939 resultados para Salts in soils
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研究了黄土沟壑区小流域塬面、坡地、梯田和沟道土壤微量元素的剖面分布特征,以揭示不同地形条件下微量元素的有效性及地球化学特性.结果表明,不同土层土壤全量微量元素的变异系数均小于15%,为小变异土壤性质,有效态和吸附态铁和锰的变异系数均高于36%,为高度变异土壤性质;有效态和吸附态锌和铜属于中到高度变异.全量铁、锰和铜以沟道土壤较高,全锌、有效态和吸附态微量元素含量以塬面土壤较高.不同形态微量元素的剖面分布趋势取决于地形条件.不同地形下成土过程及不同地形条件所对应的土地利用方式造成了全量微量元素的差异,而土壤有机质含量的差异是不同地形条件下有效态和吸附态微量元素剖面分布特征不同的主要原因.
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以黄土高原南部地区的两个定位试验为基础,研究了旱地不同栽培和施肥模式对土壤微生物量碳、氮和可溶性有机碳、氮的影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖显著提高土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)含量,地膜覆盖使SMBN含量显著降低;秸秆和地膜覆盖显著降低小麦拔节期和灌浆期土壤可溶性有机氮(SON)含量。适量施用化学氮肥(120kg/hm2)有利于小麦生长后期SMBN含量的升高,而过量施用(240 kg/hm2)显著降低SMBN含量。与不施肥处理相比,土地经长期撂荒后0-10 cm土层SMBC,SMBN,SOC和SON含量显著提高;氮磷钾配施有机肥显著提高小麦各生育期0-10,10-20 cm土层SMBC,SMBN,SOC和SON的含量;单施氮磷钾肥对土壤SMBC,SMBN含量无明显影响,提高土壤SOC,SON的平均含量。土壤SMBC,SMBN,SOC和SON含量两两之间呈极显著正相关关系,四者含量与土壤有机碳、全氮含量间的正相关关系也达显著或极显著水平。
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以六盘山森林植被为研究对象,通过20多年的森林土壤种子库变化与植被演替过程的试验研究,分析了8种森林群落类型的不同生长年限、生长坡位、枯枝落叶层和土壤深度对土壤种子库形成过程的影响。结果表明:六盘山森林群落不同生长坡位,土壤种子库的储量坡中部>坡下部>坡上部;不同层次土壤种子库,枯枝落叶层远高于0-15 cm深土层,8种森林群落类型排序为华北落叶松林>油松林>华山松林>辽东栎林>山杨林>白桦林>灌丛>草地;土壤种子库储量高峰期,不同群落有显著差异,华山松林和油松林在林龄的30~40年,华北落叶松林在20年,辽东栎林、山杨林、白桦林在15~20年,灌丛和草地在10~20年,其森林群落生长年限与土壤种子库储量变化趋势呈拟合曲线,符合指数方程,相关性极为显著;土壤种子库物种组成丰富,草本和灌木植物远高于乔木树种,乔木树种仅有3~5种,但多数为外来入侵种,而在每一类型中出现频率最高的草地植物多为蒿类,灌木植物为柔毛绣线菊和沙棘,乔木为辽东栎树种。因此,在六盘山林区植被自然更新与合理演替的驱动种和先锋种草地植物为蒿类,灌木植物为柔毛绣线菊和沙棘,乔木为辽东栎,其次是华北落叶松、油松和华山松。
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针对蚕豆根尖微核试验方法现存的问题并结合土壤自身的特性,进行了蚕豆微核试验方法改进的试验研究。在此基础上,本文选择蚕豆幼苗次生根根尖为供试材料,以细胞有丝分裂指数(MI)、染色体畸变率(CAF)和微核率(MNF)为试验指标,开展了我国典型土壤(红壤、棕壤和黑土)中低剂量(0~10 mg•kg-1)镉污染遗传毒性剂量-效应关系研究。研究针对蚕豆根尖微核遗传毒性评价指标“污染指数”的缺陷,首次提出“毒性指数”。“毒性指数”将有丝分裂指数、染色体畸变率和微核率指标所得数据结合,评价土壤镉遗传毒性水平。与此同时,研究选择蚕豆幼苗叶片为供试材料,进行了以抗氧化酶活性(SOD、POD和CAT)和植物激素含量(ABA、GA3和Z&ZR)为指标的镉污染胁迫生态毒理试验研究,并比较了上述三类指标对土壤镉污染的毒性响应及敏感性。 蚕豆根尖微核方法改进试验结果表明,在三种备选试验材料中,蚕豆初生根、次生根根尖细胞和芽尖细胞均对镉胁迫响应显著。与芽尖细胞相比,根尖细胞MI、CAF和MNF之间具有较好的相关性;而次生根尖细胞比与初生根尖细胞对镉响应更敏感,遗传毒性效应显著相关。在上述方法学研究基础上,将蚕豆幼苗次生根根尖微核试验应用到典型土壤镉污染的研究中,结果表明,同一剂量下,红壤中镉的遗传毒性效应最强,棕壤次之,黑土最不显著。土壤pH值与有机质含量对镉的遗传毒性影响较大。 抗氧化防御酶活性试验结果表明,POD和SOD在0~10 mg•kg-1镉浓度范围内先升高后降低,对镉毒性的指示效果最明显;CAT反应与SOD、POD相反,其作用机理有待进一步探讨。植物激素试验结果表明,ABA和Z&ZR对镉胁迫响应敏感,其含量与镉浓度存在良好的剂量-效应关系;GA3随着镉浓度的增加表现出无规律性,表明它对污染物的响应具有选择性。 试验数据显示,不同指标对镉胁迫均具有响应,但响应的域值及敏感度不同。比较而言,蚕豆根尖微核遗传毒性指标指示效应更明显。将各指标联合使用可使土壤镉污染的遗传和生态毒性诊断更为全面、有效。本研究为土壤镉污染早期诊断敏感指标筛选及指标组合提供了实验依据,为土壤重金属污染早期诊断奠定试验和理论基础。
