温度和pH值对嗜水气单胞菌毒力基因表达的影响

为了解培养温度和pH值对嗜水气单胞菌的毒力基因表达以及致病性的影响,利用反转录PCR(RT-PCR)对4种基因的表达进行了研究。研究结果显示嗜水气单胞菌毒力基因的表达受温度和pH值影响,其中溶血素(AHH)、气溶素(AerA)、外膜蛋白(OMP)和粘附素(Aha)毒力基因在15℃、25℃和37℃下均能高效表达,在4℃AHH和AerA两基因也能持续表达,但OMP和Aha两基因的表达停止。在中性或偏酸性的条件下(pH5.0和pH7.0)4种毒力基因都得以表达,在碱性条件下(pH9.0)4种基因中只有AHH得以

THE SENSITIVITY OF 2D COMPRESSOR INCIDENCE RANGE TO IN-SERVICE GEOMETRIC VARIATION

The loss mechanisms which control 2D incidence range are discussed with an emphasis on determining which real in-service geometric variations will have the largest impact. For the majority of engine compressor blades (Minlet>0.55) both the negative and positive incidence limits are controlled by supersonic patches. It is shown that these patches are highly sensitive to the geometric variations close to, and around the leading edge. The variations used in this study were measured from newly manufactured as well as ex-service blades. Over most the high pressure compressor considered, it was shown that manufacture variations dominated. The first part of the paper shows that, despite large geometric variations (~10% of leading edge thickness), the incidence range responded in a linear way. The result of this is that the geometric variations have little effect on the mean incidence range of a row of blades. In the second part of the paper a region of the design space is identified where non-linear behavior can result in a 10% reduction in positive incidence range. The mechanism for this is reported and design guidelines for its avoidance offered. In the final part of the paper, the linear behavior at negative incidence and the transonic nature of the flow is exploited to design a robust asymmetric leading edge with a 5% increase in incidence range.

Sensitivity analysis of a time-delayed thermo-acoustic system via an adjoint-based approach

We apply adjoint-based sensitivity analysis to a time-delayed thermo-acoustic system: a Rijke tube containing a hot wire. We calculate how the growth rate and frequency of small oscillations about a base state are affected either by a generic passive control element in the system (the structural sensitivity analysis) or by a generic change to its base state (the base-state sensitivity analysis). We illustrate the structural sensitivity by calculating the effect of a second hot wire with a small heat-release parameter. In a single calculation, this shows how the second hot wire changes the growth rate and frequency of the small oscillations, as a function of its position in the tube. We then examine the components of the structural sensitivity in order to determine the passive control mechanism that has the strongest influence on the growth rate. We find that a force applied to the acoustic momentum equation in the opposite direction to the instantaneous velocity is the most stabilizing feedback mechanism. We also find that its effect is maximized when it is placed at the downstream end of the tube. This feedback mechanism could be supplied, for example, by an adiabatic mesh. We illustrate the base-state sensitivity by calculating the effects of small variations in the damping factor, the heat-release time-delay coefficient, the heat-release parameter, and the hot-wire location. The successful application of sensitivity analysis to thermo-acoustics opens up new possibilities for the passive control of thermo-acoustic oscillations by providing gradient information that can be combined with constrained optimization algorithms in order to reduce linear growth rates. © Cambridge University Press 2013.

赤潮藻中肋骨条藻的光合作用对海水pH和N变化的响应

为探讨赤潮发生时中肋骨条藻 (Skeletonemacoatatum)的光合作用生理变化 ,研究了不同无机氮 (N)水平上 ,海水pH值升高对其胞外碳酸酐酶 (CA)和光合生理特性的影响。海水pH从 8.2升至 8.7时 ,中肋骨条藻胞外CA被诱导 ,细胞对无机碳的亲和力 (1/Km)提高 ;在pH8 7时 ,高N条件下的胞外CA活性是低N条件下的 3倍 ,1/Km 值也提高了 80 %。单位叶绿素a的最大净光合能力 (Pam)在不同pH和N水平上没有显著差异 ;但单位细胞的最大净光合能力 (Pcm)提高

