Ejecución de sentencias del Sistema Interamericano de Derechos Humanos: necesidad de la implementación de un Sistema Jurídico Procesal en Ecuador para su cumplimiento integral

Nuestro particular interés por el desarrollo científico jurídico del Derecho Procesal ha representado un interesante desafío en generar un planteamiento académico mediante el cual, a partir de su naturaleza adjetiva y transversal, logremos establecer puntos de conexión con otras ramas del Derecho de esencia sustantiva, que en el mediano y largo plazo, garanticen su aplicabilidad y efectividad. Este desafío, desde nuestro punto de vista, demanda un mayor esfuerzo cuando la aplicabilidad y efectividad de las normas procesales depende en gran medida de la naturaleza de los derechos subjetivos que procuramos proteger y garantizar, en particular cuando aquellos derechosson los derechos humanos. La presente investigación tiene como principal propósito establecer una línea jurídica de análisis sobre la posibilidad de conexión entre el Derecho Procesal y el Derecho de los Derechos Humanos mediante el desarrollo y estudio del rol que cumple la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos, a través de su función jurisdiccional con la emisión de sentencias por violaciones de derechos humanos y el nivel de receptividad y ejecutabilidad que el Estado ecuatoriano ha conferido a dichas sentenciascomo expresión del derecho procesal internacional. En las siguientes líneas, desarrollaremos los mecanismos que el Estado ecuatoriano ha implementado en su ordenamiento jurídico interno para garantizar la ejecutabilidad de las sentencias dictadas por la Corte Interamericana, en particular mediante la competencia conferida al Ministerio de Justicia, Derechos Humanos y Cultos de coordinar la ejecución de obligaciones internacionales provenientes de los sistemas internacionales de protección de derechos humanos y con la incorporación de la acción constitucional por incumplimiento de sentencias internacionales. Finalmente, nuestro trabajo concluirá con el desarrollo de una propuesta normativa de reforma de la acción constitucional por incumplimiento, en armonía con los conceptos jurídicos, tanto sustantivos como procesales, desarrollados en los capítulos precedentes

Análisis de riesgo de un proyecto de inversión de generación eléctrica en el Ecuador

El Sector Eléctrico constituye parte fundamental en el desarrollo del país, cada proyecto que se realice implica un aporte considerable en beneficio del país, al mismo tiempo representa un esfuerzo económico importante. Realizar un correcto análisis de riesgo es primordial al momento de planificar el desarrollo de un proyecto. El Sector Eléctrico está clasificado en 3 partes, Generación, Transmisión y Distribución. Para este trabajo se considera la Generación. Los casos de estudio son considerados con información histórica y herramientas de análisis de riesgo que son de gran utilidad para este tipo de trabajos. Durante el desarrollo de esta investigación se analiza la estructura del Sector Eléctrico, su operatividad financiera, teorías sobre análisis de riesgo, herramientas y metodologías que serán aplicadas para las particularidades del Sector. Para obtener resultados más cercanos a la realidad se utiliza la metodología Monte Carlo utilizando la herramienta Crystal Ball. Con esto se presentan datos de un proyecto de generación x y se evidencia la factibilidad o no de invertir en el Sector Eléctrico.

El movimiento social constituido por los barrios del Noroccidente de Quito: organización, estructuras, objetivos y repertorios (Actualidad)

El documento presenta una breve historia de los movimientos sociales que surgieron en el Noroccidente de Quito, y que nacieron de los barrios populares que reivindicaron su derecho a la vivienda digna y adecuada como lo prescribe el actual artículo 30 de la Constitución del Ecuador. Este documento realiza un análisis de los objetivos, el espacio que utilizan y los repertorios que se han implementado para cumplir con dichos objetivos. También analiza cómo los barrios del Noroccidente lograron organizarse en lo que se conoce como la Federación de Barrios del Noroccidente como eje principal para fomentar la exigibilidad de derechos a la vivienda y a tener servicios básicos que permiten que la vivienda sea un lugar adecuado y digno para el desarrollo de la vida priva y las relaciones familiares.