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环境污染问题实际上是多种污染物共存引起的复合污染。多元体系复合污染条件下的交互作用,特别是有机与无机污染物复合污染,使得污染物在土壤中的环境行为、联合生态毒性效应及其发生机制变得更加复杂、更加不可预测。由于疏水性有机污染物(HOCs)和重金属在理化性质上存在极大差异,致使开展HOCs-重金属复合体系下,污染物的土壤环境行为和毒性效应机制的研究还存在一定的难度,这方面的研究也还不多。 本研究选择了典型的HOCs对二氯苯(1,4-DCB)和土壤中典型有毒重金属元素Cd、Cu为研究对象,着重分析共存污染物的存在对其各自环境吸附行为的影响及其作用规律;并开展了二者复合污染对土壤酶系统、土壤-植物复合生态系统的联合生态毒性效应的研究。 Cd、Cu的存在对1,4-DCB在棕壤和黑土上的吸附产生了竞争抑制作用,增加了其向土壤环境中的释放。其中,Cu的抑制程度高于Cd,老化Cd的抑制程度要高于未老化Cd。而1,4-DCB对Cd、Cu在两种土壤的吸附能力基本没有产生影响,但降低了Cd的解吸滞后性系数,对Cu的解吸影响较小。 1,4-DCB和Cd在土壤中的存在具有一定的生态风险,多数情况下抑制土壤脱氢酶和脲酶活性。 二者联合毒性类型表现复杂:低浓度1,4-DCB(50 mg kg-1)和Cd复合污染主要产生协同效应,而高浓度(100 mg kg-1)则产生协同、拮抗以及加和作用,与其浓度组合、土壤持留时间及酶种类有关。因此,用土壤酶活性变化作为指标来定量表征二者复合污染所引起的土壤环境质量变化还存在一定难度。 在土壤-植物复合系统中,不同植物叶片和根系具有不同的对抗污染物氧化胁迫的生理生化机制,各抗氧化剂会协同对抗,表现出不同的氧化损伤效应。1,4-DCB与Cd对植物膜脂质过氧化和抗氧化酶系统的联合毒性效应不仅与其浓度组合有关,还与植物种类以及受试部位有关。二者单一与复合处理均导致大豆叶片和小麦根部MDA含量升高,表明氧化胁迫作用的存在。因此,大豆叶片和小麦根部中MDA含量增加似乎更能反映其受污染物胁迫的程度。 采用多隔层根际箱方法,研究了1,4-DCB与Cd对不同植物根际各毫米级微域土壤酶活性的联合毒性效应。在相同浓度水平下,二者对大豆和小麦根际各级微域土壤酶活性的影响不一致,随根际距离增加,酶活性没有呈现一致的变化趋势。总的来说,二者联合胁迫下,大豆近根际区域(特别是1mm)土壤脲酶活性受到诱导,而小麦中央区域和1、2mm近根际区域土壤脱氢酶活性则被抑制。
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随着工农业的快速发展,土壤重金属尤其Cd和Pb污染日益严重。筛选和培育具有重金属低积累特性的农作物排异品种被认为是当前应对土壤重金属污染最为合理和有效的途径之一。本文通过盆栽试验、大田试验和砂培试验,研究了大白菜品种对Cd和Pb的吸收和积累的品种差异、对Cd、Pb胁迫的响应以及大白菜安全生产的调控技术,得出以下结论: 1) 盆栽梯度试验中,80种大白菜地上部对Cd的吸收存在显著差异(p < 0.05)。在3种Cd处理下(1.0, 2.5和5.0 mg/kg),80种大白菜Cd含量浓度范围分别为(mg/kg) 0.22–2.46, 0.90–14.10和2.03–18.01, 其平均值分别为 0.79, 3.76 和6.79 mg/kg DW。大白菜对Cd胁迫具有较强的耐性。大田试验中,15种大白菜的富集系数和转运系数与盆栽梯度试验的结果基本一致。排异植物的筛选和鉴定标准包括:(1)该植物的地上部和根部的Cd含量都很低或者可食部位低于有关标准;(2) 富集系数(BF) < 1.0;(3) 转运系数(TF) < 1.0;(4)该植物具有较高的Cd耐性,在较高的Cd污染下能够正常生长且生物量无显著下降。采用此标准,结合盆栽梯度试验和大田试验结果,北京新3号、绿星70和丰源新3号可鉴定为Cd排异品种。秋傲和赛新5号具有排异Cd特性,但其对Cd的耐性较差。 2) 盆栽梯度试验中,在Pb投加浓度为500和1500 mg/kg处理下,30种大白菜地上部对Pb的吸收存在显著差异 (p < 0.05),其Pb浓度的范围分别为:0.52–8.68 和1.86–16.20 mg/kg, 其平均值分别为3.01 和6.87 mg/kg DW。并且,随着Pb浓度的增加,白菜地上部Pb含量有随之增加的趋势。大白菜对Pb具有较强的耐性。低浓度的Pb处理对大白菜的生物具有一定的促进作用。结合盆栽试验和大田试验的结果,秋傲、世博秋抗和福星80可鉴定为Pb排异大白菜品种。 3) 砂培试验中,在Cd和Pb胁迫下,大白菜地上部的丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,随着Cd处理浓度的增加,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性呈现先下降后上升接着下降的趋势,酸菜王的SOD活性要高于北京新3号SOD的活性。随着Pb处理浓度的增加,福星80地上部的SOD活性随之增加,而绿星大棵菜地上部的SOD活性先下降后增加。在不同梯度的Cd处理下,大白菜地上部的可溶性蛋白(SP)含量未见显著降低,甚至有所增加,而在不同梯度的Pb处理下,大白菜地上部的SP含量有所降低。 4) 施用改良剂可升高土壤的pH值和降低土壤中的有效态Cd,从而对大白菜的生长具有促进作用。施用改良剂可显著降低大白菜对Cd和Pb的吸收和累积。
