SMEs in the environmental goods and services market: identifying areas of opportunity, policies and instruments: case studies: Argentina, Chile, Colombia and Mexico

Includes bibliography

Infrared thermography applied to the evaluation of metabolic heat loss of chicks fed with different energy densities

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Topical use of fluorides for caries control

Since the early findings on the protective effects of fluoride present in drinking water upon caries incidence and prevalence, intensive research has been conducted in order to determine the benefits, safety, as well as the cost-effectiveness of other modalities of fluoride delivery. The present chapter reviews the various forms of topical fluoride use - professionally and self-applied - with special emphasis on clinical efficacy and possible side effects. The most widely used forms of fluoride delivery have been subject of several systematic reviews, providing strong evidence supporting the use of dentifrices, gels, varnishes and mouth rinses for the control of caries progression. Dentifrices with fluoride concentrations of 1,000 ppm and above have been shown to be clinically effective in caries prevention when compared to a placebo treatment, but the evidence regarding formulations with 450-550 ppm is still subject of debate. Therefore, the recommendation for low-fluoride dentifrice use must take into account both risks and benefits. The evidence for the combined use of two modalities of fluoride application in comparison to a single modality is still inconsistent, implying that more studies with adequate methodology are needed to determine the real benefits of each method. Considering the currently available evidence and risk-benefit aspects, it seems justifiable to recommend the use of fluoridated dentifrices to individuals of all ages, and additional fluoride therapy should also be targeted towards individuals at high caries risk. © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel.

Networked control system for the guidance of a four-wheel steering agricultural robotic platform

A current trend in the agricultural area is the development of mobile robots and autonomous vehicles for precision agriculture (PA). One of the major challenges in the design of these robots is the development of the electronic architecture for the control of the devices. In a joint project among research institutions and a private company in Brazil a multifunctional robotic platform for information acquisition in PA is being designed. This platform has as main characteristics four-wheel propulsion and independent steering, adjustable width, span of 1,80m in height, diesel engine, hydraulic system, and a CAN-based networked control system (NCS). This paper presents a NCS solution for the platform guidance by the four-wheel hydraulic steering distributed control. The control strategy, centered on the robot manipulators control theory, is based on the difference between the desired and actual position and considering the angular speed of the wheels. The results demonstrate that the NCS was simple and efficient, providing suitable steering performance for the platform guidance. Even though the simplicity of the NCS solution developed, it also overcame some verified control challenges in the robot guidance system design such as the hydraulic system delay, nonlinearities in the steering actuators, and inertia in the steering system due the friction of different terrains. Copyright © 2012 Eduardo Pacincia Godoy et al.

Development of an instrumentation system embedded on FPGA for real time measurement of mechanical vibrations in rotating machinery

The real-time monitoring of events in an industrial plant is vital, to monitor the actual conditions of operation of the machinery responsible for the manufacturing process. A predictive maintenance program includes condition monitoring of the rotating machinery, to anticipate possible conditions of failure. To increase the operational reliability it is thus necessary an efficient tool to analyze and monitor the equipments, in real-time, and enabling the detection of e.g. incipient faults in bearings. To fulfill these requirements some innovations have become frequent, namely the inclusion of vibration sensors or stator current sensors. These innovations enable the development of new design methodologies that take into account the ease of future modifications, upgrades, and replacement of the monitored machine, as well as expansion of the monitoring system. This paper presents the development, implementation and testing of an instrument for vibration monitoring, as a possible solution to embed in industrial environment. The digital control system is based on an FPGA, and its configuration with an open hardware design tool is described. Special focus is given to the area of fault detection in rolling bearings. © 2012 IEEE.

