Lithium and rubidium concentrations in waters of seas and oceans

Data on lithium, rubidium and cesium concentrations in waters of open seas and oceans are summarized. Average amounts of these elements in the World Ocean inferred from published data and those obtained by the author are as follows: Li - 0.18 mg/l, Rb - 0.12 mg/l and Cs - 0.004 mg/l. Rare alkaline elements in the oceans and open seas are distributed (like sodium and potassium) in accordance with salinity. The ability of lithium to become a constituent of clay minerals accounts for its relatively low concentration in sea water as compared with that of sodium and potassium. Compared to rubidium and cesium that have high absorption energy and low hydration energy, lithium relatively enriches sea water. Residence times of these elements in the ocean are: Na - 120 My, Li - 2.7 My, Rb - 2.3 My and Cs - 0.3 My.

Lithium and lithium hydride : chemical and physical properties : a literature search /

This literature search consisting of 187 references to report and published literature taken from Nuclear Science Abstracts (NSA). The period covered is January, 1951 - November 15, 1960. Abstracts for the references can be found in NSA by the abstract numbers provided.

The use of lithium to prevent or mitigate alkali-silica reaction in concrete pavements and structures /

"March 2007."

The electrical resistivity of lithium and sodium-potassium alloy /

"Contract AT(11-1)-229."

The solubility of helium in lithium and potassium /

"Contract AT(30-1)-2789."

Thermocouple development lithium-cooled reactor experiment /

"Contract AT(30-1)-2789."

Deuterided lithium wire /

"U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Contract AT(29-1)-1106."

Endangered species : Fish and Wildlife Service generally focuses recovery funding on high priority species, but needs to periodically assess its funding decisions : report to the Chairman, Committee on Resources, House of Representatives /

"GAO-05-211."

The wrongs of children, or, A practical vindication of children from the injustice done them in early nurture and education : addressed to parents, tutors, guardians, and masters, and to legislators and governors, setting forth the source of much human misery, and pointing out the remedy in a series of essays on education to be published periodically /

Goldsmiths'-Kress no. 22547.

Electrochemical investigation of liquid amalgams of thallium, indium, tin, zinc, cadmium, lead, copper, and lithium.

"Contributions from the Chemical Laboratory of Harvard College."

Versuche uber den Substanz-Quotienten beim Tabak und den Einfluss von Lithium auf dessen Wachstum.

Thesis (doctoral)--Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelsm-Universitat, Bonn.

Technical and economic status of magnesium-lithium alloys; a report to industrial and defense management,

NASA SP-5028.

Lithium for schizophrenia revisited: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials

Background: Clinicians frequently use lithium to augment antipsychotic medication in schizophrenia. Therefore, we undertook a systematic review and meta-analysis of the use of lithium in the treatment of schizophrenia. Data sources and study selection: Randomized controlled trials examining lithium (as a sole or an adjunctive compound) in participants with schizophrenia or related disorders were searched in the register of the Cochrane Schizophrenia Group. No language restrictions were applied. The Boolean phrase [lithium* or lithicarb or eskalith or lithobid or lithane or cibalith-s or quilonum or hypnorex] was used to locate articles. The search strategy initially identified 90 references. The authors of the included studies were contacted to obtain original patient data. The data were combined in a meta-analysis. The main outcome parameters were the number of patients with a clinically significant response and the number of patients leaving the studies early. Results: The meta-analysis includes 20 studies (N = 611). The evidence shows that lithium as a sole agent is ineffective in the treatment of schizophrenia. Eleven trials examined the augmentation of antipsychotics with lithium. More patients who received lithium augmentation than those who received antipsychotics alone were classified as responders. However, the superiority was not consistent across different response thresholds, and when patients with prominent affective symptoms were excluded from the analysis, the advantage of lithium augmentation was not significant (p = .07). Significantly more patients taking lithium left the trials early, suggesting a lower acceptability of lithium augmentation compared with that of taking antipsychotics alone. Conclusion: Despite some evidence in favor of lithium augmentation, the overall results are inconclusive. A large trial of lithium augmentation of antipsychotic medications will be required in order to detect a benefit of small effect size in patients with schizophrenia who lack affective symptoms.

Dispersion aspects of periodically amplified soliton transmission systems

This thesis presents improvements to optical transmission systems through the use of optical solitons as a digital transmission format, both theoretically and experimentally. An introduction to the main concepts and impairments of optical fibre on pulse transmission is included before introducing the concept of solitons in optically amplified communications and the problems of soliton system design. The theoretical work studies two fibre dispersion profiling schemes and a soliton launch improvement. The first provides superior pulse transmission by optimally tailoring the fibre dispersion to better follow the power, and hence nonlinearity, decay and thus allow soliton transmission for longer amplifier spacings and shorter pulse widths than normally possible. The second profiling scheme examines the use of dispersion compensating fibre in the context of soliton transmission over existing, standard fibre systems. The limits for solitons in uncompensated standard fibre are assessed, before the potential benefits of dispersion compensating fibre included as part of each amplifier are shown. The third theoretical investigation provides a simple improvement to the propagation of solitons in a highly perturbed system. By introducing a section of fibre of the correct length prior to the first system amplifier span, the soliton shape can be better coupled into the system thus providing an improved "average soliton" propagation model. The experimental work covers two areas. An important issue for soliton systems is pulse sources. Three potential lasers are studied, two ring laser configurations and one semiconductor device with external pulse shaping. The second area studies soliton transmission using a recalculating loop, reviewing the advantages and draw-backs of such an experiment in system testing and design. One particular example of employing the recirculating loop is also examined, using a novel method of pulse shape stabilisation over long distances with low jitter. The future for nonlinear optical communications is considered with the thesis conclusions.