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本文对沈阳市郊大民屯镇不同年限蔬菜温室土壤化学性质进行研究与分析。得到主要结论如下: 蔬菜温室0~20 cm表层土壤有机质、全氮、速效磷、速效钾、铵态氮、硝态氮均处于较高的养分水平,并且随温室使用年限的延长,呈增加的趋势。土壤有酸化的趋势,土壤电导率呈升高态势。土壤有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量分别为8.57~60.30 mg kg-1、2.69~22.43 mg kg-1、0.64~7.52 mg kg-1和0.56~9.29 mg kg-1,变异系数为50%左右;随着温室使用年限的增加,土壤有效态Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量总体上呈增加的趋势。土壤Ni、Cd的有效含量随种植年限的延长趋于增加,有效Pb呈现出下降的趋势,土壤重金属Cr的有效态含量与种植年限之间没有明显的相关性。 不同年限蔬菜温室土壤剖面有机质、全氮、速效磷及速效钾含量高于相邻的露地菜田土壤,并随种植年限的延长而增加,随土层深度的增加而下降。温室土壤中铵态氮的含量随温室种植年限的变化相对较小,在土壤剖面不同层次中变化也没有明显的规律性。与露地菜田土壤相比,温室土壤中有效态铁、锰含量下降,有效态铜、锌、铅、镍含量增加。0~30 cm土层土壤交换性Ca呈下降的趋势,交换性Mg呈上升的趋势,土壤Ca/Mg比值呈下降的趋势。
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研究土壤碳、氮微生物转化过程和去向对于理解土壤有机质和肥力特性有重要意义,土壤氨基糖主要由微生物合成,且具有相对稳定性和异源性,所以跟踪微生物残留物氨基糖的动态变化是理解这个转化过程的有效手段。本试验采用室内模拟培养法,研究大豆叶和玉米秸在不同土壤中的微生物转化过程,通过土壤氨基糖组成和含量的动态变化来揭示土壤营养物质的转化机制,同时应用氨基糖特性来评价该过程中微生物的作用,为土壤碳,氮循环和截获的研究提供理论基础。土壤氨基糖在有机物料分解初期以合成为优势,后期以分解为优势,外源底物的数量和营养结构是影响有机物料在土壤中分解进程的主要因素,但外源底物的分解进程可以通过土壤和外加营养进行补偿和调节,充足和协调的营养供应可加速有机物料的分解进程。在底物的分解过程中,土壤氨基糖占有机质的比例和培养时间符合抛物线模型,并且不同底物下,该比例随培养时间加长逐渐趋近,直至重合,表明土壤有机质富积氨基糖的能力是相对稳定的。由此提出了稳定库—易变过渡库理论假设,氨基糖的变化主要在过渡库中,底物越丰富氨基糖过渡库的容量越大,真菌来源的氨基糖相对于细菌来源氨基糖对土壤活性碳、氮库的贡献也越大。
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土壤可溶性有机物质(Dissolved organic matter,DOM)作为土壤有机质的活性组分,在陆地生态系统物质循环中扮演非常重要的角色。土壤DOM的主要成分可溶性有机碳(Dissolved organic carbon,DOC)和氮(Dissolved organic nitrogen,DON)参与C、N循环过程。为深入揭示全球C、N循环过程机制,在未开展DOC和DON的地区进行相关研究是有必要的。森林土壤(包括枯枝落叶层)DOC、DON动态及调控机理的研究是目前国际上森林生态系统C、N循环研究热点之一。本研究立足于暖温带岷江上游茂县地区人工林植被,对土壤DOC和DON的库容量,季节动态及其与其它养分之间的关系进行了系统研究,旨在了解DOC和DON在该区生态系统中的重要作用,并探讨作为DOM主要来源的叶凋落物对DOC和DON的动态影响,研究有助于更加详细地了解该区生态系统C和N循环过程。本论文主要研究结论如下: 1研究了岷江上游地区两大主要土壤类型(棕壤和褐土)不同植物群落下土壤的DOC和DON含量及特征,结果表明:DOC和DON在两种土壤类型中均有库容量存在,DOC在0-10cm和10-20cm土层的含量幅度分别111.96~159.95 mg kg-1和69.02~100.84 mg kg-1。DON在0-10cm和10-20cm土层的含量幅度分别11.88~23.08 mg kg-1和4.70~10.77 mg kg-1。游离氨基酸在0-10cm和10-20cm土层的含量幅度分别0.84~1.66 mg kg-1和0.39~0.73 mg kg-1。DOC、DON与土壤中的一些养分因子表现出了显著的相关关系,共同反映了土壤的状况和质量,在该区开展DOC和DON的系统研究是有必要的。 2 对油松与连香树林地土壤DOC、DON以及其它化学指标的季节动态进行了研究,结果表明:油松与连香树林地土壤DOC和DON的季节动态变化表现了类似的规律,DOC和DON的含量均以秋季最高。DOC和DON的季节动态变化主要受凋落物生物因素的影响,但其微生物活力的生物因素以及降雨、温度等非生物因素也是控制土壤DOC和DON含量的重要因素。土壤DON在土壤中的行为不同于矿质氮,其季节动态不同于NO3--N和NH4+-N的季节动态,在研究N循环过程中,应考虑DON的变化情况。 3 对油松与连香树林地分解层和表层土壤(0-10cm)氨基酸周转动态进行了研究,结果表明:油松林地和连香树林地均以分解层的氨基酸含量高于矿质表层土壤的含量。每个取样时期,油松林地内各层次的氨基酸含量高于连香树林地内相应层次的含量。