Laurentz, 30/5/20 [i. e. 29-05-20, finale du championnat du monde à Saint-Cloud] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59464

Laurentz [29-05-20, finale du championnat du monde à Saint-Cloud] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59465

Laurentz, 30/5/20 [i. e. 29-05-20, finale du championnat du monde à Saint-Cloud] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59466

Miss Hollman [i. e. Dorothy Holman], Miss Saterwaite [i. e. Phyllis Satterthwaite, 29-5-20, finale du championnat du monde à Saint-Cloud] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59467

Miss Hollman [i. e. Dorothy Holman], 30-5-20 [finale double dames du championnat du monde à Saint-Cloud avec Mrs Satterthwaite] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59468

Miss Hollman [i. e. Dorothy Holman], 30-5-20 [finale double dames du championnat du monde à Saint-Cloud avec Mrs Satterthwaite] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59469

Miss Hollman [i. e. Dorothy Holman], 30-5-20 [championnat du monde à Saint-Cloud] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59470

[Le tennisman australien Gerald] Patterson [finaliste de Wimbledon 1920] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59926

[Wimbledon 1920, double mixte] Miss Lenglen [et Gerald] Patterson : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59929

[Le tennisman américain Bill] Tilden [vainqueur de Wimbledon 1920] : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59927

[Wimbledon 1920, double mixte] Miss Lenglen [et Gerald] Patterson : [photographie de presse] / [Agence Rol]

Référence bibliographique : Rol, 59928

Maria Lirio

Two time winner of the Female Tennis Player of the Year, in 1982-1983 and 1983-1984.

Physical Education Centre Plans

Site Plan for the Physical Educaiton Centre and future athletic sites. Note the proposed ice rink, track and tennis courts. This site plan would have been made c. 1969.

3D movement and muscle activity patterns in a violin bowing task

Objective: Overuse injuries in violinists are a problem that has been primarily analyzed through the use of questionnaires. Simultaneous 3D motion analysis and EMG to measure muscle activity has been suggested as a quantitative technique to explore this problem by identifying movement patterns and muscular demands which may predispose violinists to overuse injuries. This multi-disciplinary analysis technique has, so far, had limited use in the music world. The purpose of this study was to use it to characterize the demands of a violin bowing task. Subjects: Twelve injury-free violinists volunteered for the study. The subjects were assigned to a novice or expert group based on playing experience, as determined by questionnaire. Design and Settings: Muscle activity and movement patterns were assessed while violinists played five bowing cycles (one bowing cycle = one down-bow + one up-bow) on each string (G, D, A, E), at a pulse of 4 beats per bow and 100 beats per minute. Measurements: An upper extremity model created using coordinate data from markers placed on the right acromion process, lateral epicondyle of the humerus and ulnar styloid was used to determine minimum and maximum joint angles, ranges of motion (ROM) and angular velocities at the shoulder and elbow of the bowing arm. Muscle activity in right anterior deltoid, biceps brachii and triceps brachii was assessed during maximal voluntary contractions (MVC) and during the playing task. Data were analysed for significant differences across the strings and between experience groups. Results: Elbow flexion/extension ROM was similar across strings for both groups. Shoulder flexion/extension ROM increaslarger for the experts. Angular velocity changes mirrored changes in ROM. Deltoid was the most active of the muscles assessed (20% MVC) and displayed a pattern of constant activation to maintain shoulder abduction. Biceps and triceps were less active (4 - 12% MVC) and showed a more periodic 'on and off pattern. Novices' muscle activity was higher in all cases. Experts' muscle activity showed a consistent pattern across strings, whereas the novices were more irregular. The agonist-antagonist roles of biceps and triceps during the bowing motion were clearly defined in the expert group, but not as apparent in the novice group. Conclusions: Bowing movement appears to be controlled by the shoulder rather than the elbow as shoulder ROM changed across strings while elbow ROM remained the same. Shoulder injuries are probably due to repetition as the muscle activity required for the movement is small. Experts require a smaller amount of muscle activity to perform the movement, possibly due to more efficient muscle activation patterns as a result of practice. This quantitative multidisciplinary approach to analysing violinists' movements can contribute to fuller understanding of both playing demands and injury mechanisms .

Neuromuscular adaptations in endurance-trained boys and men

Competitive sports participation in youth is becoming increasingly more common in the Western world. It is widely accepted that sports participation, specifically endurance training, is beneficial for physical, psychomotor, and social development of children. The research on the effect of endurance training in children has focused mainly on healthrelated benefits and physiological adaptations, particularly on maximal oxygen uptake. However, corresponding research on neuromuscular adaptations to endurance training and the latter's possible effects on muscle strength in youth is lacking. In children and adults, resistance training can enhance strength and mcrease muscle activation. However, data on the effect of endurance training on strength and neuromuscular adaptations are limited. While some evidence exists demonstrating increased muscle activation and possibly increased strength in endurance athletes compared with untrained adults, the neuromuscular adaptations to endurance training in children have not been examined. Thus, the purpose of this study was to examine maximal isometric torque and rate of torque development (RID), along with the pattern of muscle activation during elbow and knee flexion and extension in muscle-endurancetrained and untrained men and boys. Subjects included 65 males: untrained boys (n=18), endurance-trained boys (n=12), untrained men (n=20) and endurance-trained men (n=15). Maximal isometric torque and rate of torque development were measured using an isokinetic dynamometer (Biodex III), and neuromuscular activation was assessed using surface electromyography (SEMG). Muscle strength and activation were assessed in the dominant arm and leg, in a cross-balanced fashion during elbow and knee flexion and extension. The main variables included peak torque (T), RTD, rate of muscle activation (Q30), Electro-mechanical delay (EMD), time to peak RTD and co-activation index. Age differences in T, RTD, electro-mechanical delay (EMD) and rate of muscle activation (Q30) were consistently observed in the four contractions tested. Additionally, Q30, nonnalized for peak EMG amplitude, was consistently higher in the endurancetrained men compared with untrained men. Co-activation index was generally low in all contractions. For example, during maximal voluntary isometric knee extension, men were stronger, had higher RTD and Q30, whether absolute or nonnalized values were used. Moreover, boys exhibited longer EMD (64.8 ± 18.5 ms vs. 56.6 ± 15.3 ms, for boys and men respectively) and time to peak RTD (112.4 ± 33.4 ms vs. 100.8 ± 39.1 ms for boys and men, respectively). In addition, endurance-trained men had lower T compared with untrained men, yet they also exhibited significantly higher nonnalized Q30 (1.9 ± 1.2 vs. 1.1 ± 0.7 for endurance-trained men and untrained men, respectively). No training effect was apparent in the boys. In conclusion, the findings demonstrate muscle strength and activation to be lower in children compared with adults, regardless of training status. The higher Q30 of the endurance-trained men suggests neural adaptations, similar to those expected in response to resistance training. The lower peak torque may su9gest a higher relative involvement oftype I muscle fibres in the endurance-trained athletes. Future research is required to better understand the effect of growth and development on muscle strength and activation patterns during dynamic and sub-maximal isometric contractions. Furthennore, training intervention studies could reveal the effects of endurance training during different developmental stages, as well as in different muscle groups.