Modernization and new services of the Brazilian active control network

The Brazilian Network for Continuous Monitoring of GNSS - RBMC is a national network of continuously operating reference GNSS stations. Since its establishment in December of 1996, it has been playing an essential role for the maintenance and user access of the fundamental geodetic frame in the country. In order to provide better services for RBMC, the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics - IBGE and the National Institute of Colonization and Land Reform - INCRA are both partners involved in the National Geospatial Framework Project - PIGN. This paper provides an overview of the recent modernization phases the RBMC network has undergone highlighting its future steps. These steps involve the installation of new equipment, provide real time data from a group of core stations and compute real-time DGPS corrections, based on CDGPS (The real-time Canada-Wide DGPS Service) (The Real-Time Canada-Wide DGPS Service. http://www.cdgps.com/ 2009a). In addition to this, a post-mission Precise Point Positioning (PPP) service has been established based on the current Geodetic Survey Division of NRCan (CSRS-PPP) service. This service is operational since April 2009 and is in large use in the country. All activities mentioned before are based on a cooperation signed at the end of 2004 with the University of New Brunswick, supported by the Canadian International Development Agency and the Brazilian Cooperation Agency. The Geodetic Survey Division of NRCan is also participating in this modernization effort under the same project. This infrastructure of 66 GNSS stations, the real time, post processing services and the potentiality of providing Wide Area DGPS corrections in the future show that the RBMC system is comparable to those available in USA and Europe. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2012.

Design of personal protective equipment: To promote of Brazilian artefacts with ergonomic attributes

This research aims to investigate a topic sometimes overlooked among the research of ergonomics. Particularly, we treat the garments as personal protective equipment. In this study we abode on clothing produced and used in Brazil, making notes about the management of occupational safety for the use of such equipment. In turn, identify Relevant requirements for the design of personal protective equipment used in Brazil, in line with what is being studied in global forums on the subject. © 2013 Taylor & Francis Group.

Aplicação de redes neurais artificiais na predição de diâmetro e rugosidade durante o processo de furação

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Desenvolvimento de semicubos de roda aeronáuticos: uma contribuição metalúrgica em liga ultra-leve magnésio AZ-91C à Força Aérea Brasileira

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Validação do método analítico de determinação do pH de águas e estimativa da incerteza da medição

Pós-graduação em Química - IQ

Policy brief: biotechnology with special reference to the Caribbean

The biotechnology movement in the Caribbean is a fledgling industry that has tremendous potential for development. It focuses on the use of fermentation and enzyme technologies, tissue culture and recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology and is more greatly applied to plant varieties rather than animal species. Tissue culture is by far the most developed type of technology but increasing attention is being paid to rDNA technology. Main areas include application in the agriculture sector but the use in medicine and biology are also being promoted. In its purest form, the term "biotechnology" refers to the use of living organisms or their products to modify human health and the human environment for commercial purposes. The term brings to mind many different things. Some think of developing new types of animals while others anticipate almost unlimited sources of human therapeutic drugs. Still others envision the possibility of growing crops that are more nutritious and naturally pest-resistant to feed a rapidly growing world population. Biotechnology in one form or another has flourished since prehistoric times. When the first human beings realized that they could plant their own crops and breed their own animals, they learned to use biotechnology. The discovery that fruit juices fermented into wine or that milk could be converted into cheese or yogurt, or that beer could be made by fermenting solutions of malt and hops began the study of biotechnology. When the first bakers found that they could make soft, spongy bread rather than a firm, thin cracker, they were acting as fledgling biotechnologists. The first animal breeders, realizing that different physical traits could be either magnified or lost by mating appropriate pairs of animals, engaged in the manipulations of biotechnology. Throughout human history, we have learned a great deal about the different organisms that our ancestors used so effectively. The marked increase in our understanding of these organisms and their cell products gains us the ability to control the many functions of various cells and organisms. Using the techniques of gene splicing and recombinant DNA technology, we can now actually combine the genetic elements of two or more living cells. Functioning lengths of DNA can be taken from one organism and placed into the cells of another organism. As a result, for example, we can cause bacterial cells to produce human molecules. Cows can produce more milk for the same amount of feed. And we can synthesize therapeutic molecules that have never before existed.

Inversores integrados monofásicos aplicados em sistemas fotovoltaicos com conexão à rede de distribuição de energia elétrica

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Manejo de serpentes em cativeiro: manejo clínico-sanitário e avaliação da microbiologia

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Análise de um regulador de velocidade digital para a Usina Hidroelétrica de Curuá-Una

