969 resultados para Orientamento di Grafi, Ricerca Operativa, CPLEX
Resumo:
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a large family of proteinases that remodel extracellular matrix (ECM) component. Recent data suggest a role for MMPs in a number of renal pathophysiologies, associated with an imbalance of ECM syntesis and degradation, which may result in an accumulation of ECM molecules and renal fibrosis. The aim of this study is to elucidate the role of pro and activated MMP-2 and 9 in urine and renal tissue of healty and nephropatic dogs. Renal tissue of 8 healty dogs and either renal tissue and urine of 9 nephropatic dogs was collected and analize using zimographic method, which is been validated in this study. Either MMPs zimographic bands were present in almost all samples. In particular, pro and activated MMP-9 zimographic bands were poorly represent in renal tissue of healty dogs, whereas were very represent in nephropatic dogs. Pro and activated MMP-2 was present in either tissue of healty and nephropatic dogs. In urine of nephropatic dogs, pro and activated MMP-9 was more evident than MMP-2, but there was not correlaction with renal tissue levels, therefore urine levels of MMPs have poorly usefulness in diagnostic pratice. The values of Pro and activated MMP-9 in nephropatic dogs were significantly higher compared with normal dogs (p < 0,05), whereas there was not statistically meaningful for Pro and activated MMP-2. In conclusion, in this study we have validated a zimographic method for renal tissue of dogs and we have illustrated the changes in nephropatic dogs, which may be useful for further study.
Resumo:
Citokines are proteins produced by several cell types and secreted in response to various stimuli. These molecules are able to modify the behaviour of other cells inducing activities like growth, differentiation and apoptosis. In the last years, veterinary scientists have investigated the role played by these factors; in fact, cytokines can act as intercellular communicative signals in immune response, cell damage repair and hematopoiesis. Up to date, various cytokines have been identified and in depth comprehension of their effects in physiology, pathology and therapy is an interesting field of research. This thesis aims to understand the role played by these mediators during natural or experimentally induced pathologies. In particular, it has been evaluated the genic and protein expressions of a large number of cytokines during several diseases and starting from different matrix. Considering the heterogeneity of materials used in experimentations, multiple methods and protocols of nucleic acids and proteins extractions have been standardized. Results on cytokines expression obtained from various in vitro and in vivo experimental studies have shown how important these mediators are in regulation and modulation of the host immune response also in veterinary medicine. In particular, the analysis of inflammatory and septic markers, like cytokines, has allowed a better understanding in the pathogenesis during horse Recurrent Airway Obstruction, foal sepsis, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus infection and dog Parvovirus infection and the effects of these agents on the host immune system. As experimentations with mice have shown, some pathologies of the respiratory and nervous system can be reduced or even erased by blocking cytokines inflammatory production. The in vitro cytokines expression evaluation in cells which are in vivo involved in the response to exogenous (like pathogens) or endogenous (as it happens during autoimmune diseases) inflammatory stimuli could represent a model for studying citokines effects during the host immune response. This has been analyzed using lymphocytes cultured with several St. aureus strains isolated from bovine mastitic milk and different colostrum products. In the first experiment different cytokines were expressed depending on enterotoxins produced, justifying a different behaviour of the microrganism in the mammal gland. In the second one, bone marrow cells derived incubated with murine lymphocytes with colostrum products have shown various cluster of differentiation expression , different proliferation and a modified cytokines profile. A better understanding of cytokine expression mechanisms will increase the know-how on immune response activated by several pathogen agents. In particular, blocking the cytokine production, the inhibition or catalyzation of the receptor binding mechanism and the modulation of signal transduction mechanism will represent a novel therapeutic strategy in veterinary medicine.
