[H2N (C2H4)(2)NH2](4) (H3O) [(PMo2Mo6V4O40)-Mo-V-V-VI-O-IV ((VO)-O-IV)(2)] center dot H2O: A new highly reduced, bicapped pseudo-Keggin vanadylpoly-molybdophosphate

A new vandylpolymolybdophosphate, [H2N(C2H4)(2)NH2](4)-(H3O)[(PMo2Mo6V4O40)-Mo-V-V-VI-O-IV((VO)-O-IV)(2)].H2O, was hydrothermally synthesized and structurally characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV-vis, XPS, ESR spectra, mid singe crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. The compound contains an unusual highly reduced pseudo-Keggin type polyoxoanion with nine negative charges and exhibits an interesting phosphorus-centered alternate layer arrangement of molybdenum and vanadium oxides.

A highly reduced polyoxoanion with phosphorus-centered alternate layers of Mo/V oxides, [(PMo2Mo6V4O40)-Mo-V-V-VI-O-IV((VO)-O-IV)(2)](9-)

An unusual polyoxometalate [H2N(C2H4)(2)NH2](4)(H3O)[(PMO2Mo6V4O40)-Mo-V-V-VI-O-IV((VO)-O-IV)(2)].H2O is hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by IR, UV-VIS, elemental analyses, X-ray photoelectron spectrum, ESR, TG and Single crystal X-ray diffraction. The title compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbca with a = 15-227(5), b = 19.491(4), c = 18.737(3) Angstrom, V = 5123(2) Angstrom(3), Z = 4, and R-1 (wR(2)) = 0.0726(0.1416). The compound contains an unusual highly reduced pseudo-Keggin type polyoxoanion and exhibits an interesting phosphorus-centered alternate arrangement of layers of molybdenum and vanadium oxides.

Chemiluminescence determination of trace ascorbic acid with chromium (VI)-H2O2-luminol system

A new chemiluminescence(CL) system for the determination of ascorbic acid has been established. By the fast reduction reaction between chromium(VI) and ascorbic acid, chromium(M was generated to react with luminol and hydrogen peroxide in alkaline aqueous solution and hydrogen peroxide to produce CL. The CL emission intensity was correlated with ascorbic acid concentration in the range 8.0 x 10(-9) to 1.6 x 10(-4) mol/L, and the detection limit was 8.0 x 10(-9) mol/L ascorbic acid. The relative standard deviation (n = 11) for 1.0 x 10(-6) mol/L ascorbic acid is 0.9%. The method has been applied to the determination of ascorbic acid in vitamin C tablets with satisfactory results.

Electrochemical behavior of redox species at carbon fibre microdisk array electrode modified with mixed-valent molybdenum(VI, V) oxide

In this study, electrode responses to a large number of electroactive species with different standard potentials at the molybdenum oxide-modified carbon fibre microdisk array (CFMA) electrode were investigated. The results demonstrated that the electrochemical behavior for those redox species with formal potentials more positive than similar to 0.0 V at the molybdenum oxide-modified CFMA electrode were affected by the range and direction of the potential scan, which were different from that at a bare CFMA electrode. If the lower limit of the potential scan was more positive than the reduction potential of the molybdenum oxide film, neither the oxidation nor the reduction peaks of the redox species tested could be observed. This indicates that electron transfer between the molybdenum oxide film on the electrode and the electroactive species in solution is blocked due to the existence of a high resistance between the film and electrolyte in these potential ranges. If the lower limit of the potential scan was more negative than the reduction potential of the molybdenum oxide film (similar to - 0.6 V), the oxidation peaks of these species occurred at the potentials near their formal potentials. In addition, the electrochemical behavior of these redox species at the molybdenum oxide-modified CFMA electrode showed a diffusionless electron transfer process. On the other hand, the redox species with formal potentials more negative than similar to - 0.2 V showed similar reversible voltammetric behaviors at both the molybdenum oxide-modified CFMA electrode and the bare electrode. This can be explained by the structure changes of the film before and after reduction of the film. In addition we also observed that the peak currents of some redox species at the modified electrode were much larger than those at a bare electrode under the same conditions, which has been explained by the interaction between these redox species and the reduction state of the molybdenum oxide film. (C) 2000 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

