873 resultados para Volatility premium


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This dissertation discusses current status of high temperature and high pressure and focuses on analyzing systematically the solubility of heavy metals in the silicate magma in HTHP experiments. The high temperature study on the content of heavy metal molybdenum in the silicate melts in this dissertation, which is granted, based on the geology mineralization model and the theory of HTHP experiments and combined with mineralization grade and geochemical nature of Mo, discusses the difference of mineralization between mantle plume and aqueous fluids and comes to the conclusions, which are as follows: (1) The content of Mo in the silicate melts is much greater than Mo mineralization grade. The molybdenum ore has the exploitation value when the industrial grade is higher than 0.06%. Mo content in different silicate melts varies because of the concentration of SiO2, that is, Mo content in the granodiorite is greater. (2) The content of Mo, which varies with reaction time, arises first and drops down in the alkali basalt melts, while variation is not too obvious in the granodiorite melts on the whole. (3) According to the picture of sample, the conclusion is not reached very well on some issues, such as the volatility and characteristic of molybdenum oxide and dependence on the geology environment.

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Dynamic service aggregation techniques can exploit skewed access popularity patterns to reduce the costs of building interactive VoD systems. These schemes seek to cluster and merge users into single streams by bridging the temporal skew between them, thus improving server and network utilization. Rate adaptation and secondary content insertion are two such schemes. In this paper, we present and evaluate an optimal scheduling algorithm for inserting secondary content in this scenario. The algorithm runs in polynomial time, and is optimal with respect to the total bandwidth usage over the merging interval. We present constraints on content insertion which make the overall QoS of the delivered stream acceptable, and show how our algorithm can satisfy these constraints. We report simulation results which quantify the excellent gains due to content insertion. We discuss dynamic scenarios with user arrivals and interactions, and show that content insertion reduces the channel bandwidth requirement to almost half. We also discuss differentiated service techniques, such as N-VoD and premium no-advertisement service, and show how our algorithm can support these as well.

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Herein is presented a novel chemical vapour deposition (CVD) route for the fabrication of oxide ferroelectrics. A versatile layer-by-layer growth mode was developed to prepare naturally super-latticed bismuth based materials belonging to the Aurivillius phase family, with which good control over composition and crystal structure was achieved. In chapter 3, the effect of epitaxial strain on one of the very simple oxide materials TiO2 was studied. It has been found that the ultra-thin TiO2 films demonstrate ferroelectric behaviour when grown on NdGaO3 substrates. TiO2 exists in various crystal phases, but none of them show ferroelectric behaviour. The epitaxial strain due to the substrate, changes the crystal structure from tetragonal to orthorhombic which in turn leads to ferroelectric behaviour. In chapter 4, a unique growth method for multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films is shown, where a phase pure BFO thin films can be prepared even in the presence of excess bismuth precursor during the growth process. This type of growth is usually called adsorption controlled growth and can be used for growing various bismuth containing compounds, where the volatility of bismuth can create various types of defects. Chapter 5 describes the growth of Bi4Ti3O12 thin films in a layer-by-layer growth mode. In this section, the effect of Bi and Ti precursor flows on the growth of thin films is discussed and it is shown that how change in precursor flows leads to out-ofphase boundary defects during the layer-by-layer growth mode. In chapter 6, the growth of a compound Bi5Ti3FeO15, which is a 1:1 mixture of BiFeO3 and Bi4Ti3O12, is presented. The growth mechanism of Bi5Ti3FeO15 thin films is presented, where the Fe precursor flow was controlled from zero to the insertion of one full BiFeO3 perovskite unit cell into the Bi4Ti3O12 structure in addition, the effect of iron precursor flow on crystalline properties is demonstrated. The methods presented in this thesis can be adopted to grow ferroelectric and multiferroic films for industrial applications.

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This study explores the role of livestock insurance to complement existing risk management strategies adopted by smallholder farmers. Using survey data, first, it provides insights into farmers’ risk perception of livestock farming, in terms of likelihood and severity of risk, attitude to risk and their determinants. Second, it examines farmers’ risk management strategies and their determinants. Third, it investigates farmers’ potential engagement with a hypothetical cattle insurance decision and their intensity of participation. Factor analysis is used to analyse risk sources and risk management, multiple regressions are used to identify the determinants; a Heckman model was used to investigate cattle insurance participation and intensity of participation. The findings show different groups of farmers display different risk attitude in their decision-making related to livestock farming. Production risk (especially livestock diseases) was perceived as the most likely and severe source of risk. Disease control was perceived as the best strategy to manage risk overall. Disease control and feed management were important strategies to mitigate the production risks. Disease control and participation on safety net program were found to be important to counter households’ financial risks. With regard to the hypothetical cattle insurance scheme, 94.38% of households were interested to participate in cattle insurance. Of those households that accepted cattle insurance, 77.38% of the households were willing to pay the benchmark annual premium of 4% of the animal value while for the remaining households this was not affordable. The average number of cattle that farmers were willing to insure was 2.71 at this benchmark. Results revealed that income (log income) and education levels influenced positively and significantly farmers’ participation in cattle insurance and the number of cattle to insure. The findings prompt policy makers to consider livestock insurance as a complement to existing risk management strategies to reduce poverty in the long-run.

