Le devenir social

"Revue internationale d'economie, d'histoire et de philosophie"

Studies in social progress in the gospel of the kingdom.

Mode of access: Internet.

Estudos sobre o comportamento do consumidor na SciELO

Los estudios de comportamiento de los consumidores han llamado la atención de investigadores de diferentes países, de diversas áreas de especialización y con objetivos variados. Este artículo es un estudio bibliométrico interdisciplinario sobre el comportamiento del consumidor en el contexto internacional (países de Iberoamérica y África del Sur) de la plataforma SciELO (ScientificElectronic Library Online). Mediante el análisis de una muestra conformada por 153 artículos, se observó que las ciencias sociales y las humanidades aplicadas son las áreas de investigación que aportan mayor cantidad de trabajos, con un predominio de las ciencias de la administración. Asimismo, se constató que la mayor parte de los aportes son de carácter empírico y proceden universidades.

Utility functions on locally connected spaces

We investigate the role of local connectedness in utility theory and prove that any continuous total preorder on a locally connected separable space is continuously representable. This is a new simple criterion for the representability of continuous preferences, and is not a consequence of the standard theorems in utility theory that use conditions such as connectedness and separability, second countability, or path-connectedness. Finally we give applications to problems involving the existence of value functions in population ethics and to the problem of proving the existence of continuous utility functions in general equilibrium models with land as one of the commodities. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The Debreu Gap Lemma and some generalizations

In this paper we study the Debreu Gap Lemma and its generalizations to totally ordered sets more general than (R, less than or equal to). We explain why it is important in economics to study utility functions which may not be real-valued and we build the foundations of a theory of continuity of such generalized utility functions. (C) 2004 Published by Elsevier B.V.

Early practical experience and the social responsiveness of clinical education: Systematic review

Objectives To find how early experience in clinical and community settings (early experience) affects medical education, and identify strengths and limitations of the available evidence. Design A systematic review rating, by consensus, the strength and importance of outcomes reported in the decade 1992-2001. Data sources Bibliographical databases and journals were searched for publications on the topic, reviewed under the auspices of the recently formed Best Evidence Medical Education (BEME) collaboration. Selection of studies All empirical studies (verifiable, observational data) were included, whatever their design, method, or language of publication. Results Early experience was most commonly provided in community settings, aiming to recruit primary care practitioners for underserved populations. It increased the popularity of primary care residencies, albeit among self selected students. It fostered self awareness and empathic attitudes towards ill people, boosted students' confidence, motivated them, gave them satisfaction, and helped them develop a professional identity. By helping develop interpersonal skills, it made entering clerkships a less stressful experience. Early experience helped students learn about professional roles and responsibilities, healthcare systems, and health needs of a population. It made biomedical, behavioural, and social sciences more relevant and easier to learn. It motivated and rewarded teachers and patients and enriched curriculums. In some countries,junior students provided preventive health care directly to underserved populations. Conclusion Early experience helps medical students learn, helps them develop appropriate attitudes towards their studies and future practice, and orientates medical curriculums towards society's needs. Experimental evidence of its benefit is unlikely to be forthcoming and yet more medical schools are likely to provide it. Effort could usefully be concentrated on evaluating the methods and outcomes of early experience provided within non-experimental research designs, and using that evaluation to improve the quality of curriculums.

A Bayesian approach to imposing curvature on distance functions

The estimated parameters of output distance functions frequently violate the monotonicity, quasi-convexity and convexity constraints implied by economic theory, leading to estimated elasticities and shadow prices that are incorrectly signed, and ultimately to perverse conclusions concerning the effects of input and output changes on productivity growth and relative efficiency levels. We show how a Bayesian approach can be used to impose these constraints on the parameters of a translog output distance function. Implementing the approach involves the use of a Gibbs sampler with data augmentation. A Metropolis-Hastings algorithm is also used within the Gibbs to simulate observations from truncated pdfs. Our methods are developed for the case where panel data is available and technical inefficiency effects are assumed to be time-invariant. Two models-a fixed effects model and a random effects model-are developed and applied to panel data on 17 European railways. We observe significant changes in estimated elasticities and shadow price ratios when regularity restrictions are imposed. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Estimating variable returns to scale production frontiers with alternative stochastic assumptions