Structural sensitivity of spiral vortex breakdown

Previous numerical simulations have shown that vortex breakdown starts with the formation of a steady axisymmetric bubble and that an unsteady spiralling mode then develops on top of this. We investigate this spiral mode with a linear global stability analysis around the steady bubble and its wake. We obtain the linear direct and adjoint global modes of the linearized Navier-Stokes equations and overlap these to obtain the structural sensitivity of the spiral mode, which identifies the wavemaker region. We also identify regions of absolute instability with a local stability analysis. At moderate swirls, we find that the m=-1 azimuthal mode is the most unstable and that the wavemaker regions of the m=-1 mode lie around the bubble, which is absolutely unstable. The mode is most sensitive to feedback involving the radial and azimuthal components of momentum in the region just upstream of the bubble. To a lesser extent, the mode is also sensitive to feedback involving the axial component of momentum in regions of high shear around the bubble. At an intermediate swirl, in which the bubble and wake have similar absolute growth rates, other researchers have found that the wavemaker of the nonlinear global mode lies in the wake. We agree with their analysis but find that the regions around the bubble are more influential than the wake in determining the growth rate and frequency of the linear global mode. The results from this paper provide the first steps towards passive control strategies for spiral vortex breakdown. © 2013 Cambridge University Press.

pH对萼花臂尾轮虫种群动态和休眠卵的影响

应用种群累积培养法,研究了pH3.5～11.5(间隔1.0)之间萼花臂尾轮虫(Brachionuscalyciflorus)的种群动态及休眠卵的形成。结果表明,该轮虫在pH5.5～10.5为正增长,pH7.5时种群增长趋势最好;pH4.5时为负增长;pH3.5和11.5分别是该轮虫存活下限和上限。pH对轮虫休眠卵的产量和形成效率、平均混交雌体百分率和受精率皆具极显著影响。7.5是该种轮虫休眠卵规模化生产的最佳pH值,此时休眠卵的产量和藻类食物的形成效率最大,分别为(132567±20264)/(20ml·

Sensitivity analysis and optimization of the nuclear fuel cycle

A sensitivity study has been conducted to assess the robustness of the conclusions presented in the MIT Fuel Cycle Study. The Once Through Cycle (OTC) is considered as the base-line case, while advanced technologies with fuel recycling characterize the alternative fuel cycles. The options include limited recycling in LWRs and full recycling in fast reactors and in high conversion LWRs. Fast reactor technologies studied include both oxide and metal fueled reactors. The analysis allowed optimization of the fast reactor conversion ratio with respect to desired fuel cycle performance characteristics. The following parameters were found to significantly affect the performance of recycling technologies and their penetration over time: Capacity Factors of the fuel cycle facilities, Spent Fuel Cooling Time, Thermal Reprocessing Introduction Date, and incore and Out-of-core TRU Inventory Requirements for recycling technology. An optimization scheme of the nuclear fuel cycle is proposed. Optimization criteria and metrics of interest for different stakeholders in the fuel cycle (economics, waste management, environmental impact, etc.) are utilized for two different optimization techniques (linear and stochastic). Preliminary results covering single and multi-variable and single and multi-objective optimization demonstrate the viability of the optimization scheme.

Extreme sensitivity of graphene photoconductivity to environmental gases.

Graphene is a single layer of covalently bonded carbon atoms, which was discovered only 8 years ago and yet has already attracted intense research and commercial interest. Initial research focused on its remarkable electronic properties, such as the observation of massless Dirac fermions and the half-integer quantum Hall effect. Now graphene is finding application in touch-screen displays, as channels in high-frequency transistors and in graphene-based integrated circuits. The potential for using the unique properties of graphene in terahertz-frequency electronics is particularly exciting; however, initial experiments probing the terahertz-frequency response of graphene are only just emerging. Here we show that the photoconductivity of graphene at terahertz frequencies is dramatically altered by the adsorption of atmospheric gases, such as nitrogen and oxygen. Furthermore, we observe the signature of terahertz stimulated emission from gas-adsorbed graphene. Our findings highlight the importance of environmental conditions on the design and fabrication of high-speed, graphene-based devices.