Synthesis and structure of a novel mononuclear tungsten (VI) citrato complex, (NH4)(3)[Li(H2O)(3)WO3(C6H4O7)]

The first mononuclear tungsten-citrato complex, (NH4)(3)[Li(H2O)(3)WO3(C6H4O7)] (1) has been prepared by the reaction of ammonium tetrathio tungstate and lithium citrate in CH3OH - H2O solution at pH 8.2. There are two crystallographically independent anions in the asymmetric crystallographic unit. The crystal structure of the title compound (triclinic, space group P (1) over bar, a = 6.901(1), b = 15.136(3), c = 16.107(3) Angstrom, alpha = 75.85(3), beta = 89.89(3), gamma = 89.97(3), V = 1631.4(6) Angstrom (3), R = 0.068, R-w = 0.1674 for 3878 reflections with I > 2 sigma (1)), reveals that in the compound a tungsten atom is coordinated to a fully deprotonated citrate as a tridentate ligand and three terminal oxygen atoms to form a distorted coordination octahedron.

Hydrothermal synthesis and structural characterization of a mixed-valence molybdenum (IV,VI) arsenate (III): Ni(H2NCH2CH2NH2)(3)[((MoO6)-O-IV)(Mo6O18)-O-VI((As3O3)-O-III)(2)]H2O

A novel mixed-valence molybdenum(IV, VI) arsenate(III), Ni(H2NCH2CH2NH2)(3)[((MoO6)-O-IV)(Mo6O18)-O-VI((As3O3)-O-III)(2)]H2O, hydrothermally synthesized and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. The polyanion cage derives from the Anderson structure, in which the central octahedron was filled up by molybdenum(IV) and it was capped on both sides by a novel As3O63- cyclo-triarsenate(III). The title compound had a high catalytic activity for the oxidation of benzaldehyde to benzoic acid using H2O2 as oxidant in a liquid-solid biphase system. (C) 1999 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.

Bulk modulus of ternary chalcopyrite A(I)B(III)C(2)(VI) and A(II)B(IV)C(2)(V) semiconductors

Based on the complex crystal chemical bond theory, the formula of Liu and Cohen's, which is only suitable for one type of bond, has been extended to calculate the bulk modulus of ternary chalcopyrite A(I)B(III)C(2)(VI) and A(II)B(IV)C(2)(V) which contains two types of bonds. The calculated results are in fair agreement with the previous theoretical values reported and experimental values. (C) 1998 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.

ELECTROCHEMICAL STUDY OF ISOPOLYMOLYBDATE(VI) ANION TRANSFER ACROSS THE WATER/NITROBENZENE INTERFACE

Isopolymolybdate (VI) anion transfer across the water/nitrobenzene (w/n) interface was studied by cyclic voltammetry. The effect of pH and responsed kinetics of isopolymolybdate anion's formation in the water phase on the transfer behavior have been studi

Ulva diversity in the Yellow Sea during the large-scale green algal blooms in 2008-2009

P>In the Yellow Sea of China, large-scale green tides have broken out for three consecutive years from 2007 to 2009. As part of the efforts to localize the algal source, two cruises were conducted in the early stage and the outbreak stage of the bloom in 2009. We analyzed the morphological and genetic diversity of drifting Ulva specimens and culture-derived isolates from seawater sampled in different localities. For phylogenetic analyses, the nuclear encoded ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS nrDNA) and the plastid encoded large subunit of ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxgenase gene (rbcL) were used. Our molecular and morphological data indicate that the dominant free-floating Ulva species in 2008 and 2009 possibly belonged to a single strain of the U. linza-procera-prolifera (LPP) clade. The ITS sequences from bloom-forming algal samples with dense branches were identical to those from U. linza-like specimens without branches derived from the Yellow Sea. Microscopic individuals of the dominant Ulva strain were detected in eight stations, revealing that spore dispersal in the water helped to enlarge biomass in the water during the outbreak stage of green tide in the Yellow Sea.

