Abordagem do paciente em crise hipertensiva

As crises hipertensivas são formas mais graves de manifestação da hipertensão arterial sistêmica. São entidades clínicas consideravelmente prevalentes em nosso país, acontecendo em todos os ambientes de atendimento, desde a atenção básica até ao nível hospitalar. Este trabalho objetiva descrever os conceitos e critérios a serem seguidos para o diagnóstico e tratamento das urgências e emergências hipertensivas, atentando para as possibilidades terapêuticas existentes. Quanto aos procedimentos metodológicos, trata-se de revisão bibliográfica cujos artigos foram acessados nas bases de dados do LILACs e SciELO e Diretrizes da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia. Os descritores usados foram: hipertensão e emergências. A seleção dos artigos baseou-se, preferencialmente, nos artigos que continham critérios clínicos, diagnóstico e tratamento das condições patológicas pesquisadas. A maioria dos artigos dá enfoque à falta de protocolos de atendimento nas instituições, incluindo a prescrição de medicação mesmo quando não há diagnóstico firmado de crise hipertensiva. Há uma prevalência na administração por via sublingual de drogas não destinadas a essa via, como o captopril, e também há uma tendência a não identificação das pseudocrises hipertensivas, que se caracterizam pela ausência de critérios de crise hipertensiva por definição da Sociedade Brasileira de Cardiologia, com tratamento realizado sem necessidade, na maioria das vezes em pessoas não hipertensas e em situação de estresse físico e/ou emocional. É consenso na literatura pesquisada que há uma necessidade de realização de maiores estudos sobre o tema e também de uma padronização das condutas médicas quanto ao diagnóstico, tratamento e conduta pós-evento.

Organização do atendimento das urgências a partir do uso da classificação de risco em saúde bucal: uma proposta de intervenção para a realidade de Jeceaba, MG

A classificação de risco é um importante instrumento na organização da demanda programática e espontânea. Ela permite um atendimento mais humanizado, evitando a triagem por ordem de chegada. Como a classificação de risco analisa o grau de morbidade em que se encontra o paciente, ela proporciona uma atendimento mais rápido aos que mais precisam.O objetivo desse trabalho foi propor uma classificação de risco para a demanda espontânea que procura atendimento na Policlínica de Jeceaba (MG) e estender a classificação de risco que já é realizada entre os escolares aos demais grupos vulneráveis da população. O presente trabalho foi realizado através uma revisão narrativa sobre classificação de risco e organização da demanda odontológica programática e espontânea. Foram utilizados os unitermos: "Classificação de risco", "cárie", "doença periodontal", "odontologia" e "SUS" para uma busca na literatura. Para revisão de literatura foram avaliadas publicaçõesdisponíveis noportal da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS),Literatura Internacional em Ciências da Saúde (MEDLINE), na biblioteca virtual ScientificElectronic Library Online (SciELO), e na biblioteca virtual da plataforma do programa AGORA do Núcleo de Educação em Saúde Coletiva (NESCON). Após a revisão de literatura, foi idealizado um protocolo para atendimento e organização da demanda espontânea. Espera-se que esse protocolo possa ser incorporado ao cotidiano das unidades de saúde de Jeceaba, contribuindo para a consolidação propostas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde.

Principais agravos crônicos de saúde da pessoa idosa: patologias clínicas: diabetes mellitus

'Principais agravos crônicos de saúde da pessoa idosa (patologias clínicas)' é o Módulo 07 do Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Pessoa Idosa da UNA-SUS/UERJ. Dividido em 03 unidades, o Módulo aborda os principais agravos crônicos-degenerativos de saúde da pessoa idosa como: Diabetes, Dislipidemia, Doenças Pulmonares, Câncer, Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica, Parkinsonismo, Depressão, Osteoartrose, Hipo e Hipertireoidismo. O recurso textual apresenta a Unidade 1 do módulo, onde é abordada a Diabetes Mellitus e suas especificidades. Tem-se os critérios utilizados para diagnóstico da doença, a meta de tratamento para o idoso portador de diabetes e os cuidados específicos que esse paciente deve tomar para evitar o agravo de sua patologia.

