987 resultados para SRS-1d


Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

木质纤维素原料种类多、分布广、数量巨大,通过燃料乙醇生产技术、厌氧沼气发酵技术将其转化成乙醇、沼气等二次能源,一定程度上可以缓解化石能源的不断消耗所带来的能源危机,也解决了农林废弃物引起的环境污染问题。其中以木质纤维素原料生产燃料乙醇,还可以避免以淀粉类和糖类原料生产燃料乙醇时带来的“与人争粮”等一系列问题。因此具有重要的经济效益、环境效益和社会效益。 然而,木质纤维素原料结构致密,木质素包裹在纤维素、半纤维素外围,导致其很难被降解利用,必须进行适当的预处理,去除木质素,打破原有的致密结构,利于原料的后续利用。因此,预处理成为木质纤维素原料能源化利用的关键。而目前预处理环节的费用过于昂贵,于是寻找一种高效、低成本的预处理方法是当今研究的热点。 本论文采用组合白腐真菌对木质纤维素原料进行生物预处理研究,与其他物理化学法相比,该法有着专一性较强、反应温和、不造成环境污染、成本低等优势。白腐真菌主要通过分泌木质素降解酶对木质素进行降解,从而破坏原料的致密结构,提高后续利用效率。所以木质素降解酶酶活的高低是影响原料预处理效果的一个关键因素。于是本论文首先通过将白腐真菌进行组合的方式提高木质素降解酶(漆酶,Lac)酶活;接着对组合菌的菌株相互作用机理进行研究,阐明组合菌Lac 酶活提高的原因,为菌株组合提高Lac 酶活这种方法的应用提供理论依据,同时也为后续组合白腐真菌预处理木质纤维素原料提供指导;进一步采用固态发酵和木质素降解酶两种方式对木质纤维素原料进行预处理研究,最大化去除木质素成分,破坏原料的致密结构;最终对预处理后原料的酶解糖化进行初步研究,为原料后续的能源化应用奠定基础。具体研究结果如下: (1) 以实验室保存的三株主要分泌Lac 的白腐真菌为出发菌株,筛选得到一组Lac 酶活明显提高的组合菌55+m-6,其中菌株55 为Trametes trogii sp.,m-6 为Trametes versicolor sp.,组合后Lac 酶活较单菌株分别提高24.13倍和4.07 倍。组合菌的最适产酶条件为pH 6.5、C/N 16:1、Tween 80 添加量为0.01%,在该条件下组合菌的Lac 酶活峰值比未优化时提高4.11倍。 (2) 对组合菌55+m-6 菌株间相互作用机理进行研究,发现菌株之间不存在抑制作用;平板培养时,菌丝交界处Lac 酶活最高并分泌棕色色素;液体培养时,菌株m-6 对组合后Lac 酶活的提高起着更为重要的作用:菌株m-6的菌块、过滤灭菌胞外物以及高温灭菌胞外物均能明显刺激菌株55 的Lac产生;菌株55、m-6 进行组合后,同工酶种类未发生增减,但有三种Lac同工酶浓度有所提高;对菌株胞外物进行薄层层析和质谱分析,结果表明组合前后菌株胞外物中各物质在浓度上存在较大的变化。推测组合菌Lac酶活的明显提高,主要是由于菌株m-6 胞外物中的一些物质能刺激菌株55 分泌大量Lac 进行代谢,且这些刺激物质并非菌株m-6 特有,菌株55自身也可以代谢生成,但是适当的浓度才能刺激Lac 的大量分泌。 (3) 将组合菌55+m-6 用于固态发酵预处理木质纤维素原料,发现其对玉米秆的降解程度最大,在粉碎度40 目、含水率65%的最优处理条件下,处理至第15d,秸秆失重率为41.24%,其中木质素、纤维素、半纤维素均有降解,且Lac 和纤维素酶(CMC)酶活以及还原糖量均达到峰值。 (4) 对玉米秆进行木质素降解酶预处理,发现Lac/1-羟基苯并三唑(HBT)系统对玉米秆木质素的降解效果最好,在最优处理条件时,即HBT 用量0.2%、处理时间1d、Lac 用量50U/g,木质素降解率可达12.60%。预处理后玉米秆的致密结构被破坏,比表面积增大,利于后续酶与纤维素、半纤维素成分的结合。 (5) 对预处理后的玉米秆进行酶解糖化,其中组合菌固态发酵预处理后玉米秆的糖化率比对照高4.33 倍;Lac/HBT 系统预处理后玉米秆的糖化率比对照高2.99%,糖化液中主要含有木糖、葡萄糖两种单糖。 There are many kinds and large quantities of lignocellulosic biomass widely distributed on the earth. They can be converted into secondary energy such as fuel ethanol, biogas, et al., which can relieve the energy crisis caused by consumption of fossil energy resources and solve the problem of environmental pollution caused by agriculture and forestry waste. Meanwhile, the production of fuel ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass can ensure food supply to human kind instead of starch- and sugar-containing raw materials. So the energy conversion of lignocellulosic biomass contributes considerable economic, environment and social benefits. However, lignocellulosic biomass has the compact structure, in which lignin surrounds cellulose and hemicellulose, so it must be pretreated before energy usage and pretreatment is one of the most critical steps in the energy conversion of lignocellulosic biomass. At present, the cost of pretreatment is too expensive, so looking for an efficient and low-cost pre-treatment method is one of recent research hot spots. In this research, combined white rot fungi pretreatment method was used, which had some advantages in low cost, high specificity, mild reacting conditions and friendly environmental effects compared with the other physical and chemical methods. White rot fungi secrete lignin degrading enzymes to degrade the content of lignin and damage the contact structure of lignocellulosic biomass, so the activity of the lignin degrading enzymes is the key factor to the degradation effect of raw materials. Firstly, the combined fungi with high laccase activity were screened; secondly, the interaction mechanism between strains was studied, and the cause of higher laccase activity after strains combination was also preliminary