The dominant Ulva strain of the 2008 green algal bloom in the Yellow Sea was not detected in the coastal waters of Qingdao in the following winter

The region of Qingdao, China, experienced the world's largest green tide from May to July 2008. More than one million tons of fresh algal biomass of the green alga Ulva prolifera was harvested, while more was suspected to have sunk to the bottom. The original source of this seaweed was suspected to be from the south as revealed by satellite images. The floating biomass drifted with the water current northward and flourished in nearshore waters around Qingdao. However, direct biological evidence for "seed" source is lacking. It is still unclear whether this alga could survive the Qingdao local coastal environment and pose future danger of potential blooming. Systematic and seasonal sampling of waters in the intertidal zone at six collection sites along the Qingdao coast was conducted from December 2008 to April 2009. Forty-eight water samples were analyzed. From these, nine different morphotypes of Ulva were grown in the laboratory under standard temperature and light regimes. Growth of Ulva was observed in all water samples. However, molecular phylogenetic analyses revealed that the dominant U. prolifera strain of the 2008 bloom was absent in all the water-derived cultures during the sampling period. These results provide evidence that the dominant bloom-forming alga was unlikely able to survive the coastal waters (the minimal surface water temperature in February is 2A degrees C) in winter conditions in Qingdao, even though all the sampling locations were heavily covered by this alga in June 2008.

铬（VI）对海湾扇贝早期发育的影响

本文在23 ℃和31.6S条件下系统地研究了六价铬离子对海弯扇贝Argopecten irradians胚胎和不同发育阶段的幼虫的影响。海弯扇贝胚胎，早期D形幼早（刚孵化出的平均壳长为91μm的D形幼虫）和壳顶幼早对Cr~(8+)的敏感性各不相同。Cr~(6+)对胚胎孵化45hr的半数影响浓度EC_(50)为2614.57μg/L；对早期D形幼虫和壳顶幼虫48hr的半致死浓度LC_(50)分别为4343.26和2323.27μg/L。因此，其敏感性大小依次为：壳顶幼早 ＞ 胚胎 ＞ D形幼虫。眼点的幼虫在变态的过程中对Cr~(6+)的反应尤为敏感，低浓度（＜200μg/L）的Cr~(6+)对其变态则有很强的抑制作用，在831.19μg/L的Cr~(6+)作用下眼点幼虫的变态率仅为对照组的50％。Cr~(6+)对海湾贝D形幼虫的生长发育具有明显的抑制作用，随着Cr~(6+)浓度的升高，幼虫的生长速度逐渐减慢，死亡率逐渐升高，同一浓度的Cr~(6+)作用越长，毒性越大。Cr~(6+)对D形幼虫生长96hr和192hr的EC_(50)分别为1395.40和710.56μg/L。被Cr~(6+)污染的铒料（等鞭金藻Isochrysis galbana）亦可对海湾扇贝幼虫产生毒性影响，说明Cr~(6+)的性可通过铒料传递。AAS法分析表明Cr~(6+)在D形幼虫体内的累积随着外界Cr~(6+)浓度的升高而逐渐增多。根据海湾扇贝最敏感期－－壳顶幼虫期对Cr~(6+)的起始反应浓度，建议在海湾扇贝人工育苗过程中水质控制Cr~(6+)浓度应低于14μg/L。

The chemical constituents from red alga Gymnogongrus flabelliformis Harv.