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This paper looks into economic insights offerred by considerations of two important financial markets in Vietnam, gold and USD. In general, the paper focuses on time series properties, mainly returns at different frequencies, and test the weak-form efficient market hypothesis. All the test rejects the efficiency of both gold and foreign exchange markets. All time series exhibit strong serial correlations. ARMA-GARCH specifications appear to have performed well with different time series. In all cases the changing volatility phenomenon is strongly supported through empirical data. An additional test is performed on the daily USD return to try to capture the impacts of Asian financial crisis and daily price limits applicable. No substantial impacts of the Asian crisis and the central bank-devised limits are found to influence the risk level of daily USD return.

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This paper is the first major and thorough study on the M&A activities in Vietnam’s emerging market economy, covering almost entirely the M&A history after the launch of Doi Moi. The surge in these activities since mid-2000s by no means incidentally coincides with the jump in FDI and FPI inflows into the nation. M&A industry in Vietnam has its socio-cultural traits that could help explain economic happenings, with anomalies and transitional characteristics, far better than even the most complete set of empirical data. Proceeds from sales of existing assets and firms have mainly flowed into the highly speculative industries of securities, banking, non-bank financials, portfolio investments and real estates. The impacts of M&A on Vietnam’s long-term prosperity are, thus, highly questionable. An observable high degree of volatility in the M&A processes would likely blow outthe high ex ante expectations by many speculators, when ex post realizations finally arrive. The effect of the past M&A evolution in Vietnam has been indecisively positive or negative, with significant presence of rent-seeking and likelihood of causing destructive entrepreneurship. From a socio-economic and cultural view, the degree of positive impacts it may result in for domestic entrepreneurship will perhaps be the single most important indicator.

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Empirical modeling of high-frequency currency market data reveals substantial evidence for nonnormality, stochastic volatility, and other nonlinearities. This paper investigates whether an equilibrium monetary model can account for nonlinearities in weekly data. The model incorporates time-nonseparable preferences and a transaction cost technology. Simulated sample paths are generated using Marcet's parameterized expectations procedure. The paper also develops a new method for estimation of structural economic models. The method forces the model to match (under a GMM criterion) the score function of a nonparametric estimate of the conditional density of observed data. The estimation uses weekly U.S.-German currency market data, 1975-90. © 1995.

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Assuming that daily spot exchange rates follow a martingale process, we derive the implied time series process for the vector of 30-day forward rate forecast errors from using weekly data. The conditional second moment matrix of this vector is modelled as a multivariate generalized ARCH process. The estimated model is used to test the hypothesis that the risk premium is a linear function of the conditional variances and covariances as suggested by the standard asset pricing theory literature. Little supportt is found for this theory; instead lagged changes in the forward rate appear to be correlated with the 'risk premium.'. © 1990.

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We describe a strategy for Markov chain Monte Carlo analysis of non-linear, non-Gaussian state-space models involving batch analysis for inference on dynamic, latent state variables and fixed model parameters. The key innovation is a Metropolis-Hastings method for the time series of state variables based on sequential approximation of filtering and smoothing densities using normal mixtures. These mixtures are propagated through the non-linearities using an accurate, local mixture approximation method, and we use a regenerating procedure to deal with potential degeneracy of mixture components. This provides accurate, direct approximations to sequential filtering and retrospective smoothing distributions, and hence a useful construction of global Metropolis proposal distributions for simulation of posteriors for the set of states. This analysis is embedded within a Gibbs sampler to include uncertain fixed parameters. We give an example motivated by an application in systems biology. Supplemental materials provide an example based on a stochastic volatility model as well as MATLAB code.