Principais agravos crônicos de saúde da pessoa idosa: patologias clínicas: câncer

'Principais agravos crônicos de saúde da pessoa idosa (patologias clínicas)' é o Módulo 07 do Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Pessoa Idosa da UNA-SUS/UERJ. Dividido em 03 unidades, o Módulo aborda os principais agravos crônicos-degenerativos de saúde da pessoa idosa como: Diabetes, Dislipidemia, Doenças Pulmonares, Câncer, Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica, Parkinsonismo, Depressão, Osteoartrose, Hipo e Hipertireoidismo. O recurso textual apresenta a Unidade 2 do Módulo 7, o câncer em suas mais diversas naturezas, abordando as denominações e os tipos de tumores existentes nos dias de hoje. Estuda-se também as incidências da doença na população idosa, já que essa é a população mais atingida pelo câncer e os tratamentos adequados.

Principais agravos crônicos de saúde da pessoa idosa: patologias clínicas: osteoartrose

'Principais agravos crônicos de saúde da pessoa idosa (patologias clínicas)' é o Módulo 07 do Curso de Especialização em Saúde da Pessoa Idosa da UNA-SUS/UERJ. Dividido em 03 unidades, o Módulo aborda os principais agravos crônicos-degenerativos de saúde da pessoa idosa como: Diabetes, Dislipidemia, Doenças Pulmonares, Câncer, Hipertensão Arterial Sistêmica, Parkinsonismo, Depressão, Osteoartrose, Hipo e Hipertireoidismo. O recurso textual apresenta a Unidade 3 do Módulo 7 onde é tratada a osteoartrose, sua ligação com os fatores genéticos e ambientais e sua incidência e interferências na qualidade de vida daqueles que são portadores da doença.

Capacitação sobre urgências e emergências no âmbito da Atenção Básica

O atendimento de urgência e emergência no âmbito da Atenção Básica é de suma importância para um desfecho favorável de seus pacientes, sendo a UBS, o primeiro contato com o sistema de saúde, pode acabar recebendo casos que exijam cuidados específicos, inicialmente, até que possam ser encaminhados ao serviço de referência necessário. Este projeto de intervenção tem como objetivo relatar o trabalho realizado durante um ano de atuação na atenção básica.

Cluster Analysis To Identify Elderly People's Profiles: A Healthcare Strategy Based On Frailty Characteristics.

The new social panorama resulting from aging of the Brazilian population is leading to significant transformations within healthcare. Through the cluster analysis strategy, it was sought to describe the specific care demands of the elderly population, using frailty components. Cross-sectional study based on reviewing medical records, conducted in the geriatric outpatient clinic, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp). Ninety-eight elderly users of this clinic were evaluated using cluster analysis and instruments for assessing their overall geriatric status and frailty characteristics. The variables that most strongly influenced the formation of clusters were age, functional capacities, cognitive capacity, presence of comorbidities and number of medications used. Three main groups of elderly people could be identified: one with good cognitive and functional performance but with high prevalence of comorbidities (mean age 77.9 years, cognitive impairment in 28.6% and mean of 7.4 comorbidities); a second with more advanced age, greater cognitive impairment and greater dependence (mean age 88.5 years old, cognitive impairment in 84.6% and mean of 7.1 comorbidities); and a third younger group with poor cognitive performance and greater number of comorbidities but functionally independent (mean age 78.5 years old, cognitive impairment in 89.6% and mean of 7.4 comorbidities). These data characterize the profile of this population and can be used as the basis for developing efficient strategies aimed at diminishing functional dependence, poor self-rated health and impaired quality of life.