Eight compounds were isolated from red alga Gymnogongrus flabelliformis Harv. In normal phase silica gel, Sephadex LH-20 gel column chromatography, reverse phase HPLC, and recrystallization. Based on MS and 1D NMR spectroscopic data, their structures were determined as: stigmast-4-en-3-one (I), cholest-4-en-3-one (II), cholesterol (III), uracil (IV), uridine (V), adenosine (VI), succinic acid (VII), and 5-hydroxy-4-methyl-5-pentyl-2,5-dihydro-furan-2-on (VIII). All of them were obtained from this species for the first time. Cytotoxicity of these compounds was screened using standard MTT method, but all the compounds were inactive (IC50 > 10 mu g/ml).

Notes on grasses (Poaceae) for the Flora of China, VI. New combinations in Stipeae and Anthoxantham

When Oryzopsis is confined to the type species, Chinese species are placed in Achnatherum and Piptatherum. This necessitates the following new combinations: Piptatherum grandispiculum, Piptatherum aequiglume var. ligulatum, Piptatherum tibeticum var. psilolepis.. Piptatherum. munroi var. parviflorum, Achnatherum henryi. and Achnatherum henryi var. acutum. Achnatherum henryi is lectotypified. The new name Piptatherum kuoi replaces the illegitimate name Piptatherum obtusum, and this species is lectotypified. Hierochloe potaninii is transferred to Anthoxanthum as A. potaninii, as Hierochloe is regarded as a synonym of Anthoxanthum. All the grass taxa (Poaceae) listed are endemic to China.

北大别黄土岭麻粒岩变质演化：对大别造山带演化进程的指示意义

Granulites from Huangtuling in the North Dabie metamorphic core complex in eastern China preserve rare mineralogical and mineral chemical evidence for multistage metamorphism related to Paleoproterozoic metamorphic processes, Triassic continental subduction-collision and Cretaceous collapse of the Dabieshan Orogen. Six stages of metamorphism are established, based on detailed mineralogical and petrological studies: (I) amphibolite facies (6.3–7.0 kbar, 520–550 °C); (II) high-pressure/high-temperature granulite facies (12–15.5 kbar, 920–980 °C); (III) cooling and decompression (4.8–6.0 kbar, 630-700 °C); (IV) medium-pressure granulite facies (7.7–9.0 kbar, 690–790 °C); (V) low-pressure/high-temperature granulite facies (4.0–4.7 kbar, 860–920 °C); (VI) retrograde greenschist facies overprint (1–2 kbar, 340–370 °C). The P–T history derived in this study and existing geochronological data indicate that the Huangtuling granulite records two cycles of orogenic crustal thickening events. The earlier three stages of metamorphism define a clockwise P–T path, implying crustal thickening and thinning events, possibly related to the assembly and breakup of the Columbia Supercontinent ca. 2000 Ma. Stage IV metamorphism indicates another crustal thickening event, which is attributed to the Triassic subduction/collision between the Yangtze and Sino–Korean Cratons. The dry lower crustal granulite persisted metastable during the Triassic subduction/collision due to lack of hydrous fluid and deformation. Stage V metamorphism records the Cretaceous collapse of the Dabieshan Orogen，possibly due to asthenosphere upwelling or removal of the lithospheric mantle resulting in heating of the granulite and partial melting of the North Dabie metamorphic core complex. Comparison of the Huangtuling granulite in North Dabie and the high-pressure (HP)–ultrahigh-pressure (UHP) metamorphic rocks in South Dabie indicates that the subducted upper (South Dabie) and lower (North Dabie) continental crusts underwent contrasting tectonometamorphic evolution during continental subduction–collision and orogenic collapse. High-pressure granulites are generally characterized by the absence of orthopyroxene. However, the Huangtuling felsic granulite rarely preserves the high-pressure granulite facies assemblage of garnet + orthopyroxene + biotite + plagioclase + K-feldspar + quartz. To investigate the effects of bulk rock composition on the stability of orthopyroxene-bearing, high-pressure granulite facies assemblages in the NCKFMASHTO (Na2O–CaO–K2O–FeO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2–H2O–TiO2–Fe2O3) system, we constructed a series of P–T–X pseudosections based on the melt-reintegrated composition of the Huangtuling felsic high-pressure granulite. Our calculations demonstrate that the orthopyroxene-bearing, high-pressure granulite facies assemblages are restricted to low XAl [Al2O3/(Na2O + CaO + K2O + FeO + MgO + Al2O3) < 0.35, mole proportion] or high XMg [MgO/(MgO + FeO) > 0.85] felsic–metapelitic rock types. Our study also reveals that the XAl values in the residual felsic–metapelitic, high-pressure granulites could be significantly reduced by a high proportion of melt loss. We suggest that orthopyroxene-bearing high-pressure granulites occur in residual overthickened crustal basement under continental subduction–collision zones and arc–continent collision belts.