clarified; under the guidance of the mechanism, lignocellulosic biomass was pretreated by the combined fungi; lastly, the enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated lignocellulosic biomass was also preliminary studied; all of the researches could lay the foundation for the energy application of lignocellulosic biomass. The specific research results were as follows: (1) The combined fungi 55+m-6 with significant higher laccase activity were screened from the three white rot fungi stored in our lab which mainly secreted laccase. Strain 55 and strain m-6 were Trametes trogii sp. and Trametes versicolor sp., respectively. The laccase activity of combined fungi was 24.13 and 4.07-fold than strain 55 and strain m-6, respectively. The optimized condition for laccase production of the combined fungi in liquid medium was pH 6.5, C/N 16:1 and Tween 80 0.01%. In this optimized condition, the laccase activity of combined fungi was 4.11-fold higher comparing with which in non-optimized medium. (2) The interaction mechanism between strain 55 and strain m-6 was further studied, and no inhibition effect was observed. Brown pigment was secreted on the junction of the two strains on the plate, where the highest laccase activity was detected. Strain m-6 was much important to boost laccase activity of combined fungi in liquid medium, and strain 55 was stimulated by fungal plug, filter sterilized extracellular substances and high temperature sterilized extracellular substances of strain m-6 to produce laccase. The types of laccase isozymes did not change after combining strain 55 and strain m-6, but the concentrations of three types increased. Mass Spectrometry and TLC analysis of extracellular substances of each strain showed that concentration of some substances considerably changed after strains were combined. It was supposed that the cause of higher laccase activity of combined fungi was mainly due to some extracellular substances of strain m-6 with the appropriate concentration which stimulated laccase secretion of strain 55 and generated not only by strain m-6 but also by strain 55. (3) Combined fungi 55+m-6 were used to lignocellulosic biomass pretreatment with the type of solid-state fermentation. The highest degree of degradation of corn straw was obtained, including the rate of weight loss was 41.24% and the lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose were degraded partially under the optimized condition of 40 mesh, 65% water content on 15th day. Laccase, CMCase activities and content of reducing sugar reached the maximum value on that day. (4) Lignin degrading enzymes from combined fungi 55+m-6 were used for corn straw pretreatment. The most remarkable degradation of lignin in corn straw with Lac/1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HBT) system was observed, and the 12.60% lignin degradation was obtained under the optimized condition of 0.2% HBT, 50 U/g laccase for 1 d. After pretreated by Lac/HBT, the tight structure of corn straw was demolished and specific surface area increased, which had advantages for accessible of enzyme to cellulose and hemicellulose. (5) The corn straws pretreated by combined fungi 55+m-6 with the type of solid-state fermentation and Lac/HBT were used for enzymatic hydrolysis, and the saccharification rates of each pretreatment type were 4.33 times and 2.99% higher than CK, respectively. The enzymatic hydrolysis liquid of corn straw pretreated by Lac/HBT mainly contained xylose and glucose.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