Two stochastic production frontier models are formulated within the generalized production function framework popularized by Zellner and Revankar (Rev. Econ. Stud. 36 (1969) 241) and Zellner and Ryu (J. Appl. Econometrics 13 (1998) 101). This framework is convenient for parsimonious modeling of a production function with returns to scale specified as a function of output. Two alternatives for introducing the stochastic inefficiency term and the stochastic error are considered. In the first the errors are added to an equation of the form h(log y, theta) = log f (x, beta) where y denotes output, x is a vector of inputs and (theta, beta) are parameters. In the second the equation h(log y,theta) = log f(x, beta) is solved for log y to yield a solution of the form log y = g[theta, log f(x, beta)] and the errors are added to this equation. The latter alternative is novel, but it is needed to preserve the usual definition of firm efficiency. The two alternative stochastic assumptions are considered in conjunction with two returns to scale functions, making a total of four models that are considered. A Bayesian framework for estimating all four models is described. The techniques are applied to USDA state-level data on agricultural output and four inputs. Posterior distributions for all parameters, for firm efficiencies and for the efficiency rankings of firms are obtained. The sensitivity of the results to the returns to scale specification and to the stochastic specification is examined. (c) 2004 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Never-married childless women in Australia: Health and social circumstances in older age

A growing proportion of women reach older age without having married or having children. Assumptions that these older women are lonely, impoverished, and high users of social and health services are based on little evidence. This paper uses data from the Older cohort of the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women's Health to describe self-reported demographics, physical and emotional health, and use of services among 10,108 women aged 73-78, of whom 2.7% are never-married and childless. The most striking characteristic of this group is their high levels of education, which are associated with fewer reported financial difficulties and higher rates of private health insurance. There are few differences in self-reported physical or emotional health or use of health services between these and other groups of older women. Compared with older married women with children, they make higher use of formal services such as home maintenance and meal services, and are also more likely to provide volunteer services and belong to social groups. Overall, there is no evidence to suggest that these women are a problem group. Rather, it seems that their life experiences and opportunities prepare them for a successful and productive older age. (c) 2005 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Supermodularity and risk aversion

In this paper, we consider the relationship between supermodularity and risk aversion. We show that supermodularity of the certainty equivalent implies that the certainty equivalent of any random variable is less than its mean. We also derive conditions under which supermodularity of the certainty equivalent is equivalent to aversion to mean-preserving spreads in the sense of Rothschild and Stiglitz. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

CAPITAL PSICOLÓGICO COMO MODERADOR ENTRE PERCEPÇÕES DE SUPORTE NO AMBIENTE SOCIAL E NO CONTEXTO ORGANIZACIONAL DE EMPREENDEDIMENTOS ECONÔMICOS SOLIDÁRIOS

Nas últimas décadas o comportamento organizacional vem sendo foco de estudos visto a necessidade de se conhecer crenças, afetos e sentimentos, elementos cada vez mais importantes num processo rumo ao alcance de resultados organizacionais, principalmente num cenário de grande disputa e conquista por espaço em um mercado cada vez mais competitivo. Dessa forma, reconhece-se a importância do papel que o conhecimento sobre o comportamento humano tem na eficácia da gestão. O contexto da Economia Solidária aparece como uma forma de organização onde possui princípios organizativos que compreendem a posse coletiva dos meios de produção pelas pessoas que a utilizam, e gestão democrática da empresa, caracterizando a autogestão. A autogestão é uma forma de administração democrática e participativa, onde todos os trabalhadores devem ter acesso à informação de tudo o que acontece na empresa para poder definir metas de produção, políticas de investimentos e modernização, política de pessoal entre outras. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo analisar as relações de interdependência do capital psicológico, percepções de suporte social e percepções de suporte no contexto organizacional de empreendimentos econômicos solidários. Os participantes desse estudo escolhidos aleatoriamente foram 106 cooperados, e o instrumento de coleta de dados foi um questionário de autopreenchimento composto por quatro medidas validadas para o contexto brasileiro. As informações coletadas, todas representadas por indicadores numéricos, formaram um banco de dados para tratamento no software Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS), versão 18.0. Foram realizadas análises descritivas, correlações entre as variáveis (r de Pearson) e regressão linear. Também foram calculados os alfas de Cronbach para as escalas utilizadas. Os resultados obtidos apontam correlações positivas e significativas entre percepção de suporte social e as três dimensões de percepções de suporte social no trabalho e confirmam o capital psicológico como moderador entre percepções de suporte social e percepções de suporte social no trabalho.

