Deuses que dançam e conclamam a revolução: a construção da identidade de resistência em A ilha sob o mar, de Isabel Allende

Este trabalho tem como objetivo identificar os processos através dos quais a personagem Zarité, protagonista do romance A ilha sob o mar (ALLENDE, 2010), constrói sua identidade de resistência (CASTELLS, 2013). Sujeito subalterno por ser simultaneamente escrava, negra e mulher (SPIVAK, 2010), ela desenvolve estratégias verossímeis que lhe permitem sobreviver e enfrentar a opressão física e identitária típica de sua condição na colônia francesa de São Domingos, atual Haiti, que vivia, à época, sob o domínio de um modelo político e social profundamente patriarcal, escravocrata e racista. A pesquisa assume a perspectiva desenvolvida em torno da literatura de autoria feminina na América Latina (CUNHA, 2004; RAGO, 2004; VELASCO-MARÍN, 2007; WARD, 2007), segundo a qual, nessa produção específica, desenvolvem-se representações de mulher às quais são garantidas a voz e o empoderamento que lhes foram negados em outros contextos de escrita literária. Alinhando a noção de estranhamento desenvolvida pelo formalismo russo (CHKLOVSKI, 2013) com a do uso de procedimentos capazes de conferir literariedade à narrativa (LUKÁCS, 1968), este trabalho verifica a configuração de condições que conferem à obra o pertencimento ao contexto das produções desenvolvidas por autoras migrantes ou exiladas (SKAR, 2001). O conceito de hibridismo (CANCLINI, 2011) se soma a esse entendimento, articulando-se, nesta pesquisa, com a perspectiva multicultural de compreensão das identidades (HALL, 2005). Hutcheon (1991) fornece o arcabouço que nos permite o necessário trabalho com o conceito de sujeito marginalizado e ex-cêntrico. Para isso, é utilizado também o embasamento teórico oferecido por Castells (2013) no tocante ao desenvolvimento da noção de identidade de resistência. As condições históricas e econômicas sob as quais se desenvolveu o regime vigente no ambiente em que se passa a narrativa são verificadas em James (2010) e Blackburn (2003). Para lidar com a vivência religiosa e cultural experimentada pelos descendentes de africanos naquele contexto, a pesquisa se embasa nos argumentos trazidos por Capone (2011) ao debate acerca desse tema e, por intermédio dos estudos de Garauday (1980) e Lody & Sabino (2011), é possível angariar informações relativas à história e à simbologia envolvidas nas danças de origem africana. O estudo dessas correntes teóricas conduz à conclusão de que o romance A ilha sob o mar encena, na personagem Zarité, a construção de uma identidade de resistência entre os escravos que, dançando, celebravam seus deuses, permitiam o encontro das diferentes culturas das quais eram originários e fortaleciam a rede de relações, informações e colaboração mútua entre os indivíduos e as comunidades que pretendiam livrar-se do domínio do elemento europeu e de seu regime escravocrata

As ciências sociais e humanas e a formação em Educação Física: possibilidades e limites de um projeto contra-hegemônico

O objetivo deste trabalho é, a partir de um notório conflito epistemológico na formação em Educação Física, propor uma investigação sobre os fundamentos que originaram uma presença hegemônica das ciências naturais e biológicas nas explicações sobre o corpo do homem e, consequentemente, nos currículos dos cursos de formação na área, além de discutir se, por meio de uma maior presença das ciências sociais e humanas nestes processos de formação, é possível pensar em uma formação de caráter omnilateral, crítica, mais humanizada e que faça com o que o professor assim formado entenda e se envolva com os problemas políticos e sociais que envolvem a sociedade de classes. Por intermédio de uma revisão da literatura e uma pesquisa documental, o presente trabalho tem como objetivos específicos desenvolver argumentativamente três debates centrais sobre: a Educação Física e a Formação Humana; as concepções de homem e do campo em disputa; e uma pesquisa documental sobre os Projetos Políticos-Pedagógicos/currículos de cursos de Educação Física das universidades públicas do Grande Rio. No primeiro momento (capítulo 1), desenvolver- se-á um debate sobre a formação humana em perspectiva omnilateral e sobre a questão do poder e da hegemonia na construção do conhecimento. Acompanhando esta discussão, estará uma revisão de literatura relacionada a uma parte da história e a algumas concepções da Educação Física. O segundo debate, desenvolvido no segundo capítulo, debruçar-se-á sobre os conflitos epistemológicos no campo da Educação Física, realizando também uma pesquisa histórica sobre os suportes teóricos e práticas disciplinares que atuam sobre o homem e o corpo moderno, além de uma apresentação de exemplos concretos de sujeitos da Educação Física que compreendem o homem, o corpo e os professores de Educação Física contra hegemonicamente, como perspectiva emancipadora para a formação humana. A título de conclusões, deixa-se claro que o trabalho não pretende esgotar o assunto pela amplitude de seu conteúdo e pretende ampliar a discussão e suscitar outras pesquisas que deem continuidade ao estudo desse tema, além de despertar novas provocações e questões a serem trabalhadas em futuras pesquisas e, principalmente, na prática pedagógica, social e política dos professores de Educação Física

