1000 resultados para Sistema de transporte aéreo


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Tópico 1 – Premissas iniciais O tópico apresenta as três premissas condicionantes da possibilidade de construção do SUS: a primeira origina-se do movimento da Medicina Social, no século XIX, estabelecendo a determinação social das condições de saúde e da visão contrária, que veio a se constituir o modelo hegemônico unicausal, advinda da teoria pasteuriana, estabelecendo como causa das doenças, exclusivamente, à contaminação por bactérias, dissociando as condições de saúde de suas causas sociais; a segunda está na base do modelo médico norte americano do início do século XX, ao criar um novo paradigma de ensino da medicina, baseado na unicausalidade, biologista, hospitalocêntrico, fragmentário e positivista, possibilitando o surgimento do complexo médico industrial; a terceira decorre da contestação do Círculo de Viena, pondo abaixo a teoria positivista, por meio do entendimento de que existe um processo permanente de desvelamento, do qual decorre o princípio do conhecimento máximo, que permite explorar, superar e incorporar novos conhecimentos ao saber anteriormente constituído. Tópico 2 – Condições de instalação do modelo brasileiro O tópico historia que: na década de 1960, coexistiam no Brasil a incipiente medicina sanitarista de campanhas, a cargo do MS e a medicina previdenciária, oferecida às categorias profissionais pelos seus IAPs, ficando a população pobre dependente dos hospitais de caridade, ligados à Igreja; o advento do Golpe Militar, a diminuição de verbas para o MS, e as mudanças de orientação provocam crescimento de epidemias e decréscimo das condições de saúde; o retrocesso no ensino da medicina, formando profissionais segundo a lógica capitalista de mercado, conforme o modelo flexneriano, suprimindo a disciplina de terapêutica, tornando médicos reféns do tecnicismo da indústria de fármacos e equipamentos, fortalecendo o complexo médico industrial, capaz de influenciar os três poderes por meio de lobby. É apresentado, também, o contra movimento que, na década de 1970, devido à crise mundial do petróleo e à necessidade de novas saídas para crescentes problemas de na área de saúde abriram espaço para uma corrente de profissionais dispostos a lutar contra o modelo unicausal e o complexo médico industrial – o Movimento de Reforma Sanitária – proveniente da Medicina Social, reivindicando recursos para a medicina preventiva e denunciando gastos indevidos apenas com a atenção curativa em esquemas altamente corrompidos. Juntamente com outros grupos, obtêm conquistas como REME, CEBES, a 1ª Residência em Saúde Comunitária, em Porto Alegre, e o 1º Encontro, em São Paulo. Tópico 3 – Ventos de Mudança O tópico demonstra que, de 1976, até hoje, verifica-se uma tensão entre as forças do complexo médico industrial e o movimento sanitarista, sendo apontados como marcos de vitórias desse último: as 7ª e 8ª Conferência Nacional de Saúde, propiciando o debate multidisciplinar e inclusivo; a proposta da PREV-Saúde; a fusão MPS/MS; a criação dos Postos de Saúde, como orientação para a medicina social; o PAIS, a criação do INAMPS, sob a presidência de Hésio Cordeiro e a reativação da FIOCRUZ, sob a direção de Sérgio Arouca – figuras emblemáticas das lutas da Medicina Social e do Movimento de Reforma Sanitária. Tais eventos são, assim, considerados berço de uma política ministerial que veio a se tornar a matriz do SUS e da atual orientação política traduzida pelo lema: Saúde: direito de todos e dever do Estado. Tópico 4 – O SUS No tópico, é historiada a origem do SUS, a partir da 8ª Conferência Nacional de Saúde, na qual é discutido o conceito ampliado de saúde, como resultante