PERCEPÇÃO DE SUPORTE SOCIAL E CONSUMO DE ÁLCOOL EM DESEMPREGADOS

O desemprego tem sido objeto de preocupação no contexto político, econômico e social, uma vez que a população de trabalhadores desempregados enfrenta dificuldades diárias para a obtenção de trabalho/ou emprego, situação que gera intenso sofrimento psíquico e pode repercutir de modo negativo na saúde do trabalhador. Este estudo teve por objetivo investigar a percepção de suporte social e o consumo de álcool em desempregados. Por meio de estudo epidemiológico, quantitativo e transversal constituímos uma amostra de 300 indivíduos, recrutados em uma agência pública em São Bernardo do Campo SP, que capta vagas no mercado e encaminha trabalhadores para recolocação profissional. A amostra resultou em 54,3% pessoas do gênero masculino, com idade média de 29,30, com mínimo de 18 anos e máximo de 56 anos; 67% tinham ensino médio, sendo 50% solteiros, 52% encontravam-se desempregados de um a seis meses, 37% residiam em imóvel próprio, e 37% possuíam renda familiar de um a dois salários mínimos. Foram utilizados três instrumentos auto-aplicáveis para coleta dos dados: a) Questionário de características sócio-demográficas; b) Escala de Percepção de Suporte Social (EPSS); c) Teste para Identificação de Problemas Relacionados ao Uso de Álcool (AUDIT). Os dados coletados foram submetidos ao programa estatístico SPSS, versão 15.0 para Windows que permitiu fazer as correlações entre as variáveis. Os resultados indicaram correlações significativas entre as variáveis: suporte prático e renda; suporte prático e suporte emocional, com idade. Estas correlações sugeriram que os sujeitos apresentavam melhor percepção de suporte prático na medida em que aumentava a renda familiar, e que quanto maior a idade, menor é a percepção do suporte prático e emocional recebido pela rede social. O AUDIT não apontou correlações significativas entre as variáveis estudadas, e 76% da amostra se situou na zona 1 consumo de baixo risco ou abstinência. Não verificamos correlação entre consumo de álcool e desemprego.(AU)

From words to action:visibility of management in supporting interdisciplinary team working in an acute rehabilitative geriatric hospital

Purpose: The following case study aims to explore management's, health professionals' and patients' experiences on the extent to which there is visibility of management support in achieving effective interdisciplinary team working, which is explicitly declared in the mission statement of a 60-bed acute rehabilitative geriatric hospital in Malta. Design/methodology/approach: A total of 21 semi-structured interviews were conducted with the above-mentioned key stakeholders. Findings: Three main distinct yet interdependent themes emerged as a result of thematic analysis: "managing a team-friendly hospital", "interdisciplinary team components", and "interdisciplinary team processes". The findings show that visibility of management support and its alignment with the process and content levels of interdisciplinary teamwork are key to integrated care for acute rehabilitative geriatric patients. Research limitations/implications: The emerging phenomena may not be reproducible in a different context; although many of the emerging themes could be comfortably matched with the existing literature. Practical implications: The implications are geared towards raising the consciousness and conscientiousness of good practice in interdisciplinary teamwork in hospitals, as well as in emphasizing organizational and management support as crucial factors for team-based organizations. Social implications: Interdisciplinary teamwork in acute rehabilitative geriatrics provides optimal quality and integrated health care delivery with the aim that the older persons are successfully discharged back to the community. Originality/value: The authors draw on solid theoretical frameworks - the complexity theory, team effectiveness model and the social identity theory - to support their major finding, namely the alignment of organizational and management support with intra-team factors at the process and content level. © Emerald Group Publishing Limited.