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We discuss a general approach to dynamic sparsity modeling in multivariate time series analysis. Time-varying parameters are linked to latent processes that are thresholded to induce zero values adaptively, providing natural mechanisms for dynamic variable inclusion/selection. We discuss Bayesian model specification, analysis and prediction in dynamic regressions, time-varying vector autoregressions, and multivariate volatility models using latent thresholding. Application to a topical macroeconomic time series problem illustrates some of the benefits of the approach in terms of statistical and economic interpretations as well as improved predictions. Supplementary materials for this article are available online. © 2013 Copyright Taylor and Francis Group, LLC.

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Quantity-based regulation with banking allows regulated firms to shift obligations across time in response to periods of unexpectedly high or low marginal costs. Despite its wide prevalence in existing and proposed emission trading programs, banking has received limited attention in past welfare analyses of policy choice under uncertainty. We address this gap with a model of banking behavior that captures two key constraints: uncertainty about the future from the firm's perspective and a limit on negative bank values (e.g. borrowing). We show conditions where banking provisions reduce price volatility and lower expected costs compared to quantity policies without banking. For plausible parameter values related to U.S. climate change policy, we find that bankable quantities produce behavior quite similar to price policies for about two decades and, during this period, improve welfare by about a $1 billion per year over fixed quantities. © 2012 Elsevier B.V.

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En las últimas dos décadas, el consumidor mundial ha venido modificando sus hábitos de consumo y con ello las industrias debieron adaptarse, pasando de una visión de ofrecer lo que estaban dispuestas a producir, a otra netamente centrada en los deseos de sus clientes. Este hecho tuvo su impacto en los alimentos, manifestado en las exigencias del consumidor respecto a la calidad y origen, entre otros atributos. En este nuevo escenario, las cadenas agroalimentarias han tenido que adaptarse, recurriendo al rediseño de sus transacciones, alineadas vía estructura de gobernancia eficientes. Abordar sus cambios, bajo una concepción sistémica, implicó que debían alcanzar el equilibro básico entre el ambiente institucional, el organizacional y el tecnológico. El objetivo de la presente tesis es realizar un diagnóstico de la cadena de la nuez de nogal del subsistema La Rioja - Catamarca, en vista de proponer estrategias y tácticas de mejora en la inserción del producto en el mercado mundial. Para ello, se emplea el método de Planificación y Gestión Estratégica de los Sistemas Productivos (GESis) y como marco teórico sus cuatro pilares fundamentales: las Netchain; las acciones colectivas en los sistemas productivos; las economías de los costos de transacción y el papel de los contratos; y los modelos de gestión estratégica, planificación estratégica y planes de marketing. El bajo grado de asociación entre productores, las fallas de coordinación entre los actores y la asimetría de la información, contribuyen a que las acciones colectivas no se plasmen en el tejido productivo del subsistema de la nuez de nogal y con ello no se pueda acceder a nichos de mercado externo Premium, donde el sobre pecio llega hasta el 80 por ciento

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La industria pesquera es un elemento importante para la economía peruana por ser una fuente generadora de divisas. El subsistema de pesca para consumo humano indirecto (CHI) representa el 80 por ciento en términos de volumen de desembarque de los recursos hidrobiológicos y, está basada únicamente en la explotación de la especie anchoveta (Engraulis ringens). En los sesenta años de existencia de la pesca para harina de pescado, se han dado varios episodios en los que el stock de anchoveta estuvo cerca de desaparecer producto del sobredimensionamiento de la industria, regulación inadecuada y fenómenos climáticos. En los últimos años se dictaron normas y leyes para regular el sector y proteger los recursos. El D.L. 1084 estableció los límites máximos de captura por embarcación perturbando en gran medida al subsector pesca para harina de pescado. Por ello, el objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar cómo una organización dedicada a la producción de harina de pescado se adaptó en el ámbito organizacional y tecnológico a las perturbaciones institucionales del sector. El abordaje de estudio fue la epistemología fenomenológica, mediante un análisis del tipo cualitativo y utilizando como metodología el estudio de caso aplicado a la empresa Corporación Hayduk. Identificando como la implementación de estas nuevas leyes disminuyó la incertidumbre e impulsaron innovaciones organizacionales y tecnológicas en Hayduk que permitieron eliminar capacidad ociosa y dosificar esfuerzos por una mayor producción de harinas Premium, orientando el negocio hacia una mayor productividad, creación de valor y apertura de nuevos mercados internacionales con mayores estándares de calidad y con mejor obteobtención de rentas por la venta de harina de pescado.