Analisa uma proposta de um controlador digital para o regulador de velocidade da Usina Hidroelétrica de Curuá-Una, utilizando duas estratégias de projeto, a estratégia indireta com o projeto do controlador sendo feito no plano contínuo e depois discretizado e a estratégia direta, em que o controlador é projetado inteiramente no plano discreto. O conhecimento gerado no simulador é de grande importância, pois é uma das grandes ferramentas para avaliar o comportamento dos controladores digitais propostos, em ambiente seguro. O estudo dos controladores também permite uma substituição de equipamentos antigos, com produção descontinuada, por equipamentos novos que permitem a confecção de controladores modernos, digitais e inteligentes, que proporcionam uma substituição de técnicas antigas de controle por estratégias avançadas de controle, maximizando o rendimento do sistema em condições adversas de operação. O trabalho levanta as diferenças, vantagens e desvantagens de cada controlador, com o objetivo de auxiliar na escolha do controlador mais adequado para projetos de controladores avançados: tipo um controle adaptativo, controle fuzzy ou controle neural. As dificuldades de projeto e os resultados das simulações foram os principais indicadores na avaliações dos dois RV digitais projetados. De uma forma geral o RV digital direto apresentou melhor desempenho, estabilidade e menor esforço computacional, entretanto, o RV digital indireto mostrou desempenho similar, menor degradação devido às não linearidades e ao menor esforço de projeto.

Efeito da laserterapia de baixa intensidade sobre a cicatrização de úlceras hansênicas: ensaio clínico randomizado

Úlcera neuropática é uma das sequei as mais estigmatizantes da hanseníase. Sua presença é bastante incapacitante para o indivíduo, podendo levar a deformação e/ou amputação do membro afetado. Diversas técnicas de tratamento têm sido utilizadas no manejo destas úlceras, no entanto, os resultados nem sempre são satisfatórios, ocasionando a existência de pessoas que convivem há vários anos com ferimentos crônicos. A laserterapia de baixa intensidade (LBI) tem sido utilizada em diversos países no tratamento de úlceras de difícil cicatrização, entretanto seus resultados são inconclusivos e muitos dos trabalhos publicados apresentam falhas metodológicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da LBI sobre o processo de cicatrização de úlceras em pacientes hansenianos, em um teste clínico controlado e randomizado. O estudo foi realizado no ambulatório de curativos da Unidade de Referência Estadual em Dermatologia Sanitária do Pará - Marcello Candia, a partir de um levantamento clínico-epidemiológico para caracterização da população estudada, por meio de anamnese, identificação da localização das úlceras, registro fotográfico digital, avaliação da área das lesões utilizando o programa ImageTool 3.0, e medida da profundidade das úlceras de 51 pacientes, totalizando 97 lesões. A comorbidade mais frequente nesta população foi a hipertensão arterial sistêmica (13 casos). Em seguida, 25 sujeitos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de estudo. O grupo controle (GC), formado por 12 pacientes (14 Úlceras) permaneceu recebendo o tratamento de rotina, composto por curativos simples diários, uso de sulfadiazina de prata 1 %, e orientações para autocuidados e prevenção de incapacidades. O grupo experimental (GE), formado por 13 sujeitos (17 úlceras), permaneceu recebendo o mesmo tratamento de rotina do GC mais a aplicação de LBI três vezes por semana, durante um período de 12 semanas. A LBI foi aplicada com um equipamento de laser diodo A1GaInP (660 nm), na dose de 2 J/cm² com a técnica de varredura sem contato no leito da lesão, e 4 J/ponto nas bordas da lesão com aplicações pontuais com contato. A densidade de potência foi de 1 W/cm². As variáveis estudadas foram: área da lesão em cm², profundidade em milímetros e escore PUSH. No GC a média da área das úlceras foi de 5,3 (±9.2) antes e 4,4 (± 8,5) depois do tratamento, a profundidade foi de 6,3 (± 5,4) antes e 5,4 (± 5.7) depois, o escore PUSH foi 9,7 (± 3,4) antes e 8,4 (± 5.3) depois. No GE a média da área das Úlceras foi de 4,2 (± 5,9) antes e 3,8 (± 5,7) depois do tratamento, a profundidade foi de 6.2 (± 5.1) antes e 4,1 (± 3,9) depois, o escore PUSH foi 9,6 (± 3,3) antes e 7,9 (± 5,3) depois. A análise estatística não evidenciou diferença significativa (p > 0,05) em nenhuma das variáveis estudadas antes e depois do tratamento. A LBI, dentro dos parâmetros utilizados neste estudo, não demonstrou benefícios adicionais para a cicatrização de úlceras em hansenianos. A diminuição do peso exercido sobre a área da lesão e o controle da pressão arterial são medidas importantes no manejo destas úlceras.