Resultados da cirurgia de reservatórios ileais em pacientes com doença de Crohn

BACKGROUND: Total rectocolectomy and ileal pouch-anal anastomosis is the choice surgical procedure for patients with ulcerative colitis. In cases of Crohn's disease post-operative diagnosis, it can be followed by pouch failure. AIM: To evaluate ileal pouch-anal anastomosis long-term outcome in patients with Crohn's disease. METHODS: Between February 1983 and March 2007, 151 patients were submitted to ileal pouch-anal anastomosis by Campinas State University Colorectal Unit, Campinas, SP, Brazil, 76 had pre-operative ulcerative colitis diagnosis and 11 had post-operative Crohn's disease diagnosis. Crohn's disease diagnosis was made by histopathological biopsies in nine cases, being one in surgical specimen, two cases in rectal stump, small bowel in two cases, ileal pouch in three and in perianal abscess in one of them. The median age was 30.6 years and eight (72.7%) were female. RESULTS: All patients had previous ulcerative colitis diagnosis and in five cases emergency colectomy was done by toxic megacolon. The mean time until of Crohn's disease diagnosis was 30.6 (6-80) months after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis. Ileostomy closure was possible in 10 cases except in one that had ileal pouch fistula, perianal disease and small bowel involvement. In the long-term follow-up, three patients had perineal fistulas and one had also a pouch-vaginal fistula. All of them were submitted to a new ileostomy and one had the pouch excised. Another patient presented pouch-vaginal fistula which was successfully treated by mucosal flap. Three patients had small bowel involvement and three others, pouch involvement. All improved with medical treatment. Presently, the mean follow-up is 76.5 months and all patients are in clinical remission, and four have fecal diversion. The remaining patients have good functional results with 6-10 bowel movements/day. CONCLUSION: Crohn's disease diagnosis after ileal pouch-anal anastomosis for ulcerative colitis may be usual and later complications such fistulas and stenosis are common. However, when left in situ ileal pouch is associated with good function.

Aplicação do escore MELD em pacientes submetidos a transplante de fígado: análise retrospectiva da sobrevida e dos fatores preditivos a curto e longo prazo

BACKGROUND: The model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) was developed to predict short-term mortality in patients with cirrhosis. There are few reports studying the correlation between MELD and long-term posttransplantation survival. AIM: To assess the value of pretransplant MELD in the prediction of posttransplant survival. METHODS: The adult patients (age >18 years) who underwent liver transplantation were examined in a retrospective longitudinal cohort of patients, through the prospective data base. We excluded acute liver failure, retransplantation and reduced or split-livers. The liver donors were evaluated according to: age, sex, weight, creatinine, bilirubin, sodium, aspartate aminotransferase, personal antecedents, brain death cause, steatosis, expanded criteria donor number and index donor risk. The recipients' data were: sex, age, weight, chronic hepatic disease, Child-Turcotte-Pugh points, pretransplant and initial MELD score, pretransplant creatinine clearance, sodium, cold and warm ischemia times, hospital length of stay, blood requirements, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT >1,000 UI/L = liver dysfunction). The Kaplan-Meier method with the log-rank test was used for the univariable analyses of posttransplant patient survival. For the multivariable analyses the Cox proportional hazard regression method with the stepwise procedure was used with stratifying sodium and MELD as variables. ROC curve was used to define area under the curve for MELD and Child-Turcotte-Pugh. RESULTS: A total of 232 patients with 10 years follow up were available. The MELD cutoff was 20 and Child-Turcotte-Pugh cutoff was 11.5. For MELD score > 20, the risk factors for death were: red cell requirements, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. For the patients with hyponatremia the risk factors were: negative delta-MELD score, red cell requirements, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. The regression univariated analyses came up with the following risk factors for death: score MELD > 25, blood requirements, recipient creatinine clearance pretransplant and age donor >50. After stepwise analyses, only red cell requirement was predictive. Patients with MELD score < 25 had a 68.86%, 50,44% and 41,50% chance for 1, 5 and 10-year survival and > 25 were 39.13%, 29.81% and 22.36% respectively. Patients without hyponatremia were 65.16%, 50.28% and 41,98% and with hyponatremia 44.44%, 34.28% and 28.57% respectively. Patients with IDR > 1.7 showed 53.7%, 27.71% and 13.85% and index donor risk <1.7 was 63.62%, 51.4% and 44.08%, respectively. Age donor > 50 years showed 38.4%, 26.21% and 13.1% and age donor <50 years showed 65.58%, 26.21% and 13.1%. Association with delta-MELD score did not show any significant difference. Expanded criteria donors were associated with primary non-function and severe liver dysfunction. Predictive factors for death were blood requirements, hyponatremia, liver dysfunction and donor's sodium. CONCLUSION: In conclusion MELD over 25, recipient's hyponatremia, blood requirements, donor's sodium were associated with poor survival.