das condições alimentares, habitacionais, ambientais, de renda, trabalho e emprego, posse e cultivo da terra, transporte e assistência dos serviços de saúde, ou seja, das formas de organização social e produção, defendendo sua contextualização histórica e a determinação social. É, também, apontado que, na Constituição de 1988, pela 1ª vez, na Carta Magna, a saúde é declarada direito universal, em 1992, são criados os NOBs, e, em 1993, após o impeachment de Collor, o 1º Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF) dá forma à atenção básica; em 1996 são criados os Polos de Capacitação Formação e Educação Permanente, responsáveis pela rápida multiplicação de equipes capazes de atender às premissas do SUS de: atenção básica, promoção de saúde, acolhimento, visitas domiciliares, educação em saúde, trabalho em equipes multidisciplinares de alta resolutividade, rumo a universalidade e equidade. Tópico 5 – O SUS na última década O tópico mostra a atuação, desde 2002, de grandes equipes no PSF que, embora com problemas, ampliou o número de residências multiprofissionais em Saúde da Família para 20, com Polos de Capacitação e 50 cursos de especialização. Mostra, também: a necessidade de modificar a formação acadêmica na área de saúde de modo a romper com o paradigma flexneriano unicausal, apontando, como passo importante nesse sentido, a nova lei de Diretrizes Curriculares nos Cursos de Graduação em Saúde, formando profissionais críticos, reflexivos e humanistas de alta resolutividade; o redimensionamento, em 2003, no MS, do Departamento de Atenção Básica e da Secretaria de Gestão do Trabalho em Educação de Saúde (SGTES); o foco na integralidade em atenção básica, disseminando uma nova cultura de consensos, posturas e escuta da população por meio de iniciativas como os Polos de Educação Permanente, Pró-Saúde, Departamento de Gestão da Educação na Saúde (DGES com suas 3 dimensões: educação popular, educação técnica e educação superior), Humaniza SUS, Ver SUS e Aprender SUS; a política conjunta MS/MEC que, em 2004, realiza a mudança na formação universitária por meio do eixo Práticas de Integralidade em Saúde, para mudança curricular, destronando o pensamento hegemônico e direcionado a ênfase dos cursos para a formação de recursos humanos multidisciplinares, para atuar em equipes com 14 diferentes formações profissionais, residências em Medicina da Família e da Comunidade, programa Telessaúde, Rede de Atendimento Básico, expansão do quadro e da variedade de profissionais dos Núcleos de Atenção a Saúde da Família (NASFs). Tópico 6 – Últimos avanços e embates para a consolidação do SUS Neste tópico, são mostrados os últimos grandes avanços, como a regulamentação de aspectos centrais para a consolidação das diretrizes organizativas da Rede de Atenção á Saúde (RAS) a regulamentação dos NASFs, assim como novos parâmetros de financiamento e serviços, ressaltando também a existência de diversos embates revelando diferentes concepções e interesses, como por exemplo, os relacionados à destinação de verbas federais para a saúde. O tópico reforça, também, que, para o Programa Nacional de Atenção Básica, a Saúde da Família é estratégia e linha de atuação prioritária, que deve se configurar como processo progressivo e singular, considerando e incluindo as especificidades locorregionais, resgatando a ideia da rede hierarquizada e regionalizada de saúde, para o cuidado integral e direcionado às necessidades de saúde da população, sendo o primeiro ponto de atenção e principal porta de entrada do sistema, com equipe multidisciplinar de base resolutiva, coordenando o cuidado e ordenando as redes. Unidade 3 do módulo 2 que compõe o Curso de Especialização Multiprofissional em Saúde da Família.

