Target Molecular Size and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis Analysis of the ATP-and Pyrophosphate-Dependent Proton Pumps from Maize Root Tonoplast.

Tonoplast-enriched membranes were prepared from maize (Zea mays L. cv LG 11) primary roots, using sucrose nonlinear gradients. The functional molecular size of the tonoplast ATP-and PPi-dependent proton pumps were analyzed by radiation inactivation. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) was added as an internal standard. Frozen samples (-196 degrees C) of the membranes were irradiated with (60)Co for different periods of time. After thawing the samples, the activities of G6PDH, ATPase, and PPase were tested. By applying target theory, the functional sizes of the ATPase and PPase in situ were found to be around 540 and 160 kilodaltons, respectively. The two activities were solubilized and separated by gel filtration chromatography. The different polypeptides copurifying with the two pumps were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Two bands (around 59 and 65 kilodaltons) were associated with the ATPase activity, whereas a double band (around 40 kilodaltons) was recovered with the PPase activity.

Induction of innate immune responses through Nalp3 inflammasome sensing of asbestos and silica

The inhalation of airborne pollutants such as asbestos or silica is linked to inflammation of the lung, fibrosis and lung cancer. How the presence of pathogenic dust is recognised, and how chronic inflammatory diseases are triggered are poorly understood. We will se show that asbestos and silica are sensed by the Nalp3 inflammasome, whose subsequent activation leads to IL-1b secretion. Inflammasome activation is triggered by reactive oxygen species, which are generated by a NADPH oxidase upon particle phagocytosis. In a model of asbestos inhalation, Nalp3_/_ mice showed diminished recruitment of inflammatory cells to the lungs, paralleled by lower cytokine production. Our findings implicate the Nalp3 inflammasome in particulate matter-related pulmonary diseases and support its role as a major proinflammatory ''danger" receptor.

Innate immune activation through Nalp3 inflammasome sensing of asbestos and silica

The inhalation of airborne pollutants, such as asbestos or silica, is linked to inflammation of the lung, fibrosis, and lung cancer. How the presence of pathogenic dust is recognized and how chronic inflammatory diseases are triggered are poorly understood. Here, we show that asbestos and silica are sensed by the Nalp3 inflammasome, whose subsequent activation leads to interleukin-1beta secretion. Inflammasome activation is triggered by reactive oxygen species, which are generated by a NADPH oxidase upon particle phagocytosis. (NADPH is the reduced form of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.) In a model of asbestos inhalation, Nalp3-/- mice showed diminished recruitment of inflammatory cells to the lungs, paralleled by lower cytokine production. Our findings implicate the Nalp3 inflammasome in particulate matter-related pulmonary diseases and support its role as a major proinflammatory "danger" receptor

Proteomic analysis of peach fruit mesocarp softening and chilling injury using difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE)

Background: Peach fruit undergoes a rapid softening process that involves a number of metabolic changes. Storing fruit at low temperatures has been widely used to extend its postharvest life. However, this leads to undesired changes, such as mealiness and browning, which affect the quality of the fruit. In this study, a 2-D DIGE approach was designed to screen for differentially accumulated proteins in peach fruit during normal softening as well as under conditions that led to fruit chilling injury. Results:The analysis allowed us to identify 43 spots -representing about 18% of the total number analyzed- that show statistically significant changes. Thirty-nine of the proteins could be identified by mass spectrometry. Some of the proteins that changed during postharvest had been related to peach fruit ripening and cold stress in the past. However, we identified other proteins that had not been linked to these processes. A graphical display of the relationship between the differentially accumulated proteins was obtained using pairwise average-linkage cluster analysis and principal component analysis. Proteins such as endopolygalacturonase, catalase, NADP-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase, pectin methylesterase and dehydrins were found to be very important for distinguishing between healthy and chill injured fruit. A categorization of the differentially accumulated proteins was performed using Gene Ontology annotation. The results showed that the 'response to stress', 'cellular homeostasis', 'metabolism of carbohydrates' and 'amino acid metabolism' biological processes were affected the most during the postharvest. Conclusions: Using a comparative proteomic approach with 2-D DIGE allowed us to identify proteins that showed stage-specific changes in their accumulation pattern. Several proteins that are related to response to stress, cellular homeostasis, cellular component organization and carbohydrate metabolism were detected as being differentially accumulated. Finally, a significant proportion of the proteins identified had not been associated with softening, cold storage or chilling injury-altered fruit before; thus, comparative proteomics has proven to be a valuable tool for understanding fruit softening and postharvest.