Proyecto de innovación curricular para el Colegio Modelo Politécnico en el área de ciencias exactas

En el contexto educativo actual del Ecuador está vigente el Bachillerato General Unificado, implementado desde el 2011, en el presente trabajo se plantea su análisis para generar lineamientos generales para una propuesta de innovación curricular, sustentados en un enfoque de desarrollo de competencias que, posteriormente, pueden implementarse en campos más específicos como el de las ciencias exactas. Se presenta el análisis de la pertinencia del Bachillerato General Unificado. Este análisis contempla dos niveles: su estructura general, fundamentos, propósito, régimen escolar y estructura curricular, y el segundo, la estructura conceptual para el área de ciencias exactas, asignatura matemáticas, considerando la organización y secuencialidad de conceptos. Con esto, se evidencia la necesidad de plantear la propuesta de innovación curricular. Esta propuesta curricular será para el nivel macro, diseñada a partir del enfoque por competencias, éste determina cinco dimensiones: conceptual, actitudinal, procedimental, integración y generalización a partir de los cuales se promueve la comprensión del ser humano, su realidad y la construcción de un proceso de formación en atención a las necesidades sociales. El enfoque por competencias permite que el estudiante que termina el bachillerato tenga las competencias que le permitirán afrontar con solvencia procesos más complejos, tanto en el mundo académico como también en otros campos: del conocimiento, lo laboral, lo personal, lo social, político donde se proyecta con un compromiso social, ético, responsable y solidario. A partir de este enfoque se propone el diseño del nivel macrocurricular que comprende ámbitos de estudio que tienen objetivos, competencias e indicadores que determinan el perfil de bachiller. Esta estructura del macro nivel es la base fundamental para establecer, en un trabajo posterior, las estructuras microcurriculares.

Ejecución de sentencias internacionales. Mecanismos jurídicos para su efectividad

El ordenamiento jurídico del Ecuador ha previsto dos mecanismos jurídicos para garantizar el cumplimiento de la sentencias dictadas por la Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos. El primero, aquel vinculado al ámbito administrativo, ha sido asignado al Ministerio de Justicia, Derechos Humanos y Cultos, mediante el Decreto Ejecutivo No. 1317, en su calidad de ente coordinador de la ejecución de estas sentencias internacionales. El segundo mecanismo, aquel vinculado al ámbito jurisdiccional, fue incorporado en la Cons titu ción de 2008, en su artículo 93, como el medio para garantizar el cumplimiento de las sentencias dictadas por organismos internacionales de derechos humanos, cuya resolución corresponde a la Corte Constitucional del Ecuador. Esta obra analiza el rol del Ministerio de Justicia, Derechos Humanos y Cultos en su actividad administrativa como ente coordinador de la ejecución de sentencias internacionales, y también estudia, desde la óptica del derecho procesal, la acción por incumplimiento, en lo relacionado a su naturaleza jurídica y a los aspectos procesales que la componen, para finalmente colocar en consideración del lector una propuesta de reforma normativa a la acción por incumplimiento de sentencias internacionales establecida en la Ley Orgánica de Garantías Jurisdiccionales y Control Constitucionales.

Frames and the interpreter in the Imperial War Museum photographic archive

Using Azoulay's frame of the civil gaze, this chapter examines selected Second World War images, catalogued under 'interpreter' in the IWM's photographic archive, looking at representative situations in which interpreters typically operate in wartime - communicating with clandestine forces, liaising between the army and civilians, and dealing with the aftermath of war.

Genomic evidence for the Pleistocene and recent population history of Native Americans

How and when the Americas were populated remains contentious. Using ancient and modern genome-wide data, we found that the ancestors of all present-day Native Americans, including Athabascans and Amerindians, entered the Americas as a single migration wave from Siberia no earlier than 23 thousand years ago (ka) and after no more than an 8000-year isolation period in Beringia. After their arrival to the Americas, ancestral Native Americans diversified into two basal genetic branches around 13 ka, one that is now dispersed across North and South America and the other restricted to North America. Subsequent gene flow resulted in some Native Americans sharing ancestry with present-day East Asians (including Siberians) and, more distantly, Australo-Melanesians. Putative “Paleoamerican” relict populations, including the historical Mexican Pericúes and South American Fuego-Patagonians, are not directly related to modern Australo-Melanesians as suggested by the Paleoamerican Model.