Desmoid tumor in patients with familial adenomatous polyposis

CONTEXT: Desmoid tumors constitute one of the most important extraintestinal manifestations of familial adenomatous polyposis. The development of desmoids is responsible for increasing morbidity and mortality rates in cases of familial adenomatous polyposis. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the occurrence of desmoid tumors in familial adenomatous polyposis cases following prophylactic colectomy and to present patient outcome. METHODS: Between 1984 and 2008, 68 patients underwent colectomy for familial adenomatous polyposis at the School of Medical Sciences Teaching Hospital, University of Campinas, SP, Brazil. Desmoid tumors were found in nine (13.2%) of these patients, who were studied retrospectively by consulting their medical charts with respect to clinical and surgical data. RESULTS: Of nine patients, seven (77.8%) were submitted to laparotomy for tumor resection. Median age at the time of surgery was 33.9 years (range 22-51 years). Desmoid tumors were found in the abdominal wall in 3/9 cases (33.3%) and in an intra-abdominal site in the remaining six cases (66.7%). Median time elapsed between ileal pouch-anal anastomosis and diagnosis of desmoid tumor was 37.5 months (range 14-60 months), while the median time between colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis and diagnosis was 63.7 months (range 25-116 months). In 6/9 (66.7%) patients with desmoid tumors, the disease was either under control or there was no evidence of tumor recurrence at a follow-up visit made a mean of 63.1 months later (range 12-240 months). CONCLUSIONS: Desmoid tumors were found in 13.2% of cases of familial adenomatous polyposis following colectomy; therefore, familial adenomatous polyposis patients should be followed-up and surveillance should include abdominal examination to detect signs and symptoms. Treatment options include surgery and clinical management with antiestrogens, antiinflammatory drugs or chemotherapy.

Dos conceitos de morte aos critérios para o diagnóstico de morte encefálica

The authors present considerations about death and brain death concepts, as well the legal aspects for its diagnosis in Brazil. They also present the UNICAMP Protocol for the Diagnosis of Brain Death, revised and according with the current law, with standard techniques for the diagnostic exam. They emphasize the importance of a mature ethical position for this frequent and challenging situation.

Dyskinesia induced by phenytoin

Phenytoin is an effective antiepileptic drug, although, it can be associated with many side effects, including dyskinesia. OBJECTIVE: To describe the clinical characteristics of phenytoin induced dyskinesia. METHODS: We investigated the occurrence of involuntary movements in patients followed at our adult and pediatric epilepsy clinics during the period of one year. RESULTS: Three patients presented with phenytoin-induced dyskinesia: one adult with axial and orofacial dyskinesia, and two children with choreoathetosis. They did not have other signs of phenytoin intoxication and had complete recovery after phenytoin withdrawal. CONCLUSION: Phenytoin induced dyskinesia may occur during either chronic or initial treatment and with normal serum phenytoin levels. However, it occurs most often in patients on polytherapy, usually after increasing dosage and with toxic serum levels. Other signs of phenytoin intoxication may be present in these patients, but often the dyskinesia is the only side effect, which may delay the diagnosis and treatment. The clinical characteristics of the involuntary movements vary and may be focal or generalized, most often characterized by choreoathetosis and dyskinesias. These may last for hours, days or even years, but frequently disappear completely after phenytoin withdrawal.