研究了采用类弹碎片质量数为变量的一维(1D)主方程(ME)描述重离子熔合反应时的受限制条件,建立了以类弹碎片中子和质子数为独立变量的二维(2D)ME,并采用分步差分格式法数值解(2D)ME得到了熔合几率。新的方法适用于研究任何弹靶组合系统,给出了与实验符合更好的结果,为寻求合成超重核的反应道提供了更为宽阔的选择空间。同时也研究了弹靶的不同同位旋组合对复合核形成截面的影响。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The restriction of the one dimensional (1D) master equation (ME) with the mass number of the projectile-like fragment as a variable is studied, and a two-dimensional (2D) master equation with the neutron and proton numbers as independent variables is set up, and solved numerically. Our study showed that the 2D ME can describe the fusion process well in all projectile-target combinations. Therefore the possible channels to synthesize super-heavy nuclei can be studied correctly in wider possibilities. The available condition for employing 1D ME is pointed out.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The reaction cross section of B-17 on C-12 target at (43.7 +/- 2.4) MeV/u has been measured at the Radioactive Ion Beam Line in Lanzhou (RIBLL). The root-mean-square matter radius (R-rms) was deduced to be (2.92 +/- 0.10) fm, while the R-rms of the core and the valence neutron distribution are 2.28 fm and 5.98 fm respectively. Assuming a "core plus 2n" structure in B-17, the mixed configuration of (2s(1/2)) and (1d(5/2)) of the valence neutrons is studied and the s-wave spectroscopic factor is found to be (80 +/- 21)%.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The dimensional crossover phenomena of heat conduction is studied by a two-dimensional (2D) Fermi-Pasta-Ulam lattice. The 2D divergence law of the thermal conductivity is confirmed by the simulations results. The divergence law of the thermal conductivity will change from the 2D class to 1D class as delta=N-y/N-x decreases, here N-y is the size in transverse direction and N-x in longitude direction. The simulation's results suggest that the dimensional crossover happens in delta(*)-> 0 as N-x ->infinity.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

用双核模型研究超重核的合成机制,最主要的部分是由双核系统演化到复合核的熔合机制研究。双核模型认为超重复合核的形成是由弹核的核子全部转移到靶核所致。核子分中子和质子,在以前的研究中,描述熔合过程的主方程是一维的,以类弹核的质量数 为变量,与此对应的驱动势也是一维的。对确定的 ,其同位旋的确定是由较低的势能面确定的,这样确定的同位旋与反应系统的同位旋很接近。但是我们的研究发现,对入射道同位旋与复合系统同位旋相差较大的情况,入射道在双核系统势能面比较高的位置,有时甚至在最高位置,这时核子转移的同位旋路径比较复杂,以致一维主方程的描述给出错误的结果。为此,建立了以类弹碎片中子数 和质子数 为变量的二维主方程,并建立了二维主方程的分步差分的解法,完成了解二维主方程的程序编写。并对一些典型的弹核、靶核同位旋与复合系统同位旋相差较大的系统进行了研究。对这些反应道的研究表明,无论1D主方程对这些反应道的蒸发剩余截面的研究给出了过高、或过低的估计,2D主方程都能给出与实验值一致地结果。二维主方程适用于所有的弹靶组合入射道。对确定的超重核目标,可以较准确的对各种弹靶组合的合成几率给出预言,特别是研究合成超重核的同位素依赖性,因而极大增加了预言合成预期超重岛区域超重核的弹靶组合的选择性。本工作还检验了一维主方程的适用条件:入射点必须在比较接近二维驱动势谷底时才适用,这时一维主方程预言的蒸发剩余截面的结果与二维主方程的结果很接近