低pH值对大型溞（Daphnia magna Straus）存活、生长和生殖的影响

在静置换水条件下，研究了低ｐＨ值对大型存活、生长和生殖的影响。结果表明，在２５±１℃下，急性试验低ｐＨ值对大型的２４ｈ和４８ｈＬＬ５０值及其９５％可信限分别为ｐＨ值４．６６±０．１９和４．９４±０．２０。慢性试验进行了１４天，对存活和生长，ｐＨ值１．７５有影响，ｐＨ值５．０没有影响；对生殖，ｐＨ值５．０有影响，ｐＨ值５．５没有影响。显示出低ｐＨ值对大型的毒性阈限在ｐＨ值５．００－５．５０之间。

低pH对鱼类胚胎发育、鱼苗生长及鳃组织损伤影响的研究

本文研究了低pH水平对鱼类的胚胎,鱼苗和鱼种的影响以及鱼鳃的组织学观察。在硬水环境,pH≤4.5时,对泥鳅胚胎发育有严重影响。胚胎在低pH水平下,发育进程明显地迟缓。pH≤5.5时,泥鳅幼苗的生长受到抑制;在软水环境,pH≤4.5时,影响草鱼苗和幼鱼的存活率。低pH水平加上铝则对鱼类呈现出协同毒性。低pH使鱼鳃直接遭受严重的损害:出现大量的粘液、渗血、鳃上皮肿胀和脱落,组织增生和融合。

低pH和铝对几种淡水鱼类早期生活阶段的影响

在实验室条件下,把早期生活阶段的白链(Hyhophthalmichthys molitrix)、鳙鱼(Arist-ichthys nobilis)和草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)突然置于一系列低pH值水中,以测试产生毒性影响的pH水平.在受试的三种鱼中,未发现对低pH的敏感性有显著差异,但在发育过程中其敏感性逐渐降低.在pH5.0的水中,Al(0.1—16mg/L)对草鱼仔鱼毒性测试结果表明,96h的LC_(50)为0.26mg/L(0.21—0.31mg/L),致死阈浓度为0.

低pH对草鱼呼吸活动和耗氧代谢的影响

研究了低pH(6.0—3.6)对草鱼呼吸活动机能及耗氧代谢的影响.结果表明,在pH4.6—3.6条件下,草鱼呼吸和气体代谢活动受干扰的程度随酸度增大而急剧加重.其具体表现为:呼吸率加快,咳嗽反应增加,呼吸深度加大.耗氧率起始升高继而迅速下降,并在极端pH(3.6)下最终引起机体组织缺氧而致死.对于pH5.6,草鱼各类呼吸与代谢指标未受明显影响,基本属于正常.供试草鱼对低pH反应的灵敏程度依次为:咳嗽率>呼吸率>耗氧率>呼吸深度.

低pH对草鱼血液酸碱平衡的影响

研究了低pH(6.0—4.0)对草鱼血液酸碱平衡、p_(o2)及p_(co2)的影响,结果表明,低pH引起草鱼严重的酸血症.亚致死pH(6.0—5.0)时,血液酸碱平衡的影响主要表现为碱贮备[HCO_3]的丧失,血液pH的明显下降经机体缓冲调节可趋于稳定.致死低pH(4.0)时,血液pN和[HCO_3]下降均非常显著,并在96h内随酸化时间延长而日趋严重.仅在pH≤4.0的酸水中草鱼存在低氧症影响问题.草鱼是一种酸敏感性鱼类,为确保成鱼在天然水体的生存和繁育,水质pH至少应维持在6.0以上.

五种水蛭对不同pH值的生物效应

本文论述了使用常规试验方法研究5种水蛭:宽身舌蛭(Glossiphonia lata)、八目石蛭(Erpobdella octoculata)、光润金线蛭(Whitmania laevis)、尖细金线蛭(Whitmania acranulata)和日本医蛭(Hirudo nipponia)对12个pH值的24—96小时急性生物效应。结果表明:稻田3个种(尖细金线蛭,光润金线蛭和日本医蛭)均较湖泊近岸2个种(八目石蛭和宽身舌蛭)对pH值的变化要敏感,其中尖细金线蛭最敏感(pH6.0—7.2),八目石蛭的忍耐