The California flooding rains during February, 1986 [abstract]

After an unusually strong and persistent pattern of atmospheric circulation over the United State[s] in Fall 1985, it became quite changeable (although high amplitude anomalies still prevailed). Following a fall that was cold in the West and warm in the East with heavy precipitation, a high pressure ridge set in over the West during December, with generally light precipitation over most of the country. Throughout the winter, the central North Pacific was very active, with large negative atmospheric pressure anomalies centered at about 45°N, l60°W. This activity may have been encouraged by an enhanced meridional eastern North Pacific sea surface temperature (SST) gradient, with positive SST anomalies in the subtropics and negative anomalies in midlatitudes. However, in January, the western high pressure ridge remained strong and temperatures were remarkably warm, increasing the threat of drought in California after the two previous dry winters. However, in February, storms from a greatly expanded and southerly displaced Aleutian Low broke into the West Coast. An unusual siege from February 11 to February 20 flooded central and northern California, with very heavy precipitation and record to near-record runoff. Upwards of 50 percent of annual average precipitation fell on locations from the upper San Joaquin to the Feather River drainage basins, and the largest flow since observations began in the early 1900's was recorded on the Sacramento River at Sacramento. The atmospheric pattern that was responsible for this remarkable stormy spell developed when the western high pressure retrograded to the northwest into the Aleutians, accompanied by the strengthened and southerly extended storm tract that moved into California. Although exact details vary from case to case, this episode displayed meteorological conditions similar to those in several other historical California winter flood events. These included a long duration of very strong westerly to southwesterly winds over a long subtropical fetch into California. Much of the precipitation during this series of storms was orographically induced by the moisture laden flow rising over the Sierra ranges. Due to the warm air mass, snow levels were relatively high (about 7500 feet) during the heaviest precipitation, resulting in copious runoff.

Patterns of orographic uplift in the Sierra Nevada and their relationship to upper-level atmospheric circulation

We examine monthly and seasonal patterns of precipitation across various elevations of the eastern Central Valley of California and the Sierra Nevada. A measure of the strength of the orographic effect called the “precipitation ratio” is calculated, and we separate months into four groups based on being wet or dry and having low or high precipitation ratios. Using monthly maps of mean 700-mb height anomalies, we describe the northern hemisphere mid-tropospheric circulation patterns associated with each of the four groups. Wet months are associated with negative height anomalies over the eastern Pacific, as expected. However, the orientation of the trough is different for years with high and low precipitation ratios. Wet months with high ratios typically have circulation patterns factoring a west-southwest to east-northeast storm track from around the Hawaiian Islands to the Pacific Northwest of the United States. Wet months with low precipitation ratios are associated with a trough centered near the Aleutians and a northwest to southeast storm track. Dry months are marked by anticyclones in the Pacific, but this feature is more localized to the eastern Pacific for months with low precipitation ratios than for those with high ratios. Using precipitation gauge and snow course data from the American River and Truckee-Tahoe basins, we determined that the strength of the orographic effect on a seasonal basis is spatially coherent at low and high elevations and on opposite sides of the Sierra Nevada crestline.

Technical and mapping support for marine spatial planning: Final report

Washington depends on a healthy coastal and marine ecosystem to maintain a thriving economy and vibrant communities. These ecosystems support critical habitats for wildlife and a growing number of often competing ocean activities, such as fishing, transportation, aquaculture, recreation, and energy production. Planners, policy makers and resource managers are being challenged to sustainably balance ocean uses, and environmental conservation in a finite space and with limited information. This balancing act can be supported by spatial planning. Marine spatial planning (MSP) is a planning process that enables integrated, forward looking, and consistent decision making on the human uses of the oceans and coasts. It can improve marine resource management by planning for human uses in locations that reduce conflict, increase certainty, and support a balance among social, economic, and ecological benefits we receive from ocean resources. In March 2010, the Washington state legislature enacted a marine spatial planning law (RCW §43.372) to address resource use conflicts in Washington waters. In 2011, a report to the legislature and a workshop on human use data provided guidance for the marine spatial planning process. The report outlines a set of recommendations for the State to effectively undertake marine spatial planning and this work plan will support some of these recommendations, such as: federal integration, regional coordination, developing mechanisms to integrate scientific and technical expertise, developing data standards, and accessing and sharing spatial data. In 2012 the Governor amended the existing law to focus funding on mapping and ecosystem assessments for Washington’s Pacific coast and the legislature provided $2.1 million in funds to begin marine spatial planning off Washington’s coast. The funds are appropriated through the Washington Department of Natural Resources Marine Resources Stewardship Account with coordination among the State Ocean Caucus, the four Coastal Treaty Tribes, four coastal Marine Resource Committees and the newly formed stakeholder body, the Washington Coastal Marine Advisory Council.