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El consumo de productos naturales en el mundo es cada vez más creciente, y dentro de ello las bebidas funcionales que desde sus orígenes han tenido una performance relativamente satisfactoria. El yacón (Smallanthus sochifolius)es una planta perene, herbácea, que crece en toda la serranía peruana. Su demanda en el mercado exterior ha hecho que cada vez tenga mayor importancia. En el 2014 se exportó USD 2 899.398,00 en forma de polvo, jarabe, deshidratado; sin embargo su consumo en el mercado nacional es bajo, a pesar del gran potencial nutritivo que posee. El mercado de Lima moderna se presenta como un importante atractivo de mercado que podría consumir la bebida. Por ello el objetivo del presente trabajo es Realizar un Plan de Marketing para el mercado de Lima moderna a fin de evaluar la factibilidad de insertar una bebida nueva: yacón con piña, para fomentar el consumo interno de este producto. La metodología utilizada fue de carácter exploratorio, descriptivo cuantitativa y cualitativa mediante información primaria y secundaria que ayudó a su desarrollo. Dentro de la información primaria se utilizó como herramienta la encuesta y la información secundaria a través de informes y estudios que se hicieron para el sector de bebidas no alcohólicas. El sector de bebidas no alcohólicas en el Perú, muestra un importante crecimiento en lo referente a bebidas saludables. En el último año (2014) el crecimiento de este sector fue de 6 por ciento, motivados por la percepción del consumidor en los beneficios saludables de estas bebidas. La zona de Lima moderna acoge al 72,2 por ciento del nivel socio económico A y B, este segmento concentra el más alto promedio de ingresos. En el análisis de Porter, se describe a la empresa como una industria, el cual para este rubro las barreras de ingreso son altas por la inversión en activos físicos y la inversión en publicidad y promoción por ser un producto nuevo. A través del estudio realizado se encontró que existe demanda para este producto, el 31,1 por ciento de los encuestados compraría definitivamente, 25,5 por ciento una vez por semana y el 18,3 por ciento todos los días. La estrategia utilizada en el presente trabajo fue la diferenciación, por las características saludables de la bebida y única en el mercado. La bebida es un producto de introducción en el mercado, el precio fijado es alto porque se orienta a un segmento de mercado selectivo y además fijado en la imagen y calidad del producto. La distribución se realizará a través de los supermercados, minimarkets, hoteles categorizados. Y por último se concluye que la introducción de un producto novedoso, podría marcar estándares en el mercado de bebidas no alcohólicas y permitir la creación de una nueva categoría de productos Premium naturales y funcionales.

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En los últimos años, el mercado de cacao fino o de aroma ha tenido un crecimiento constante en respuesta a la demanda de chocolates de alto contenido de cacao, origen conocido, sabores distintivos y producidos responsablemente, presionando a las industrias de chocolate premium a proveerse de cacaos diferenciados y de alta calidad. Esto exige a las cadenas agroalimentarias ajustar sus estrategias de producción y mercadeo con el fin de poder aprovechar las oportunidades (demanda creciente del producto, aranceles preferenciales para este país, entre otras) que ofrece el mercado. Sin embargo, Ecuador a pesar de ser el principal productor y exportador de cacao fino o de aroma del mundo (exporta alrededor del 96,3 por ciento de su producción), encuentra dificultades para mejorar la inserción de su producto en el mercado internacional y aprovechar estas oportunidades. Por lo tanto, el siguiente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar un diagnóstico del Sistema Agroindustrial (SAG) del cacao fino o de aroma del Ecuador, con la finalidad de identificar las oportunidades y las limitaciones en el ambiente institucional, organizacional, tecnológico y comercial, y de este modo, generar información que contribuya a la mejora de la inserción del producto en el mercado mundial. El trabajo se desarrolló partir de un enfoque fenomenológico utilizando como herramienta metodológica el método EPESA. Los resultados del estudio se interpretaron y discutieron a partir de la base conceptual de la Nueva Economía Institucional y los distritos agroindustriales y agrocomerciales. Los resultados obtenidos indicarían que las restricciones institucionales estarían dadas por la ausencia de una ley que proteja los derechos de propiedad a los productores de cacao fino o de aroma. En el ambiente comercial el sistema de formación de precios no está alineado con el tipo de producto que se comercializa (especialidad), generándose alta incertidumbre especialmente para los pequeños y medianos productores que explican el 88 por ciento de los actores de la producción. De este modo aparecen comportamientos oportunistas y se generan cuasi rentas apropiables por el eslabón siguiente de la cadena. Esto desincentiva la inversión en tecnología y la innovación dando por resultado una meseta en la producción y restringiendo la mejora en la inserción del producto en el mercado mundial.