两林地各层次无机氮含量均超过了氨基酸的含量,并且室内培养30天后无机N的含量仍然高于氨基酸的含量,所以可以认为该区立地条件下无论是在有机分解层还是矿质土层植物吸收利用的氮素仍是以无机N为主。 4 松林下松针凋落物易于累积,这与松针凋落物分解缓慢有关,从而导致松林内养分周转缓慢。通过用不同性质凋落物和灌丛地土壤构建微生态系统,比较油松、辐射松、连香树、灌丛虎榛子凋落物分解对C、N循环过程的影响,结果显示油松和辐射松针叶凋落物比连香树、虎榛子凋落物分解更慢,减缓了养分循环过程。然而将针叶凋落物与阔叶凋落物混合后,油松和辐射松针叶凋落物的分解加快,C、N元素的循环过程也加速。此结果表明在松林内维持具有高质量凋落物的灌丛植被或在松林内栽植一些阔叶树种如连香树对维持和增进松树人工林的土壤肥力有重大的作用。室内培养的结果还显示添加凋落物后土壤DOC和DON的含量显著增加,表明凋落物是土壤DOM的直接来源。然而不同物种凋落物处理下土壤DOC和DON的含量有所不同,并随时间发生改变。混合凋落物处理下土壤DOC和DON的含量均高于松针凋落物单独处理下土壤DOC和DON的含量。DON是一个主要的水溶性N库,随时间的变化趋势与无机N的变化趋势不同,在土壤N循环过程中起到了中间N库的作用。 As a labile fraction of soil organic matter, dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays a very important role in material cycling of terrestrial ecosystem. The turnover of DOM is now being considered as main components in nutrient cycling. DOM mainly includes dissolved organic carbon (DOC), -nitrogen (DON), -phosphorous (DOP) and –sulfur (DOS). Among these constituents, DOC and DON directly participate in C and N cycling. It is essential to study DOC and DON dynamics and their controlling factors in the areas where no related study has ever been carried out. Study about them can provide data supports on understanding the mechanism of the global C and N cycling. DOC and DON dynamics and their controlling factors have been focused on in the research of C and N cycling of forest ecosystems. Based on forest plantations of Maoxian, Minjiang River in warm temperate zone, soil DOC and DON pool size, their seasonal dynamics, and the correlation between DOC, DON and other nutrients were studied in order to understand the importance of DOC and DON in the study area. Soil DOC and DON dynamics induced by leaf litter decomposition were also studied. The study contributed to comprehensively understanding C and N cycling processes and providing baseline data for including DOC and DON into the indices system of evaluating nutrient conditions. The results were as follows: 1 Several different plant communities under brown soil and Cinnamon soil were chosen as sampling plots. The contents and features of soil DOC and DON were evaluated. The results showed that DOC and DON were present under the two soil types. DOC contents in the top soil (0-10 cm) and the subsoil (10-20 cm) respectively varied from 111.96 mg kg-1to 159.95 mg kg-1, and 69.02 mg kg-1 to 100.84 mg kg-1. DON contents in the top soil (0-10 cm) and the subsoil (10-20 cm) respectively varied from 11.88 mg kg-1to 