Prevalência, fatores de risco e genótipos da hepatite C entre usuários de drogas

OBJETIVO: Estimar a prevalência e fatores associados à infecção pelo vírus da hepatite C em usuários de drogas e identificar os genótipos e subtipos virais circulantes. MÉTODOS: Estudo realizado com 691 usuários de drogas de 26 centros de tratamento de uso de drogas filantrópicos, particulares e públicos de Goiânia (GO) e Campo Grande (MS), entre 2005 e 2006. Dados sociodemográficos e fatores de risco para infecção pelo HCV foram obtidos por meio de entrevistas. Amostras sangüíneas foram testadas para a detecção de anticorpos para o HCV. As amostras positivas foram submetidas à detecção do RNA-HCV pela reação em cadeia da polimerase com iniciadores complementares às regiões 5' NC e NS5B do genoma viral e genotipadas pelo line probe assay (LiPA) e por seqüenciamento direto, seguido de análise filogenética. Prevalência e odds ratio foram calculados com intervalo de 95% de confiança. Os fatores de risco com p<0,10 pela análise univariada foram analisados por regressão logística hierárquica. Valores de p<0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significantes. RESULTADOS: A prevalência para anti-HCV foi 6,9% (IC 95%: 5,2;9,2). A análise multivariada de fatores de risco indicou que idade superior a 30 anos e uso injetável de drogas se mostraram associados à infecção pelo HCV. O RNA-HCV foi detectado em 85,4% (41/48) das amostras anti-HCV positivas. Trinta e três amostras foram do genótipo 1 pelo LiPA, subtipos 1a (63,4%) e 1b (17,1%), e 8 (19,5%) do genótipo 3, subtipo 3a. A análise filogenética da região NS5B mostrou que 17 (68%), 5 (20%) e 3 (12%) amostras foram dos subtipos 1a, 3a e 1b, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados mostram uma prevalência elevada da infecção e do subtipo 1a do HCV em usuários de drogas, sendo o uso injetável de drogas o principal fator de risco para essa infecção.

Deficiencia de vitamina A e fatores associados em criancas de areas urbanas

OBJETIVO: Analisar a prevalência da deficiência de vitamina A em crianças e os fatores associados. MÉTODOS: Estudo de corte transversal de base populacional realizado com 1.211 crianças de seis a 59 meses de idade, de ambos os sexos, procedentes da área urbana de nove cidades do estado da Para&#237;ba, Brasil. O estado nutricional de vitamina A foi avaliado pelas concentra&#231;ões séricas de retinol e presença de infec&#231;ão subclínica avaliada pelas concentra&#231;ões de proteína C-reativa. Foram investigadas as condições socioeconômicas, demográficas, de saneamento, além da suplementa&#231;ão prévia com vitamina A. Foram consideradas com deficiência de vitamina A as crianças com concentra&#231;ões de retinol sérico < 0,70 µmol/L. Níveis séricos de vitamina A < 0,70 µmol/L com prevalência ≥ 20% foram considerados como grave problema de sa&#250;de pública. Análises uni e multivaridas foram conduzidas para testar associa&#231;ões estatísticas (p < 0,05). RESULTADOS: A prevalência de deficiência de vitamina A foi de 21,8% (IC95% 19,6;24,2), mostrando associa&#231;ão com a presença de infec&#231;ão subclínica e ausência de água no domic&#237;lio. A prevalência de deficiência de vitamina A foi de 21,8% (IC95% 19,6;24,2). Após ajuste para confundimento, a deficiência de vitamina A mostrou-se associada com a presença de infec&#231;ão subclínica e com a ausência de água no domic&#237;lio. A ocorrência da deficiência de vitamina A foi quatro vezes maior (IC95% 1,49;10,16) em crianças com infec&#231;ão subclínica e sem água no domicilio, comparativamente às crianças sem infec&#231;ão e com água no domic&#237;lio. CONCLUSÕES: Apesar das a&#231;ões de prevenção e controle da deficiência de vitamina A, a hipovitaminose A ainda configura-se como um problema de sa&#250;de pública preocupante entre as crianças menores de cinco anos.

The isolation and characterization of cytochrome c nitrite reductase subunits (NrfA and NrfH) from Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774

Eur. J. Biochem. 270, 3904–3915 (2003)

Cytochrome c nitrite reductase from desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC 27774

The Journal of Biological Chemistry Vol. 278, No. 19, Issue of May 9, pp. 17455–17465, 2003

O miocénico do litoral sul português: ensaio de síntese

Estudo complementar para obtenção do grau de Doutor (Art. 8, n.2. 3 alínea b do decreto lei 388 /70)

Radiological impact associated to Technologically Enhanced Naturally Occurring Radioactive Materials (TENORM) from coal-fired power plants emissions