中国南方含硒建造中硒稳定同位素与化学形态的地质意义

氧化还原敏感元素硒的地球化学循环非常复杂, 它的循环主要受氧化还原势、酸碱度、温度、压力等条件的控制。长期以来，关于硒的主要研究集中在环境生物地球化学领域。对于硒的地质地球化学行为的研究，学者们认为硒不可能独立形成矿床,它主要以伴生元素的形式赋存于一些热液矿床（如，拉尔玛硒-金热液矿床等）。 二十世纪末, 我国学者开始关注硒的矿床地球化学行为, 发现了目前唯一的渔塘坝沉积型的独立硒矿床。另外，下寒武统底部黑色岩系（如，遵义牛蹄塘组）处于地球发展演化的关键时期且富集了众多的有用金属元素, 因此它引起了全世界广大地质学家的普遍关注和重视。这些黑色岩系的共同特点是含有大量的有机质和丰富的金属元素(PGE，Cu，Ni，Mo，Au，U，V，Mn，Fe，Co，Bi，Cr，Se等)。但遵义牛蹄塘组中Ni-Mo多金属层的成因一直争论不休。 本文以拉尔玛硒-金热液矿床、渔塘坝独立硒矿床、遵义黄家湾含Ni-Mo-Se多金属层剖面为研究对象，主要通过硒稳定同位素的测试和不同化学形态的分析结合其他的地球化学参数（如，C-S-Fe体系，氧化还原敏感元素），示踪富硒地层的沉积环境，研究不同地质体系中硒稳定同位素的组成，进而完善硒同位素的理论体系，探讨硒富集过程中的形态迁移途径，并为矿床的形成提供更完善的地球化学证据。通过一系列的研究工作，我们取得了以下几点认识： (1) 通过不同的消解方法准确测定了低硒,高硒样品的总硒含量,相对标准偏差小于10%，而且不同的消解方法测得同样的结果, 满足了地质样品中微量元素的测试要求。由于不同消解方式存在自身的优缺点,我们建议根据不同的样品类型,不同的研究目的选取合适的消解方法。 (2) 通过巯基棉吸附装置达到了纯化富集样品硒的目的, 硒的回收率一般大于90%, 满足同位素测试的需要。应用自制的氢化物发生器与Nu-MC-ICP-MS联用,实现了在线气体进样测试硒稳定同位素的目的。 采用标准样品匹配测试方法校正仪器测试过程中的质量分馏。 硒稳定同位素的测试精度为2δ=0.30‰, 标准NIST SRM 3149采用与样品同样的处理方法,没有发现前处理过程的同位素分馏。 (3) 传统地球化学参数对沉积环境的指示意义。通过氧化还原敏感微量元素及其与TOC的关系和C-S-Fe体系的分析，对渔塘坝独立硒矿床的多元素富集及沉积环境, 遵义黑色岩系沉积环境进行了详细的解释。TS-TFe的关系表明样品中有过量的硫存在，可能为有机硫或为其他亲硫元素提供有利的沉淀条件。C-S-Fe体系及微量元素指数V/(V + Ni) 说明渔塘坝矿区的硅质岩和页岩的沉积环境为缺氧到静海环境， Ni/Co、V/Cr几乎不能作为该区缺氧环境的指示参数, 后者可能由于Cr的外源输入（碎屑、热液等）所致。 