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Multi-element analyses of sediment samples from the Santos-Cubatão Estuarine System were carried out to investigate the spatial and seasonal variability of trace-element concentrations. The study area contains a rich mangrove ecosystem that is a habitat for tens of thousands of resident and migratory birds, some of them endangered globally. Enrichments of metals in fine-grained surface sediments are, in decreasing order, Hg, Mn, La, Ca, Sr, Cd, Zn, Pb, Ba, Cu, Cr, Fe, Nb, Y, Ni and Ga, relative to pre-industrial background levels. The maximum enrichment ranged from 49 (Hg) to 3.1 (Ga). Mercury concentrations were greater in the Cubatão river than in other sites, while the other elements showed greater concentrations in the Morrão river. Concentrations of Mn were significantly greater in winter and autumn than in summer and spring. However, other elements (e.g. Cd and Pb) showed the opposite, with greater concentrations in summer and spring. This study suggests that seasonal changes in physical and chemical conditions may affect the degree of sediment enrichment and therefore make the assessment of contamination difficult. Consequently, these processes need to be considered when assessing water quality and the potential contamination of biota.

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A solid-phase in-line extraction system for water samples containing low levels of emerging contaminants is described. The system was specially developed for large volume samples (up to 4 L) using commercial solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridges. Four sets containing PTFE-made connectors, brass adapters and ball valves were used to fit SPE cartridges and sample bottles to a 4-port manifold attached to a 20 L carboy. A lab-made vacuum device was connected to the manifold cap. The apparatus is robust and less expensive than the typical available system. Its also provides less experimental handling, avoiding cross contamination and sample losses.

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This study had as objective the evaluation of mechanical damages occurred in banana Nanicão during the improvement process, packing and distribution, identifying the probable critical points. The mechanical damages caused by transport, first cleaning; cleanness and sorting; preservation in the packing, transport, and mature were evaluated. The studied packing had been: torito wooden packing (18 kg), wood type ½ box, (13 kg) and cardboard (18 kg). The stage of preservation and transport of the fruits to the distribution center duplicated the light defects and quintupled the serious defects, causing rottenness after the acclimatization. The cardboard packing did not support the piling up and presented deformations, that resulted in the kneading the fruits of the inferior packing, causing a significant increase of the serious defects. The fruits conditioned in the involved packing of plastic bubble had presented an inferior number of serious damages when compared with the others packing, without the plastic.

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The difficulty in adapting European dairy cows breeds in Brazil affect considerably the milk production sector. Brazilian climatic conditions are not totally favorable and the development of new tecnologies is needed for the animals express their genetic potential, as well as their best feed conversion. An economical analysis of the applied investment in the free-stall climatization equipment in dairy housing, for estimating studies related to profit, possibility of return investment as well as time for this return is necessary. The objective of this research was to evaluate the influence of climatization investment in the milk production process and analyze the economical aspect of this investment. There were used 470 high productive dairy cows with genetic and morphologic homogeneous characteristics, and analyzed in two similar periods. Investment calculations were done using Excell®. The results were satisfactory and the invested capital was proved to return to the producer in a short term, 57 days.

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In the last few years the sugar-cane mechanical harvested area has increased, especially in regions with appropriated slop. The use of this technology brings some inconveniences, such as, the increase in the percentage of extraneous matter, which causes the reduction of technological quality of the raw material, and losses in the field. Extraneous matter (trash) is composed of tops and leaves in major percentage, plus soil and roots, and eventually some metal parts. In the green cane harvest system the percentage of extraneous matter has a tendency to increase due to the great amount of vegetal matter to be processed. The increase in the blower fan speed to reduce the amount of extraneous matter can lead to an unacceptable economic level of raw material losses. The main objective of this work was, using a cane loss monitor, to evaluate and quantify the amount of visible losses of sugar cane through the primary extractor at two different fan speeds. Afterwards these losses were related to the harvester cleaning efficiency. The piezoelectric transducer shows a reasonable sensibility. The results show that the cleaning efficiency in the primary extractor (85% mean), the cane losses (between 5.68% and 2.15%) and fan speed are interrelated. The total losses and specially splinters (between 3.19% and 0.91%), showed a significant difference among the treatments.

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One of the problems found in mechanical harvest of sugar cane is the lack of synchronism between the harvest machine and the infield wagon, causing crop losses as well as operational capacity. The objective of the present research was to design a system capable of helping to synchronize the sugar cane harvest machine with the wagon. The communication between tractor and harvest machine is wireless. Two ultrasound sensors coupled to the elevator and a microprocessor manage such information, generating a correct synchronization among the machines. The system was tested in laboratory and on field performing its function adequately, maintaining the two machines in synchronization, indicating and alerting the operators their relative positions. The developed system reduced the sugar cane lost in 60 kg ha-1 comparing to the harvest with the system turned off.