Certain materials used and produced in a wide range of non-nuclear industries contain enhanced activity concentrations of natural radionuclides. In particular, electricity production from coal is one of the major sources of increased human exposure to naturally occurring radioactive materials. A methodology was developed to assess the radiological impact due to natural radiation background. The developed research was applied to a specific case study, the Sines coal-fired power plant, located in the southwest coastline of Portugal. Gamma radiation measurements were carried out with two different instruments: a sodium iodide scintillation detector counter (SPP2 NF, Saphymo) and a gamma ray spectrometer with energy discrimination (Falcon 5000, Canberra). Two circular survey areas were defined within 20 km of the power plant. Forty relevant measurements points were established within the sampling area: 15 urban and 25 suburban locations. Additionally, ten more measurements points were defined, mostly at the 20-km area. The registered gamma radiation varies from 20 to 98.33 counts per seconds (c.p.s.) corresponding to an external gamma exposure rate variable between 87.70 and 431.19 nGy/h. The highest values were measured at locations near the power plant and those located in an area within the 6 and 20 km from the stacks. In situ gamma radiation measurements with energy discrimination identified natural emitting nuclides as well as their decay products (Pb-212, Pb-2142, Ra-226, Th-232, Ac-228, Th-234, Pa-234, U- 235, etc.). According to the results, an influence from the stacks emissions has been identified both qualitatively and quantitatively. The developed methodology accomplished the lack of data in what concerns to radiation rate in the vicinity of Sines coal-fired power plant and consequently the resulting exposure to the nearby population.

Enterovírus-70 na região metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil, de 1984 a 1987: aspectos da infecção em períodos epidêmico e endêmico

São apresentados os resultados de estudos sobre o comportamento do Enterovírus-70 (EV-70) na região metropolitana de São Paulo desde sua provável introdução no verão de 1984, determinando extensa epidemia de conjuntivite hemorrágica aguda (C.H.A.), até o final de 1987 abrangendo período em que este agravo foi pouco notado. Na fase epidêmica ocorrida no primeiro trimestre de 1984 foram estudados 291 indivíduos divididos em três grupos denominados A, B e C, o primeiro formado por pessoas atingidas pela C.H.A. e os outros dois por indivíduos não atingidos por este agravo mas que, respectivamente, referiam contato domiciliar com casos de C.H.A. e os que não referiam o citado contato. A demonstração de anticorpos se fez pela técnica de imunofluorescência indireta (IFI) para detectar IgM específico para EV-70 e pela prova de neutralização em cultura de células BHK-21. Verificou-se que 56,7%, 33,3% e 20,6% dos indivíduos pertencentes, respectivamente, aos grupos A, B e C apresentavam anticorpos específicos da classe IgM. No grupo A a faixa etária mais atingida foi a de 10 a 29 anos. No período que vai do fim da primeira e única epidemia até o final de 1987, identificaram-se três casos esporádicos de C.H.A. e 10 pacientes com afecção neurológica aguda associada à infecção recente pelo EV-70. Nove, destes 10 casos, apresentaram paralisia de nervos cranianos, todos evoluindo sem seqüelas clinicamente discerníveis. As formas assintomáticas e os casos esporádicos de C.H.A. e de afecções neurológicas mantiveram a circulação do EV-70 no período não epidêmico.

Electrochemical response of 70Co-30Ni highly branched 3D-dendritic structures for charge storage electrodes

A 70Co-30Ni dendritic alloy was produced on stainless steel by pulse electrodeposition in the cathodic domain, and oxidized by potential cycling. X-ray diffraction (XRD) identified the presence of two phases and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) evidenced an open 3D highly branched dendritic morphology. After potential cycling in 1 M KOH, SEM and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) revealed, respectively, the presence of thin nanoplates, composed of Co and Ni oxi-hydroxides and hydroxides over the original dendritic film. Cyclic voltammetry tests showd the presence of redox peaks assigned to the oxidation and reduction of Ni and Co centres in the surface film. Charge/discharge measurements revealed capacity values of 121 mAh g(1) at 1 mA cm(2). The capacity retention under 8000 cycles was above 70%, stating the good reversibility of these redox materials and its suitability to be used as charge storage electrodes. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) spectra, taken under different applied bias, showed that the capacitance increased when the electrode was fully oxidized and decreased when the electrode was reduced, reflecting different states-of-charge of the electrode. (C) 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Dynamic and interaction of cytochrome c with Pf1 virus

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em BioOrgânica

Desenvolvimento de um sistema para irradiação por ultravioleta de biomoléculas

Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para a obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Biomédica