23.08 mg kg-1, and 4.70 mg kg-1 to 10.77 mg kg-1. Free amino acid contents in the top soil (0-10 cm) and the subsoil (10-20 cm) respectively varied from 0.84 mg kg-1to 1.66 mg kg-1, and 0.39 mg kg-1 to 0.73 mg kg-1. Significant correlations were found between DOC, DON and some nutrient indices, which together reflected soil condition and quality. It was hence essential to study DOC and DON in the study area. 2 Seasonal dynamics of DOC, DON, inorganic N, microbial biomass C and N were studied under Pinus tabulaeformis and Cercidiphyllum japonicum plantation. The results indicated that seasonal dynamics of soil DOC and DON under the two plantations performed similar change pattern, with the highest values in autumn. The seasonal dynamics of soil DOC and DON were mainly influenced by the litterfall. However, biotic factors such as soil microbial activities and abiotic factors such as precipitation and temperature also controlled the dynamics of soil DOC and DON. The seasonal dynamic of DON was different from that of NO3--N and NH4+-N, which showed that the behavioral differences between DON and inorganic nitrogen. And hence, it was proposed to include DON into soil N cycling in the study area. 3 Amino acid dynamics in Oa and topsoil (0-10 cm) under P. tabulaeformis and C. japonicum plantation were studied. The results showed that amino acid content in Oa was significantly higher than that in mineral soil. At each sampling time, significantly higher amino acid contents were found in P. tabulaeformis plantation than in C. japonicum plantation. The content of inorganic nitrogen was much higher than the content of amino acid in each sampling layer at each sampling time. After a 30-days laboratory incubation the content of amino acid was still lower than the content of inorganic nitrogen. The results implicated that the form of N absorbed by plants in these study sites were mainly inorganic nitrogen. 4 Usually needle litter is more resistant to decomposition, which leads to needle litter accumulation in pure coniferous stands and slows down the rate of nutrient circulation. By constructing microcosms with local shrubland soil and containing the four single-species (P. tabulaeformis, P. radiata, C. japonicum, Ostryopsis davidiana) litters, the decomposition rates and related C and N dynamics of needle litters and broadleaved litters during the early stage were compared. The results