Morphological, physical and pedogenetic attributes related to water yield in small watersheds in Guarapari/ES, Brazil

Soil characteristics related to the genesis, land use and management are important factors in water dynamics in watersheds. This study evaluated physical, morphological and pedogenetic attributes related to water yield potential in small watersheds in Guarapari, ES, Brazil. The following representative profiles were selected, morphologically described and sampled in area of Atlantic Forest domain: Lithic Udifolists, Oxyaquic Udifluventes, Typic Paleudults, Typic Hapludults, Typic Hapludox, Oxic Dystrudepts and Typic Endoaquents. Samples were collected in the soil profiles for physical analysis. Measurements of field-saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil penetration resistance were perfomed in some profiles, which were under different uses. The Endoaquents of Limão Creek can be considered efficient as temporary water reservoirs. However, the use of artificial drainage tends to reduce this effect. Differential erosion was detected by the sand texture on the surface of the Typic Paleudults due to the low degree of clay flocculation, slope, high resistance to the penetration and low hydraulic conductivity of the Bt horizon, making it necessary to adopt soil management practices to increase the water infiltration. Under pasture, mainly in the cattle trails where the trampling is more intense, there was high resistance to penetration in the superficial layers of the Typic Hapludults. The Typic Hapludox have the greatest potential for water yield in the small watersheds because of its greater extent in the headwaters and their morphological and physical characteristics, which can result in increased aquifer recharge.

The main benefits associated with health and safety management systems certification in Portuguese small and medium enterprises post quality management system certification

The purpose of this study is to characterize how Portuguese Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) view the Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMSs) certification process, after receiving the Quality Management System (QMS) certification. References were based on the ISO 9001 standard for a QMS and OHSAS 18001 for OHSMS. The method used to evaluate the implemented systems, was by form of questionnaire. Those questioned had to have a certified quality management system, an implemented OHSMS and be a SME. The questionnaire was sent to 300 SMEs; 46 responses were received and validated. Of them, only 12 SMEs had the OHSMS certificate according to OHSAS 18001. Within those 12 companies that participated: 7 SMEs are from the industrial sector; 3 belong to the electricity/telecommunications sector and 2 SMEs are from the trade/services activity sector. The size of the sample was small, but corresponds to Portuguese reality. Moreover, 34 SMEs did not have the OHSMS certificate. The questionnaire requested the main reasons for SMEs to opt for non-certification and it was related with high costs, while the main reasons to certificate were, among others, needed to eliminate or minimize risks to workers. The main benefits that Portuguese SMEs have gained from the referred certifications have been, improved working conditions, ensuring compliance with legislation and better internal communication about risks and hazards. Also presented are the main difficulties in achieving an OHSMS certification including high certification costs, difficulties motivating personnel, difficulties in changing the company’s culture and increased bureaucracy.

Certification and integration of management systems: the experience of Portuguese small and medium enterprises

The purpose of this study was to characterize the situation of Portuguese Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) concerning the certification of their Quality Management Systems (QMS), Environmental Management Systems (EMS) and Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems (OHSMS), in their individually form, to identify benefits, drawbacks and difficulties associated with the certification process and to characterize the level of integration that has been achieved. This research was based on a survey carried out by the research team; it was administered to 46 Portuguese SMEs. Our sample comprised 20 firms (43%) from the Trade/Services activity sector, 17 (37%) from the Industrial sector, 5 (11%) from the Electricity/Telecommunications sector and 4 (9%) from the Construction area. All SMEs surveyed were certified according to the ISO 9001 (100%), a quarter of firms were certified according to the ISO 14001 (26.1%) and a few certified by OHSAS 18001 (15.2%). We undertook a multivariate cluster analysis, which enabled grouping variables into homogeneous groups or one or more common characteristics of the SMEs participating in the study. Results show that the main benefits that Portuguese SMEs have gained from the referred certifications have been, among others, an improvement of both their internal organization and external image. We also present the main difficulties in achieving certification. Overall, 7 of the Portuguese SMEs examined indicated that the main benefits of the IMS implementation management included costs reduction, increased employee training and easier compliance of legislation. The respective drawbacks and difficulties are also presented. Finally, we presented the main integrated items in the certified Portuguese SMEs we examined.

Modelos de regressão para estimação do volume de árvores comerciais, em florestas de Paragominas

Em fevereiro de 2009, o Ministério do Meio Ambiente criou a Resolução CONAMA 406, que determina que, a partir do segundo Plano Operacional Anual (POA), só será aceito, pelo órgão ambiental competente, o cálculo do volume de árvores em pé, mediante equação de volume, desenvolvida especificamente para o Plano de Manejo Florestal Sustentável (PMFS). Em função disso, necessita-se especificar um modelo estatístico para estimar o volume comercial das árvores. Neste trabalho, ajustou-se o modelo estatístico às informações coletadas em povoamento de floresta Ombrófila densa, localizada no município de Paragominas, Estado do Pará, com o objetivo de selecionar o de melhor ajuste e precisão. A amostra foi composta de 234 árvores, distribuídas em sete classes diamétricas, com amplitudes de 12 cm, no intervalo de 49 até 127 cm. Obteve-se o volume real, medindo-se as circunferências nas secções, a cada 2 m, determinando-se o CAP e a altura comercial real. A seleção para a escolha do melhor modelo teve como referência o valor da estatística F, o mais alto coeficiente de determinação (R²), o menor erro padrão da estimativa em percentagem (Syx%) e a análise de resíduos, por meio do Desvio Médio Porcentual (DMP). Com base nas estatísticas mencionadas, concluiu-se que o melhor entre os modelos tradicionais, a ser empregado na área, foi o proposto por Schumacher-Hall. Finalmente, concluiu-se que o modelo alternativo, com variável dummy, é melhor e deve ser o adotado em florestas nativas da Amazônia.

Interação entre volume de vaso e competição com plantas daninhas sobre o crescimento da soja

RESUMO A avaliação dos efeitos da competição das plantas daninhas sobre o crescimento da soja é efetuada por meio de ensaios em ambientes protegidos. Esses ensaios, geralmente, são feitos em recipientes (vasos) em que se testam os efeitos desejados em diferentes épocas de coleta. O tamanho (volume) dos vasos a ser escolhido depende do tipo de estudo, da espécie-teste e das variáveis que serão estudadas. Por esta razão, objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito do tamanho de vasos na habilidade competitiva da soja com as plantas daninhas Urochloa brizantha e Bidens pilosa. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação e o delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 × 5, com quatro repetições. Os fatores considerados no experimento foram três sistemas de competição (soja cultivada isoladamente, soja + U. brizantha e soja + B. pilosa) e cinco volumes dos recipientes (2, 4, 7, 10 e 16 dm3). O crescimento das plantas de soja foi afetado tanto pelo volume dos vasos quanto pela competição com U. brizantha e B. pilosa, sendo que U. brizantha foi mais competitiva com a soja. Vasos com maiores volumes aumentam os efeitos da competição sobre o crescimento da soja.