Investigations of a thermosensitive gel to temporarily occlude crural arteries in femoro-distal bypass surgery

L'artériopathie oblitérante des membres inférieurs (AOMI) est une pathologie de plus en plus fréquemment rencontrée en raison du vieillissement le la population et de l'augmentation de la prévalence du diabète. Les patients souffrant d'AOMI se manifestant par une ichémie critique du membre nécessitent un geste de revascularisation, afin que le risque d'amputation, acte fortement morbide, soit diminué. La revascularisation par voie endovasculaire est de nos jours la technique de premier choix mais en cas d'occlusion longue des artères jambières, une approche chirurgicale avec confection d'un pontage ne peut être évitée. La technique nécessite alors, lors de la confection de l'anastomose, de l'occlusion temporaire de l'artère en amont et en aval de rartériotomie, ce qui est réalisé traditionnellement à l'aide de clamps ou cathéters intravasculaires. Ces instruments présentent différents inconvénients reconnus - efficacité médiocre au vu d'artères fortement calcifiées et induction de lésions endothéliales notamment. Un nouveau type d'instrument est apparu sur le marché après approbation de la FDA, sous forme d'un gel thermosensible qui constitue un bouchon occlusif une fois injecté dans l'artère et se dissout spontanément après quelques minutes. Ce gel ayant été expérimenté avec succès en chirurgie cardiovasculaire chez des animaux, nous avons voulu évaluer l'efficacité et l'innocuité de son utilisation lors de la réalisation de pontages fémoro-jambier dans une cohorte de vingt patients. Différents paramètres opératoires ont été notés tels que le volume de gel injecté, les temps d'occlusion efficace et de confection d'anastomose ainsi que la qualité de l'occlusion vasculaire obtenue. Une artériographie per-opératoire a été réalisée de manière systématique à la recherche d'emboles de gel résiduel. Les taux de perméabilité primaire, de sauvetage de membre et de survie à 6 mois ont été rapportés. Les résultats sont satisfaisants puisque la qualité d'occlusion a été jugée bonne à excellente dans la totalité des cas sans qu'aucun instrument d'occlusion supplémentaire n'ait dû être employé et que le temps d'occlusion dépassait légèrement le temps nécessaire à la confection de l'anastomose. L'artériographie des deux premiers cas seulement a révélé la présence d'emboles distaux, avant que nous corrigions notre technique pour obtenir une dissolution instantanée du gel. Nous avons obtenu à 6 mois un taux de perméabilité primaire de 75% avec un taux de sauvetage de membre à 87.5%, le taux de mortalité à 30 jours étant de 10% - sans relation avec le gel. En conclusion, nous avons montré que l'utilisation de ce gel comme instrument d'occlusion vasculaire temporaire est sûre et efficace lors de la chirurgie de pontage fémoro-jambier. L'hypothèse qu'il pourrait être moins délétère pour l'endothélium et contribuer ainsi à une amélioration du taux de perméabilité des pontages distaux mériterait d'être testée dans le cadre d'une étude randomisée multicentrique.

Investigating the Effect of Aloe vera Gel on the Buccal Permeability of Didanosine.

The buccal mucosal route offers several advantages but the delivery of certain drugs can be limited by low membrane permeability. This study investigated the buccal permeability properties of didanosine (ddI) and assessed the potential of ALOE VERA gel (AVgel) as a novel buccal permeation enhancer. Permeation studies were performed using Franz diffusion cells, and the drug was quantified by UV spectroscopy. Histomorphological evaluations were undertaken using light and transmission electron microscopy. The permeability of ddI was concentration-dependent, and it did not have any adverse effects on the buccal mucosae. A linear relationship (R (2) = 0.9557) between the concentrations and flux indicated passive diffusion as the mechanism of drug transport. AVgel at concentrations of 0.25 to 2 %w/v enhanced ddI permeability with enhancement ratios from 5.09 (0.25 %w/v) to 11.78 (2 %w/v) but decreased permeability at 4 and 6 %w/v. Ultrastructural analysis of the buccal mucosae treated with phosphate buffer saline pH 7.4 (PBS), ddI/PBS, and ddI/PBS/AVgel 0.5 %w/v showed cells with normal plasmalemma, well-developed cristae, and nuclei with regular nuclear envelopes. However, cells from 1, 2, and 6 %w/v AVgel-treated mucosae showed irregular nuclear outlines, increased intercellular spacing, and plasmalemma crenulations. This study demonstrates the potential of AVgel as a buccal permeation enhancer for ddI to improve anti-HIV and AIDS therapy.