C-S-Fe体系及微量元素指数V/(V + Ni)体系指示遵义黑色岩系的沉积环境为微含氧到缺氧的条件, 但对于Ni-Mo矿而言, V/(V + Ni)体系指示其为含氧条件沉积，这可能与Ni-Mo多金属层的成因有关。但铁的硫化度可以指示Ni-Mo多金属层极端的缺氧还原环境。 (4) 硒的形态对古氧化还原条件和矿物质来源的示踪意义。黑色岩系的硒形态分布不同于海洋沉积物，体现了成岩作用对硒形态分布的改变。黑色岩系中硒的主要形态为有机结合态和硫化物/硒化物结合态。硫化物/硒化物结合态比例与铁的硫化程度（DOS）之间明显的相关关系说明在海洋环境中硒主要通过氧化还原反应富集在富有机质的沉积物与沉积岩中。这种相关关系与岩石类型没有关系，这使得将硫化物、硒化物结合的Se（-II）比例作为一个氧化还原条件示踪剂更加可行。DOS与硫化物/硒化物结合态硒的关系，及Se（IV）与Se（-II）的关系均说明遵义牛蹄塘组的K-斑脱岩形成于碱性的氧化环境，Ni-Mo多金属层沉积于微酸性的极端还原环境，而渔塘坝矿床形成于微碱性的还原缺氧环境。生物的同化作用与异化作用之间本身存在互补关系，但这种互补关系却存在不同的转化趋势。不同的转化趋势可能主要受氧化还原反应和酸碱度的控制，其他的地质作用也可能起着重要作用（如，硅酸盐、Fe（II）的含量，硫化物、有机质含量，风化程度等）。同时我们发现相同的氧化还原条件下可能存在不同的富集途径。Ni-Mo多金属层中极少的有机结合态硒暗示海洋同生沉积主要被生物异化还原控制，而沉积物从海洋富集硒的途径主要为直接由Se（VI）和Se（IV）到Se（-II）的还原途径，从高价态到元素态的还原途径可能偶有发生但强度很小。 (5) 硒稳定同位素对矿床成因及物质来源的示踪意义。热液或表生环境中,硒的再次活化迁移对硒同位素的大范围分馏是很重要的。较少的硫化物结合态硒和较大范围的硒同位素组成说明渔塘坝矿床形成时经历了多次氧化还原过程。干酪根硒同位素组成与全岩相似, 而且样品富集轻同位素暗示该矿床硒来的富集主要通过海洋硒的生物吸收同化异化还原与多次无机氧化还原实现。对于拉尔玛金硒矿床而言，未蚀变岩体的硫化物结合态硒富集轻同位素，而后期低温流体的蚀变作用导致蚀变岩体中硫化物结合态硒富集重同位素。干酪根的硒同位素组成暗示热液输入的硒为该矿床硒的主要来源，硒从热液直接进入干酪根的机制是一致的。随着硫含量的增加岩石和矿体中的硒逐渐富集重同位素, 说明海水对矿床富集的贡献是很有限的。遵义黑色岩系中硒同位素组成与Se（-II）之间的关系, 单质硒的缺乏，硒的富集与同位素的关系说明，热液为主要的硒来源，而早寒武世海水中的硒主要通过Se（VI）和Se（IV）到Se（-II）的直接生物还原实现。三个区域的S/Se比值综合说明硫与硒的共同沉降过程中不存在硒的同位素分馏。不同化学形态的分布与不同形态中硒稳定同位素的结合可能会更好的解释硒的全球地球化学循环。 (6) 根据目前硒的同位素分馏体系及所测得的数据,我们初步建立了不同时代、不同成因黑色岩系中硒稳定同位素的分馏模式。