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

用双核模型研究超重核的合成机制,最主要的部分是由双核系统演化到复合核的熔合机制研究。双核模型认为超重复合核的形成是由弹核的核子全部转移到靶核所致。核子分中子和质子,在以前的研究中,描述熔合过程的主方程是一维的,以类弹核的质量数 为变量,与此对应的驱动势也是一维的。对确定的 ,其同位旋的确定是由较低的势能面确定的,这样确定的同位旋与反应系统的同位旋很接近。但是我们的研究发现,对入射道同位旋与复合系统同位旋相差较大的情况,入射道在双核系统势能面比较高的位置,有时甚至在最高位置,这时核子转移的同位旋路径比较复杂,以致一维主方程的描述给出错误的结果。为此,建立了以类弹碎片中子数 和质子数 为变量的二维主方程,并建立了二维主方程的分步差分的解法,完成了解二维主方程的程序编写。并对一些典型的弹核、靶核同位旋与复合系统同位旋相差较大的系统进行了研究。对这些反应道的研究表明,无论1D主方程对这些反应道的蒸发剩余截面的研究给出了过高、或过低的估计,2D主方程都能给出与实验值一致地结果。二维主方程适用于所有的弹靶组合入射道。对确定的超重核目标,可以较准确的对各种弹靶组合的合成几率给出预言,特别是研究合成超重核的同位素依赖性,因而极大增加了预言合成预期超重岛区域超重核的弹靶组合的选择性。本工作还检验了一维主方程的适用条件:入射点必须在比较接近二维驱动势谷底时才适用,这时一维主方程预言的蒸发剩余截面的结果与二维主方程的结果很接近

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

我们首先用Woods-Saxon势对一些丰中子核进行了系统的计算.计算表明在Woods-Saxon势中考虑一个对称能项,Woods-Saxon势就能够很好的描述丰中子核的密度分布,单粒子能级结构和中子质子的均方根半径.用Woods Saxon势的计算结果表明中子皮是丰中子远离β稳定线核的普遍现象。2S1/2轨道与1d 5/2轨道的交又和2s1d壳与1p壳的壳崩渍是中子晕形成的重要原因,也是中子晕与中子皮的一个重要区别.壳模型的计算能够很好的再现9《A《14和3《Z《5丰中子核的许多性质,这表明了,改进壳模型的有效相互作用,壳模型可能能够描述远离核的性质. 我们208Ti一类核和206Pb的一些性质进行了系统的壳模型计算.计算结果表明,K-H和SDI等有效相互作用对描述208Ti一类核和206Pb的高激发态仍然是有效的,计算结果也表明,如果208Hg可供利用的β衰变能比206Hg小,则可以预计208Hg的半寿命比206Hg要长.计算还证实了在反应209Bi(ρ,a )206Pb中激发的206Pb激发态结构,与205Tl低激发态结构相似,即这些态可以用h9/2轨道上的一个质子与205T1的低激发态的弱耦合来描述,此即所谓的对应的相似多重态的概念. 最后,我们对11Li等中子晕核的束缚机制提出了一种新的关联机制和讨论了用壳模型描述集体运动的方法.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

根据中国科学院长白山森林生态系统定位站1982—2001年太阳辐射和云的观测资料对散射辐射及散射比进行了分析,探讨了散射辐射及散射比的日、季节、年际变化特征以及云量、云状、太阳高度角与散射辐射及散射比的关系。结果表明:1)散射辐射日变化特点是,中午最大,早晚较小;季节变化特点是,7月最大,年初和年末较小;年际变化特点是从1982—2001年呈减少趋势;散射比1d中中午最小,7月达到最大值,年际变化为0.38~0.55;2)散射辐射及散射比均随高云量或低云量增加而呈增加趋势;散射辐射日平均量及散射比与总云量和低云量的日平均值均呈线性正相关关系,且与总云量的关系比与低云量的关系更密切;3)不同云相比较,散射辐射和散射比最大的是高积云(Ac),卷云(Ci)次之,较小为对流性积云(积雨云Cb、积云Cu),碧空时散射辐射及散射比最小;4)散射辐射随太阳高度角增加而增大,呈二次函数关系;散射比随太阳高度角增加而减小且呈二次函数关系。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

为揭示长白山阔叶红松林中早春植物的养分循环功能,在调查早春植物生长发育规律的基础上,对早春植物养分吸收与归还进行了研究。结果表明:早春植物的生物量为588·744kg·hm-2,占长白山阔叶红松林总生物量的0·279%;早春植物吸收N、P、K的总量分别是14·916、3·078和7·292kg·hm-2。顶冰花的腐解率最高,为0·085g·g-1·d-1,完全分解只需33d;黑水银莲花的腐解率最低,为0·058g·g-1·d-1,完全分解需要49d。可见,早春植物在冬春两季的过渡时期衔接了物质流,并在其他植物的生长期归还了养分,对森林生态系统能流和物流的连续性起到了重要作用。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