showed that the decomposition rates of pine needles were lower than those of broadleaved litters, which descended C and N cycling processes. However, the presence of C. japonicum or O. davidiana litter into pine needles increased the decomposition rates of pine needles and also dramatically promoted C and N cycling processes. It should be appropriate for plantation managers to consider C. japonicum as an ameliorative species or remain O. davidiana in pine plantations to improve soil conditions and help maintain soil fertility. The laboratory incubation still showed that DOC and DON contents in all litter-amended treatments were significantly higher than no litter-amended treatment, which proved that litter could be a direct source of DOM in soils. Different species litters induced different soil DOC and DON contents, which correspondingly changed over time. DOC and DON contents in mixed litter treatments were higher than those in pine needle litter treatments. As a major soluble N pool, DON developed a different changing pattern over time compared with inorganic N and played a role of interim N pool in soil N cycling.
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The most biological diversity on this planet is probably harbored in soils. Understanding the diversity and function of the microbiological component of soil poses great challenges that are being overcome by the application of molecular biological approaches. This review covers one of many approaches being used: separation of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplicons using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Extraction of nucleic acids directly from soils allows the examination of a community without the limitation posed by cultivation. Polymerase chain reaction provides a means to increase the numbers of a target for its detection on gels. Using the rRNA genes as a target for PCR provides phylogenetic information on populations comprising communities. Fingerprints produced by this method have allowed spatial and temporal comparisons of soil communities within and between locations or among treatments. Numerous samples can be compared because of the rapid high throughput nature of this method. Scientists now have the means to begin addressing complex ecological questions about the spatial, temporal, and nutritional interactions faced by microbes in the soil environment.