Epilepsias parciais familiares

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical and genetic characteristics of familial partial epilepsies. METHOD: Family history of seizures was questioned in all patients followed in our epilepsy clinics, from October 1997 to December 1998. Those with positive family history were further investigated and detailed pedigrees were obtained. All possibly affected individuals available underwent clinical evaluation. Seizures and epilepsy syndromes were classified according to the ILAE recommendations. Whenever possible, EEG and MRI were performed. RESULTS: Positive family history was identified in 32 unrelated patients. A total of 213 possibly affected individuals were identified, 161 of whom have been evaluated. The number of affected subjects per family ranged from two to 23. Temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) was identified in 22 families (68%), frontal lobe epilepsy in one family (3%), partial epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes in five families (15%), and other benign partial epilepsies of childhood in four families (12%). Most of the affected individuals in the TLE families (69%) had clinical and/or EEG characteristics of typical TLE. However, the severity of epilepsy was variable, with 76% of patients with spontaneous seizure remission or good control with medication and 24% with refractory seizures, including 7 patients that underwent surgical treatment. In the other 10 families, we identified 39 possibly affected subjects, 23 of whom were evaluated. All had good seizure control (with or without medication) except for one patient with frontal lobe epilepsy. Pedigree analysis suggested autosomal dominant inheritance with incomplete penetrance in all families. CONCLUSION: Family history of seizures is frequent among patients with partial epilepsies. The majority of our families had TLE and its expression was not different from that observed in sporadic cases. The identification of genes involved in partial epilepsies may be usefull in classification of syndromes, to stablish prognosis and optimal treatment.

The G209A mutation in the alpha-synuclein gene in Brazilian families with Parkinson's disease

A missense G209A mutation of the alpha-synuclein gene was recently described in a large Contursi kindred with Parkinson's disease (PD). The objective of this study is to determine if the mutation G209A of the alpha-synuclein gene was present in 10 Brazilian families with PD. PD patients were recruited from movement disorders clinics of Brazil. A family history with two or more affected in relatives was the inclusion criterion for this study. The alpha-synuclein G209A mutation assay was made using polymerase chain reaction and the restriction enzyme Tsp45I. Ten patients from 10 unrelated families were studied. The mean age of PD onset was 42.7 years old. We did not find the G209A mutation in our 10 families with PD. Our results suggest that alpha-synuclein mutation G209A is uncommon in Brazilian PD families.

Aspectos técnicos da monitorização da pressão intracraniana pelo método subaracnóideo no traumatismo craniencefálico grave

Two hundred and six patients with severe head injury (Glasgow Coma Scale of 8 points or less after nonsurgical resuscitation on admission), managed at Intensive Care Unit-Hospital das Clínicas - Universidade Estadual de Campinas were prospectively analysed. All patients were assessed by CT scan and 72 required neurosurgical intervention. All patients were continuously monitored to evaluate intracranial pressure (ICP) levels by a subarachnoid device (11 with subarachnoid metallic bolts and 195 with subarachnoid polyvinyl catheters). The ICP levels were continuously observed in the bedside pressure monitor display and their end-hour values were recorded in a standard chart. The patients were managed according to a standard protocol guided by the ICP levels. There were no intracranial haemorrhagic complications or hematomas due the monitoring method. Sixty six patients were punctured by lateral C1-C2 technique to assess infectious complications and 2 had positive cerebrospinal fluid samples for Acinetobacter sp. The final results measured at hospital discharge showed 75 deaths (36,40%) and 131 (63,60%) survivors. ICP levels had significantly influenced the final results (p<0,001). The subarachnoid method to continuously assess the ICP levels was considered aplicable, safe, simple, low cost and useful to advise the management of the patients. The ICP record methodology was practical and useful. Despite the current technical advances the subarachnoid method was considered viable to assess the ICP levels in severe head injury.