From seeds of Strychnos nux-vomica three iridoids, 6'-O-acetylloganic acid, 4'-O-acetylloganic acid and 3'-O-acetylloganic acid were isolated together with two known iridoid glucosides, loganic acid and 7-O-acetylloganic acid. The structures of the compounds were established by ESI-MS and by 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic methods. (C) 2003 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

采用室内培养方法,选择菲作为PAHs代表物,探讨了菲与土壤酶活性之间的关系。结果表明,当菲的添加浓度>100μg·kg-1时,添加菲后的3d时间里,土壤中脲酶活性有被抑制的现象;添加菲后的7d时间里,土壤中脱氢酶活性被抑制,土壤磷酸酶的活性却被激活;当菲的添加浓度为100~2400μg·kg-1时,土壤过氧化氢酶活性没有显著变化。土壤脲酶、脱氢酶、磷酸酶的活性可以作为菲污染土壤的生态毒理指标,并且观察它们在添加菲后的第1d到第7d的变化最为重要。

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

在实验室条件下观测了科尔沁沙地乌兰敖都地区 1年生植物当年新采种子的萌发特点。在 3 1种植物中 ,7种植物包括大籽蒿、虎尾草、冠芒草、刺沙蓬、曼陀罗、龙葵、地锦的发芽率超过 80 % ,9种植物包括苍耳、水稗草、狗尾草、虱子草、沙米、灰绿藜、野西瓜苗、太阳花、鹤虱的发芽率不足 10 %。 1~ 3 d开始发芽的 18种植物包括大籽蒿、黄蒿、虎尾草、毛马唐、画眉草、冠芒草、野大豆、黄花草木樨、网果葫芦巴、沙米、雾冰藜、碱地肤、刺沙蓬、苘麻、野西瓜苗、马齿苋、苋菜、地锦。超过 10 d基本不发芽的 5种植物包括苍耳、狗尾草、虱子草、灰绿藜、太阳花。发芽持续期小于 10 d的 12种植物包括毛马唐、水稗草、画眉草、沙米、雾冰藜、苘麻、野西瓜苗、益母草、马齿苋、龙葵、地锦、鹤虱 ;发芽持续期超过 2 1d的 6种植物包括大籽蒿、黄蒿、冠芒草、黄花草木樨、刺沙蓬、碱蓬。高发芽率植物的发芽进程线显示了 3种萌发格局 :速萌型 ,包括虎尾草、地锦、曼陀罗、龙葵 ;缓萌型 ,包括刺沙蓬 ;中间型 ,包括大籽蒿、冠芒草

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

通过室内模拟试验,采用振荡淋洗的方法研究了乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)浓度、pH、淋洗时间对重金属去除效果的影响.利用一级反应动力学模型对试验数据进行拟合,并测定了EDTA处理前后土壤中重金属形态的变化.结果表明,EDTA溶液在浓度为0.1mol.L-1、pH7、淋洗时间1d的条件下能达到对污染土壤重金属的最大去除率,去除率分别为Cd89.14%、Pb34.78%、Cu14.96%、Zn45.14%.模型拟合结果表明,Cd的质量转移系数最大,其次是Zn、Pb和Cu.说明在土壤淋洗过程中,Cd和Zn最先达到质量转移的平衡状态,然后是Pb和Cu.形态分级结果表明,EDTA能有效地去除交换态、碳酸盐结合态和氧化物结合态重金属,而对有机态和残余态部分重金属作用效果不明显.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

本文以牧草为材料 ,阐述了辐射敏感性的类型划分方法。将异花授粉牧草沙打旺辐照当代的种子直接播种在≥ 1 0℃ (年积温 2 3 0 8℃ )的低温下 ,提高了突变体的适应性 ,增加了选择的准确性 ,缩短了育种周期 ;M1代产生了显性早熟突变 ,M2 代有 2 7 2 %的植株保持早熟 ,比对照早开花 1 6~ 5 1d ,但仍有分离 ;5年育成彭阳早熟沙打旺 ,能在≥ 1 0℃ (年积温 1 847℃ )的地区开花结籽 ;播种当年始花序着生叶位与出苗至开花天数、株高和一级分枝呈极显著正相关。选育产草量高且早熟的沙打旺新品种 ,始花序叶位以在 9~ 1 0个为宜