EXPERIENCE IN THE EVALUATION OF CHILDREN WITH HEPATOSPLENOMEGALY AT A TEACHING AMBULATORY, SÃO PAULO, BRAZIL

Objectives: Describe cases of children with hepatosplenomegaly (HS) attended at the General Pediatric Teaching Ambulatory (AGER) of Instituto da Criança, São Paulo, identifying the main causes, evolution, necessity for hospitalization and/or referral to specialists. Methodology: Retrospective analysis of the records of children presenting HS on admission at AGER from September 1, 1993 to August 31, 1996. Results: Of the 89 children included (age range, 1 to 148 months; median, 24 months), 64 (72%) were referred from other services for HS investigation. Most common presenting complaints were: fever - 39 (44%); pallor - 26 (29%); weight loss - 21 (24%) and jaundice - 14 (16%). Main alterations noticed on physical examination were: pallor - 47 (53%) and short stature - 17 (19%). Anemia was diagnosed in 70 children (79%); 35 children (39%) had infections; 7 (8%) metabolic disorders and 5 (6%) neoplastic disorders. The most frequent infections were of the urinary tract - 9 (10%) and hepatitis A - 6 (7%).Thirty six children (40%) were referred to specialists, 17 of which were already diagnosed. Conclusions: Most of the children with HS present deficiency anemia associated with infections which the general pediatrician is able to diagnose. Persistence of unexplained HS for more than 2 months, especially when there is substantial volume enlargement or alteration in the organs consistency, is an indication for referral to specialists.

Chronic hepatitis C virus infections in Brazilian patients: association with genotypes, clinical parameters and response to long term alpha interferon therapy

The present study assessed the clinical significance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes and their influence on response to long term recombinant-interferon-alpha (r-IFN-ACE="Symbol">a</FONT>) therapy in Brazilian patients. One hundred and thirty samples from patients previously genotyped for the HCV and with histologically confirmed chronic hepatitis C (CH-C) were evaluated for clinical and epidemiological parameters (sex, age, time of HCV infection and transmission routes). No difference in disease activity, sex, age or mode and time of transmission were seen among patients infected with HCV types 1, 2 or 3. One hundred and thirteen of them were treated with 3 million units of r-IFN-ACE="Symbol">a</FONT>, 3 times a week for 12 months. Initial response (IR) was significantly better in patients with genotype 2 (100%) and 3 (46%) infections than in patients with genotype 1 (29%) (p < 0.005). Among subtypes, difference in IR was observed between 1b and 2 (p < 0.005), and between 1b and 3a (p < 0.05). Sustained response (SR) was observed in 12% for (sub)type 1a, 13% for 1b, 19% for 3a, and 40% for type 2; significant differences were found between 1b and 2 (p < 0.001), and between 1b and 3a (p < 0.05). Moreover, presence of cirrhosis was significantly associated with non response and response with relapse (p < 0.05). In conclusion, non-1 HCV genotype and lack of histological diagnosis of cirrhosis were the only baseline features associated with sustained response to treatment. These data indicate that HCV genotyping may have prognostic relevance in the responsiveness to r-IFN-ACE="Symbol">a</FONT> therapy in Brazilian patients with chronic HCV infection, as seen in other reports worldwide.

Comparative morphometry and morphology of Anopheles aconitus Form B and C eggs under scanning electron microscope

Comparative morphometric and morphological studies of eggs under scanning electron microscope (SEM) were undertaken in the three strains of two karyotypic forms of Anopheles aconitus, i.e., Form B (Chiang Mai and Phet Buri strains) and Form C (Chiang Mai and Mae Hong Son strains). Morphometric examination revealed the intraspecific variation with respect to the float width [36.77 ± 2.30 µm (Form C: Chiang Mai strain) = 38.49 ± 2.78 µm (Form B: Chiang Mai strain) = 39.06 ± 2.37 µm (Form B: Phet Buri strain) > 32.40 ± 3.52 µm (Form C: Mae Hong Son strain)] and number of posterior tubercles on deck [2.40 ± 0.52 (Form B: Phet Buri strain) = 2.70 ± 0.82 (Form B: Chiang Mai strain) < 3.10 ± 0.32 (Form C: Chiang Mai strain) = 3.20 ± 0.42 (Form C: Mae Hong Son strain)], whereas the surface topography of eggs among the three strains of two karyotypic forms were morphologically similar.

Serological, epidemiological and molecular aspects of hepatitis C virus infection in a population from Londrina, PR, Brazil, 2001-2002

Serological, epidemiological and molecular aspects of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection were evaluated in 183 subjects from Londrina, Paraná, Brazil, and adjacent areas. Serum samples which tested anti-HCV positive by microparticle enzyme immunoassay (MEIA) obtained from eight patients with chronic hepatitis C, 48 blood donors, and 127 patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were submitted to another enzyme immunoassay (ELISA) and to the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). About 78.7% of samples were also reactive by ELISA, with the greater proportion (70.8%) of discordant results verified among blood donors. A similar finding was observed for HCV-RNA detection by PCR, with 111/165 (67.3%) positive samples, with higher rates among HIV-positive subjects and patients with chronic hepatitis than among blood donors. Sixty-one PCR-positive samples were submitted to HCV genotyping, with 77.1, 21.3 and 1.6% of the samples identified as types 1, 3 and 2, respectively. Finally, analysis of some risk factors associated with HCV infection showed that intravenous drug use was the most common risk factor among HIV/HCV co-infected patients, while blood transfusion was the most important risk factor in the group without HIV infection. The present study contributed to the knowledge regarding risk factors associated with HCV infection and the distribution of HCV genotypes in the population evaluated.