Decomposition in tropical forests: a pan-tropical study of the effects of litter type, litter placement and mesofaunal exclusion across a precipitation gradient

1. Litter decomposition recycles nutrients and causes large fluxes of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. It is typically assumed that climate, litter quality and decomposer communities determine litter decay rates, yet few comparative studies have examined their relative contributions in tropical forests. 2. We used a short-term litterbag experiment to quantify the effects of litter quality, placement and mesofaunal exclusion on decomposition in 23 tropical forests in 14 countries. Annual precipitation varied among sites (760-5797 mm). At each site, two standard substrates (Raphia farinifera and Laurus nobilis) were decomposed in fine- and coarse-mesh litterbags both above and below ground for approximately 1 year. 3. Decomposition was rapid, with >95% mass loss within a year at most sites. Litter quality, placement and mesofaunal exclusion all independently affected decomposition, but the magnitude depended upon site. Both the average decomposition rate at each site and the ratio of above- to below-ground decay increased linearly with annual precipitation, explaining 60-65% of among-site variation. Excluding mesofauna had the largest impact on decomposition, reducing decomposition rates by half on average, but the magnitude of decrease was largely independent of climate. This suggests that the decomposer community might play an important role in explaining patterns of decomposition among sites. Which litter type decomposed fastest varied by site, but was not related to climate. 4. Synthesis. A key goal of ecology is to identify general patterns across ecological communities, as well as relevant site-specific details to understand local dynamics. Our pan-tropical study shows that certain aspects of decomposition, including average decomposition rates and the ratio of above- to below-ground decomposition are highly correlated with a simple climatic index: mean annual precipitation. However, we found no relationship between precipitation and effects of mesofaunal exclusion or litter type, suggesting that site-specific details may also be required to understand how these factors affect decomposition at local scales.

A Rare Case of Trisomy 15pter-q21.2 Due to a De Novo Marker Chromosome

Supernumerary marker chromosomes (sSMC) may or may not be associated with an abnormal phenotype, depending on the presence of euchromatin, on their chromosomal origin and whether they are inherited. Over 80% of sSMCs are derived from acrocentric chromosomes and half of them include the short arm of chromosome 15. Generally, they appear as bisatellited isodicentric marker chromosomes, most of them are symmetric. These chromosomes are normally originated de novo and are associated with mild to severe intellectual disability but not with physical abnormalities. We report on a patient with an SMC studied using classical and molecular cytogenetic procedures (G and C banding, NOR staining, painting and centromeric fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), BAC-FISH, and SKY). The MLPA technique and DNA polymorphic markers were used in order to identify its parental origin. The marker chromosome, monosatellited and monocentric, was found to be derived from a maternal chromosome 15 and was defined as 15pter-q21.2. This is the report of the largest de novo monosatellited 15q marker chromosome ever published presenting detailed cytogenetic and clinical data. It was associated with a phenotype including cardiac defect, absence of septum pellucidum, and dysplasia of the corpus callosum. (C) 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Electronic structure and optical properties of BaMoO(4) powders

Barium molybdate (BaMoO(4)) powders were synthesized by the co-precipitation method and processed in microwave-hydrothermal at 140 degrees C for different times. These powders were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform Raman (FT-Raman), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopies and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. XRD patterns and FT-Raman spectra showed that these powders present a scheelite-type tetragonal structure without the presence of deleterious phases. FT-IR spectra exhibited a large absorption band situated at around 850.4 cm(-1), which is associated to the Mo-O antisymmetric stretching vibrations into the [MoO(4)] clusters. UV-vis absorption spectra indicated a reduction in the intermediary energy levels within band gap with the processing time evolution. First-principles quantum mechanical calculations based on the density functional theory were employed in order to understand the electronic structure (band structure and density of states) of this material. The powders when excited with different wavelengths (350 nm and 488 nm) presented variations. This phenomenon was explained through a model based in the presence of intermediary energy levels (deep and shallow holes) within the band gap. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

A new processing method of CaZn(2)(OH)(6)center dot 2H(2)O powders: Photoluminescence and growth mechanism