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The swine breeder rearing environment directly affects the animal's performance. This research had the objective of developing a thermal, aerial and acoustic environmental evaluation pattern for boar housing. The experiment was carried on a commercial swine farm in Salto County -SP, Brazil. Thermal, aerial and acoustic environment data of rearing conditions were registered. Data were statistically analyzed using as threshold the ideal housing environment that leads to animal welfare. Results showed that ambient temperature was around 70% beyond normal range, while air relative humidity, air speed and gases concentration were within threshold values. Noise level data besides being within normal range did not present large variation. In relation to the fuzzy logic analysis it was possible to build up a scenario which indicated that the best welfare indexes to male swine breeders happens when thermal comfort index are close to 80%, and noise level is lower than 40 dB. In the other hand the worst welfare index occur in the sector where the thermal comfort values are below 40% at the same time that the noise level is higher than 80 dB leading to inadequate conditions to the animal, and may directly interfere in the reproduction system performance.

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The MINUS system was developed as a minimally invasive procedure that uses a diaphyseal cephalic extramedullary implant for the treatment of transtrochanteral fractures of the femur in elderly patients. The implant consists of a sliding screw coupled to a plate adapted to the minimally invasive technique. The surgical access is approximately three centimeters in length located on the lateral surface of the hip, below the projection of the small trochanter. A perfectly adapted instrument was used for the procedure, which also requires the use of an image intensifier, reducing surgery time and rate of bleeding. The objective of this study is to present a new instrument and implant, developed specifically for treatment with the minimally invasive technique, reducing the length of the conventional surgical access from 10 to three centimetres. This new implant was given the commercial name of MINUS System.

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Problems identified in the study and analysis of the phonology of Brazilian Indian languages belonging to the Macro-Jê branch such as Kaingang, Maxakali, and Mebengokre led the author to confirm the accuracy of some intuitions on the part of Piggott (1992) and Rice (1993) on dealing with relations between nasality and sonorancy (D'Angelis 1998). The applicability of the approach to the distinct processes of nasality and nasalization in Portuguese was verified with surprising results that recover some intuitions of Trubetzkoy (1939) and contribute to reconfirm the Mattoso Câmara's (1953; 1970) considerations, but at the same time go beyond them. This article presents the result of this investigation and its conclusions that suggest the validity and the necessity of reexamining even the phonemic inventory of the Portuguese language, an issue not at all questioned in the teaching of phonology, to take into account the linguistic changes in the phonological system of that language in the last fifty years.

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This text which discusses the central theme of the National Conference on Education (CONAE), held in Brasília from 28th March to 1st April 2010, deals with the concept of a National System of Education in articulation with the National Plan of Education. To that end, after pointing to the basic uses of the concept of system, it discusses the question of the National System of Education exploring the federative question in order to reveal the complete compatibility of the organization of the National System of Education with the federative regime. Thereafter, it deals with the historical meaning of the National Plan of Education demonstrating that the plan is a demand of the system, since planned action is implicit in systematized education. Thus the National Plan of Education is fulfilling those goals and objectives for which it is responsible.

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OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the positive predictive value for BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System) categories 3, 4 and 5, correlating mammographic and histological diagnosis in non-palpable breast lesions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Analytical-descriptive study of 169 women submitted to stereotactic localization for surgical biopsy of non-palpable breast lesions. Mammographic and histological findings were correlated, analyzing the predictive positive value for each category. RESULTS: Forty-two (24.8%) cases were diagnosed with breast cancer - only one in category 3, 19 in category 4, and 22 in category 5. The positive predictive value for categories 3, 4A, 4B, 4C and 5 were, respectively, 3.4%, 10.3%, 11.3%, 36% and 91.7%. Microcalcifications were the most frequent finding related to malignancy, present in 61.5% of these cases. CONCLUSION: The present study has demonstrated that BI-RADS allows a safe prediction of high suspicion of malignancy in lesions category 5 and low suspicion for category 3. As regards the category 4, the positive predictive value has shown a progressive increase in subcategories A, B and C, demonstrating that this subclassification represents an invaluable contribution for a more detailed and accurate assessment of lesions suspicious for malignancy.

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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

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Universidade Estadual de Campinas . Faculdade de Educação Física

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Universidade Estadual de Campinas. Faculdade de Educação Física