Aaqline-gel-Djzalere : chants kabyles ; Anel-áafouar-a-Sidi : chants kabyles / Amar Chaqual, chant ; avec Au Babas

[Traditions. Afrique du Nord. Algérie. Kabylie]

A comparison of frailty of primary neurons, embryonic, and aging mouse cortical layers.

Superficial layers I to III of the human cerebral cortex are more vulnerable toward Aβ peptides than deep layers V to VI in aging. Three models of layers were used to investigate this pattern of frailty. First, primary neurons from E14 and E17 embryonic murine cortices, corresponding respectively to future deep and superficial layers, were treated either with Aβ1-42, okadaic acid, or kainic acid. Second, whole E14 and E17 embryonic cortices, and third, in vitro separated deep and superficial layers of young and old C57BL/6J mice, were treated identically. We observed that E14 and E17 neurons in culture were prone to death after the Aβ and particularly the kainic acid treatment. This was also the case for the superficial layers of the aged cortex, but not for the embryonic, the young cortex, and the deep layers of the aged cortex. Thus, the aged superficial layers appeared to be preferentially vulnerable against Aβ and kainic acid. This pattern of vulnerability corresponds to enhanced accumulation of senile plaques in the superficial cortical layers with aging and Alzheimer's disease.

Enhanced sensitivity detection of protein immobilization by fluorescent interference on oxidized silicon.

We present a silicon chip-based approach for the enhanced sensitivity detection of surface-immobilized fluorescent molecules. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) is bound to the silicon substrate by a disuccinimidyl terephtalate-aminosilane immobilization procedure. The immobilized organic layers are characterized by surface analysis techniques, like ellipsometry, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and X-ray induced photoelectron spectroscopy. We obtain a 20-fold enhancement of the fluorescent signal, using constructive interference effects in a fused silica dielectric layer, deposited before immobilization onto the silicon. Our method opens perspectives to increase by an order of magnitude the fluorescent response of surface immobilized DNA- or protein-based layers for a variety of biosensor applications.

Statistical discrimination of black gel pen inks analysed by laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry

Pearson correlation coefficients were applied for the objective comparison of 30 black gel pen inks analysed by laser desorption ionization mass spectrometry (LDI-MS). The mass spectra were obtained for ink lines directly on paper using positive and negative ion modes at several laser intensities. This methodology has the advantage of taking into account the reproducibility of the results as well as the variability between spectra of different pens. A differentiation threshold could thus be selected in order to avoid the risk of false differentiation. Combining results from positive and negative mode yielded a discriminating power up to 85%, which was better than the one obtained previously with other optical comparison methodologies. The technique also allowed discriminating between pens from the same brand.

Estudio comparado de la génesis de espeleotemas silíceos en granitoides de climas semiáridos y templados húmedos

Silica speleothems take differenr forms such as cylindrical stems growing from either the floor or the ceiling in granitic caves. Mineralogically they are opal-A and accumulate in successive layers with a whiskery druse tip formed by gypsum crystals. Initially they are porous but progressively become infilled by opal precipitation. This results in formation of solid speleothems. their size is only a few millimetres long. Bacterial activity accelerate quartz dissolution

Study of the variability in chemical composition of bark layers of Quercus Suber L. from different production areas

Cork is the bark of the cork oak tree (Quercus suber L), a renewable and biodegradable raw bioresource concentrated mainly in the Mediterranean region. Development of its potential uses as a biosorbent will require the investigation of its chemical composition; such information can be of help to understand its interactions with organic pollutants. The present study investigates the summative chemical composition of three bark layers (back, cork, and belly) of five Spanish cork samples and one cork sample from Portugal. Suberin was the main component in all the samples (21.1 to 53.1%), followed by lignin (14.8 to 31%), holocellulose (2.3 to 33.6%), extractives (7.3 to 20.4%), and ash (0.4 to 3.3%). The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine whether the variations in chemical composition with respect to the production area and bark layers were significant. The results indicate that, with respect to the bark layer, significant differences were found only for suberin and holocellulose contents: they were higher in the belly and cork than in the back. Based on the results presented, cork is a material with a lot of potential because of its heterogeneity in chemical composition