Land-sea characterization of the St. Croix East End Marine Park, U.S. Virgin Islands

The St. Croix East End Marine Park (STXEEMP) was established in 2003 as the first multi-use marine park managed by the U.S. Virgin Islands Department of Planning and Natural Resources. It encompasses an area of approximately 155 km2 and is entirely within Territorial waters which extend up to 3 nautical miles from shore. As stated in the 2002 management plan, the original goals were to: protect and maintain the biological diversity and other natural values of the area; promote sound management practices for sustainable production purposes; protect the natural resource base from being alienated for other land use purposes that would be detrimental to the area’s biological diversity; and to contribute to regional and national development (The Nature Conservancy, 2002). At the time of its establishment, there were substantial data gaps in knowledge about living marine resources in the St. Croix, and existing data were inadequate for establishing baselines from which to measure the future performance of the various management zones within the park. In response to these data gaps, National Centers for Coastal Ocean Science (NCCOS), Center for Coastal Monitoring and Assessment, Biogeography Branch (CCMA-BB) worked with territorial partners to characterize and assess the status of the marine environment in and around the STXEEMP and land-based stressors that affect them. This project collected and analyzed data on the distribution, diversity and landscape condition of marine communities across the STXEEMP. Specifically, this project characterized (1) landscape and adjacent seascape condition relevant to threats to coral reef ecosystem health, and (2) the marine communities within STXEEMP zones to increase local knowledge of resources exposed to different regulations and stressors.

A biogeographic asssessment of seabirds, deep sea corals and ocean habitats of the New York Bight: science to support offshore spatial planning

This report provides a compilation of new maps and spatial assessments for seabirds, bathymetry, surficial sediments, deep sea corals, and oceanographic habitats in support of offshore spatial planning led by the New York Department of State Ocean and Great Lakes Program. These diverse ecological themes represent priority information gaps left by past assessments and were requested by New York to better understand and balance ocean uses and environmental conservation in the Atlantic. The main goal of this report is to translate raw ecological, geomorphological and oceanographic data into maps and assessments that can be easily used and understood by coastal managers involved in offshore spatial planning. New York plans to integrate information in this report with other ecological, geophysical and human use data to obtain a broad perspective on the ocean environment, human uses and their interactions. New York will then use this information in an ecosystem-based framework to coordinate and support decisions balancing competing demands in their offshore environment, and ultimately develop a series of amendments to New York’s federally approved Coastal Management Program. The targeted users of this report and the compiled spatial information are New York coastal managers, but other State and federal decision-makers, offshore renewable energy development interests and environmental advocates will also find the information useful. In addition, the data and approaches will be useful to regional spatial planning initiatives set up by the Mid-Atlantic Regional Council on the Ocean (MARCO) and federal regional planning bodies for coastal and marine spatial planning.

Gap analysis of marine ecosystem data for the Department of Interior, National Park Service Inventory & Monitoring Program

The Gap Analysis of Marine Ecosystem Data project is a review of available geospatial data which can assist in marine natural resource management for eight park units. The project includes the collection of geospatial information and its incorporation in a single consistent geodatabase format. The project also includes a mapping portal which can be seen at: http://ccma.nos.noaa.gov/explorer/gapanalysis/gap_analysis.html In addition to the collection of geospatial information and mapping portal we have conducted a gap analysis of a standard suite of available information for managing marine resources. Additional gap were identified by interviewing park service staff.

Population structure of island-associated dolphins: evidence from photo-identification of common bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) in the main Hawaiian Islands

Management agencies often use geopolitical boundaries as proxies for biological boundaries. In Hawaiian waters a single stock is recognized of common bottlenose dolphins, Tursiops truncatus, a species that is found both in open water and near-shore among the main Hawaiian Islands. To assess population structure, we photo-identified 336 distinctive individuals from the main Hawaiian Islands, from 2000 to 2006. Their generally shallow-water distribution, and numerous within-year and between-year resightings within island areas suggest that individuals are resident to the islands, rather than part of an offshore population moving through the area. Comparisons of identifications obtained from Kaua‘i/Ni‘ihau, O‘ahu, the “4-island area,” and the island of Hawai‘i showed no evidence of movements among these island groups, although movements from Kaua‘i to Ni‘ihau and among the “4-islands” were documented. A Bayesian analysis examining the probability of missing movements among island groups, given our sample sizes for different areas, indicates that interisland movement rates are less than 1% per year with 95% probability. Our results suggest the existence of multiple demographically independent populations of island-associated common bottlenose dolphins around the main Hawaiian islands.