Cy3 probe rapidly and strongly decrease upon mitochondrial depolarisation, regardless of the rate of cellular ROS production. Conclusions: While analysing ROS-derived fluorescence of commercial hydrocyanine probes, an accurate control of ΔΨm is required. General significance: If not accounted for, non-specific effect of mitochondrial polarisation state on the behaviour of oxidised hydrocyanines can cause artefacts and data misinterpretation in ROS studies.

Person-centred information to parents in paediatric oncology (the PIFBO study) : A study protocol of an ongoing RCT

Background: Parents of children with cancer experience a demanding situation and often suffer from psychological problems such as stress. Trying to coping with the complex body of information about their child's disease is one factor that contributes to this stress. The aim of this study is to evaluate an intervention for person-centred information to parents of children with cancer that consists of four sessions with children's nurses trained in the intervention method. Methods/Design: This is a multi-centre RCT with two parallel arms and a 1:1 allocation ratio. The primary outcome is illness-related parental stress. Secondary outcomes are post-traumatic stress symptoms, anxiety, depression, satisfaction with information, expected and received knowledge, and experiences with health care providers. A process evaluation is performed to describe experiences and contextual factors. Data are collected using web questionnaires or paper forms according to the parents' preference, audio recording of the intervention sessions, and qualitative interviews with parents and the intervention nurses. Discussion: Few studies have evaluated information interventions for parents of children with cancer using large multi-centre RCTs. This intervention is designed to be performed by regular staff children's nurses, which will facilitate implementation if the intervention proves to be effective. Trial registration: Clinical trials NCT02332226 (December 11, 2014).

Feeling existentially touched - A phenomenological notion of the well-being of elderly living in special housing accommodation from the perspective of care professionals

This article presents a phenomenological analysis of interview material, in which 12 care professionals in elderly care reflect on the elderly's well-being within the frame of special housing accommodation. The perspective of the care professionals is of special interest. The findings show that the well-being is characterized as the elderly's feelings of being existentially touched. The well-being is an existential experience of being acknowledged as a human being and is an approach that classifies the elderly's needs as those of having, loving, and being. The meaning of the phenomenon is elucidated by the constituents: (1) to feel the freedom of choice, (2) to feel pleasure, and (3) to feel closeness to someone or something. The findings contribute new understanding of well-being in the elderly care by its existential dimension of the well-being as "just being'' and of doing things in order to experience meaningfulness. Accordingly, the well-being of the elderly as it is seen from the perspective of the care professionals involves both carers' subjectivity and intersubjectivity between the care professional and the elderly. An implication for promoting elderly's well-being is to develop awareness of these existential dimensions.

LOOKING INTO CALIPSO CLIMATOLOGICAL PRODUCTS: EVALUATION AND SUGGESTIONS FROM EARLINET

CALIPSO (Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Pathfinder Satellite Observations) Level 3 (CL3) data were compared against EARLINET (European Aerosol Research Lidar Network) monthly averages obtained by profiles during satellite overpasses. Data from EARLINET stations of Évora, Granada, Leipzig, Naples and Potenza, equipped with advanced multi-wavelength Raman lidars were used for this study. Owing to spatial and temporal differences, we reproduced the CL3 filtering rubric onto the CALIPSO Level 2 data. The CALIPSO monthly mean profiles following this approach are called CALIPSO Level 3*, CL3*. This offers the possibility to achieve direct comparable datasets. In respect to CL3 data, the agreement typically improved, in particular above the areas directly affected by the anthropogenic activities within the planetary boundary layer. However in most of the cases a subtle CALIPSO underestimation was observed with an average bias of 0.03 km-1. We investigated the backscatter coefficient applying the same screening criteria, where the mean relative difference in respect to the extinction comparison improved from 15.2% to 11.4%. Lastly, the typing capabilities of CALIPSO were assessed outlining the importance of the correct aerosol type (and associated lidar ratio value) assessment to the CALIPSO aerosol properties retrieval.