In this communication, we report on the formation of calcium hexahydroxodizincate dehydrate, CaZn(2)(OH)(6)center dot 2H(2)O (CZO) powders under microwave-hydrothermal (MH) conditions. These powders were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Field-emission gum scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM), ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. XRD patterns confirmed that the pure CZO phase was obtained after MH processing performed at 130 degrees C for 2 h. FEG-SEM micrographs indicated that the morphological modifications as well as the growth of CZO microparticles are governed by Ostwald-ripening and coalescence mechanisms. UV-vis spectra showed that this material have an indirect optical band gap. The pure CZO powders exhibited an yellow PL emission when excited by 350 nm wavelength at room temperature. (C) 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Photoluminescent behavior of SrZrO(3)/SrTiO(3) multilayer thin films

A detailed investigation was made into the origin of photoluminescence in an alternate multilayer system of SrZrO(3) (SZO) and SrTiO(3) (STO) thin films. XRD and room-temperature PL studies revealed a high consistency with respect to improved crystallization at elevated temperatures. The photoluminescence behaviour of SZO/STO multilayered system consists in the superposition of independent photoluminescence emissions of both STO and SZO films. Based on the present results and on previous experimental and theoretical data, we propose that the origin of the photoluminescence emission results from structural disorder generated by the presence of distortions in the ideal constituent clusters of these materials. (c) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Morphology and Blue Photoluminescence Emission of PbMoO(4) Processed in Conventional Hydrothermal

PbMoO(4) micro-octahedrons were prepared by the coprecipitation method at room temperature without the presence of surfactants and processed in a conventional hydrothermal at different temperatures (from 60 to 120 degrees C) for 10 min. These micro-octahedrons were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and micro-Raman (MR) spectroscopy, and its morphology was investigated by field-emission gun scanning electron microscopy (FEG-SEM). The optical properties were analyzed by ultraviolet-visible (UV-vis) absorption spectroscopy and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. XRD patterns and MR spectra confirmed that the PbMoO(4) micro-octahedrons are characterized by a scheelite-type tetragonal structure. FEG-SEM micrographs points, out that these structures present a polydisperse particle size distribution in consequence of a predominant growth mechanism via aggregation of particles. In addition, it was observed that the hydrothermal conditions favored a spontaneous formation of micro-octahedrons interconnected along a common crystallographic orientation (oriented-attachment), resulting in self-organized structures. An intense blue PL emission at room temperature was observed in these micro-octahedrons when they were excited with a 350 nm wavelength. The origin of the PL emissions as well as its intensity variations are explained by means of a model based on both distorted [MoO(4)] and [PbO(8)] clusters into the lattice.

Formation of beta-nickel hydroxide plate-like structures under mild conditions and their optical properties

Nanostructural beta-nickel hydroxide (beta-Ni(OH)(2)) plates were prepared using the microwave hydrothermal (MH) method at a low temperature and short reaction times. An ammonia solution was employed as the coordinating agent, which reacts with [Ni(H(2)O)(6)](2+) to control the growth of beta-Ni(OH)(2) nuclei. A trigonal beta-Ni(OH)(2) single phase was observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, and the crystal cell was constructed with structural parameters and atomic coordinates obtained from Rietveld refinement. Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images revealed that the samples consisted of hexagonal-shaped nanoplates with a different particle size distribution. Broad absorption bands assigned as transitions of Ni(2+) in oxygen octahedral sites were revealed by UV-vis spectra. Photoluminescence (PL) properties observed with a maximum peak centered in the blue-green region were attributed to different defects, which were produced during the nucleation process. We present a growth process scheme of the beta-Ni(OH)(2) nanoplates. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Joint Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of Order Disorder Effects in Cubic BaZrO(3) Assembled Nanoparticles under Decaoctahedral Shape

Periodic first-principles calculations based on density functional theory at the B3LYP level has been carried out to investigate the photoluminescence (PL) emission of BaZrO(3) assembled nanoparticles at room temperature. The defect created in the nanocrystals and their resultant electronic features lead to a diversification of electronic recombination within the BaZrO(3) band gap. Its optical phenomena are discussed in the light of photoluminescence emission at the green-yellow region around 570 nm. The theoretical model for displaced atoms and/or angular changes leads to the breaking of the local symmetry, which is based on the refined structure provided by Rietveld methodology. For each situation a band structure, charge mapping, and density of states were built and analyzed. X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, UV-vis measurements, and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) images are essential for a full evaluation of the crystal structure and morphology.