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介绍了大气散落核素 7Be、2 1 0 Pbex、1 37Cs复合在土壤侵蚀和泥沙来源领域中的研究进展 ;阐述了核素比率应用的原理、特点及其能更为敏感地反映土壤侵蚀速率和过程等优点 ;说明多元素复合示踪在推断土壤不同侵蚀过程及估算土壤侵蚀速率方面的作用 ;论述了建立两核素相关深度曲线确定泥沙起源深度的应用原理和特点及其应用范围 ,并对各种方法进行了简单的评价。
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笔者的研究目的在于了解土壤重金属污染对小麦根部生长发育的影响以及在不同培肥条件下土壤重金属的生物活性的变化情况。通过盆栽试验研究了重金属铬、镉和铅三种重金属对小麦根重的影响,利用室内培养试验研究了氮磷化肥、氮磷化肥+低秸、氮磷化肥+中秸、氮磷化肥+高秸、氮磷肥+厩肥、氮磷肥+低秸(休闲田)以及无肥对照区等7种不同培肥条件下重金属铬、镉和铅对土壤铵态氮含量的影响。研究结果表明,重金属铬对小麦的根重影响较大,这3种重金属的复合污染对小麦根重的影响要比单因素条件下的影响要明显;在不同肥料条件下重金属对土壤环境内的铵态氮的影响作用存在差异,氮磷肥料条件下,重金属对土壤铵态氮的抑制作用明显增强;氮磷+低秸(休闲田)条件下,重金属铬、镉与铅对土壤铵态氮的抑制性显著降低,铵态氮总量基本影响较小。通过研究表明,不同培肥条件能够影响土壤重金属的生物活性,可以通过控制土壤培肥条件达到降低土壤重金属生物活性,减轻对重金属污染土壤的程度。
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采用连续浸提形态分级方法,研究了连续施用锰肥17 a后锰的土壤化学特性变化。结果表明:经过长期连续施用锰肥,土壤全锰和DTPA-Mn含量增加不多。土壤DTPA-Mn含量随试验时间的延长呈增加趋势,施锰土壤有效锰提高不多,土壤DTPA-Mn含量只增加了0.4~1.7 mg kg-1。土壤中的锰主要以矿物态存在,占土壤全锰含量的比例为87.3%~91.8%。碳酸盐态、氧化锰态和紧结有机态锰占全锰的比例相当,土壤中各形态锰按含量大致呈矿物态>碳酸盐态>氧化锰态>紧结有机态>松结有机态>交换态的顺序。施入土壤的锰肥有91.1%~98.6%进入碳酸盐结合态、氧化锰结合态、紧结有机态和矿物态,只有很少一部分仍留在有效态锰库中。交换态和松结有机态锰对土壤锰的有效性起着主要作用,可以反映土壤锰的供给状况,碳酸盐态和紧结有机态锰不能反映土壤锰的有效性。
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Cu content in soils sampled from different sites in Tibet was analyzed.The results showed that the average Cu content of soils was 19.6mg·kg -1 ,lower than the average content in China.The content of Cu was distributed in Tibet with a total of gradually decreasing from the southeast to the northwest,which was consistent with the direction of change in the zonal successions of soil in Tibet.The variation of the content of Cu in the soils developed from different soil parent materials in Tibet was very remarkable,and the content of Cu in the soil developed from shale was greatly higher than that in the soil developed from other soil parent material.
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Mapping the spatial distribution of contaminants in soils is the basis of pollution evaluation and risk control. Interpolation methods are extensively applied in the mapping processes to estimate the heavy metal concentrations at unsampled sites. The performances of interpolation methods (inverse distance weighting, local polynomial, ordinary kriging and radial basis functions) were assessed and compared using the root mean square error for cross validation. The results indicated that all interpolation methods provided a high prediction accuracy of the mean concentration of soil heavy metals. However, the classic method based on percentages of polluted samples, gave a pollution area 23.54-41.92% larger than that estimated by interpolation methods. The difference in contaminated area estimation among the four methods reached 6.14%. According to the interpolation results, the spatial uncertainty of polluted areas was mainly located in three types of region: (a) the local maxima concentration region surrounded by low concentration (clean) sites, (b) the local minima concentration region surrounded with highly polluted samples; and (c) the boundaries of the contaminated areas. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.