Resumo:
Object of the search is the advertising phenomenon of the "product placement", with reference to that it has been investigated legality’s limits, as well as the relationship with the constitutionally protected liberty of expression. Particularly, it has been analyzed, in first place, the problem of the relationship between the freedom of expression and the liberty of economic initiative, with particular reference to the different circles of guardianship to these prepared: or, larger, the one provided for the first from the 21th article of Costitution, more circumscribed, instead, the one established in the 41th article of Costitution, with reference to the second. This analysis has been made with the purpose to investigate the coordination among such liberties in those forms of communications that, for the proper peculiarities that characterize them, can be qualified, according to the concrete circumstances in which they are spread, so much forms of liberty of expression, how much exercise of an activity of enterprise. Under this last profile, it has been taken attention on the advertising activity and, specially, on the non transparent publicities, or not immediately perceivable as such from their receivers, and, therefore, in contrast with the advertising trasparence’s principle: or, the so-called cases of hidden publicity, what the editorial publicity, both "in narrow sense" both "in general sense", as well as the phenomenon of the product placement (or positioning of product), by now diffused in the commercial routine. Therefore, it has been proceeded to a complete and exhaustive examination of innovations introduced by the recent legislative discipline in subject of “planned placement of marks and products” in the cinema works, appraising, in the specific one, the effects, juridical and no juridical, consequential from the introduction of a first form of regulation of the phenomenon of the product placement and, particularly, from the express provision about the legality of the use to such advertising, if it has realized according to specific requirements or condition. In relationship to such profile, it has been also investigate limits (sub kind of normative gaps) from which the recently introduced discipline in subject would seem characterized. Finally, a further circle of investigation has concerned the possible organization of the phenomenon under a negotiate aspect, as particular contract of advertising, in which the object consists in an promotional activity. Concerning this, the experience of foreign countries (above all the Anglo-Saxon one) has been very important, because of the absence, in our arrangement, of a general normative discipline about advertising contracts. Consequently, I’ve investigated principal characteristics of similar contracts, in first place the atypicalness, because of the lack, in Italy, of a legislative discipline of this contract. Such investigation has also been developed through a comparation between the positioning of product and the other advertising contracts, among which, particularly, the sponsorship, as well as the contracts for the advertising exploitation of the name and other people's image, and, specially, the contract of testimonial and the contract of endorsement.
Resumo:
Il tema di ricerca sul Segretariato Generale della Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri si colloca su di un terreno che potremmo definire, genericamente, giuspubblicistico, posto al confine tra il diritto costituzionale ed il diritto amministrativo. Tale visione sistematica trae fondamento alla apparente vocazione del Segretariato, di soggetto istituzionale dalla doppia attitudine: da un lato, infatti, è preposto alla traduzione - in termini strettamente operativi - dell’indirizzo politico governativo e dall’altro svolge un’attività di monitoraggio e di raccolta di informazioni generali necessarie per il migliore svolgimento dell’azione governativa. Pertanto, per l’inquadramento e l’analisi delle differenti problematiche che avvolgono l’istituto sono state recuperate, per i profili d’interesse, diverse categorie giuridiche, alcune di stampo marcatamente costituzionalistico (a titolo esemplificativo, la funzione, l’indirizzo politico, il rapporto di fiducia, la posizione costituzionale del Presidente del Consiglio, dei Ministri e del Consiglio dei Ministri, categorie cui è stata aggiunta, per alcuni aspetti, la disciplina elettorale e, in particolare, la stessa formula elettorale, suscettibile di apportare una spiccata “mobilità decisionale” tra i diversi organi di cui si compone il Governo), accostate ad altre di specifico interesse amministrativistico (il coordinamento, l’atto politico, l’atto di alta amministrazione, la direzione, le strutture in cui si dipana l’organizzazione, l’azione amministrativa, la gestione finanziaria). Lo sviluppo del tema è proposto, in via preliminare, facendo riferimento all’inquadramento generale dell’istituto, attraverso l’esame della genesi e dello sviluppo della struttura burocratica oggetto dello studio, tenendo conto della versatilità operativa, sia sul versante strutturale, sia funzionale, dimostrata nel corso degli decenni di storia costituzionale del Paese, spesso costellata da avvenimenti politici e sociali controversi e, a volte, non privi di accadimenti drammatici. La dottrina non ha dedicato specifici studi ma si è occupata dell’argomento in via incidentale, nell’ambito di trattazioni di più ampio respiro dedicate alla funzione di governo nelle sue varie “declinazioni”, legando “a doppio filo” il Segretariato Generale della Presidenza del Consiglio al Presidente del Consiglio soprattutto nella misura in cui afferma che il Segretariato è struttura meramente servente del premier di cui sembrerebbe condividerne le sorti specie con riferimento alla conformazione strutturale e funzionale direttamente collegata alla maggiore o minore espansione dei suoi poteri (reali) di coordinamento e di direzione della compagine governativa, ponendo in secondo piano le funzioni “di continuità” istituzionale e di servizio al cittadino che pure sono assolte dall’organo. Ciò premesso, si è tentato di fornire una visione generale del Segretariato nella sua dimensione ordinamentale ed operativa, attraverso la ricognizione, scomposizione e ricomposizione delle sue numerose attribuzioni per saggiare il suo reale natura giuridica. In conclusione, anche a fronte della posizione netta della giurisprudenza, si è optato per ritenere che il Segretariato generale della Presidenza del Consiglio dei ministri sia attratto tra gli organi amministrativi.
Resumo:
La tesi della candidata presenta - attraverso lo studio della normativa e della giurisprudenza rilevanti in Italia, Francia e Germania – un’analisi dell'ambito soggettivo di applicazione del diritto costituzionale d'asilo e del suo rapporto con il riconoscimento dello status di rifugiato ai sensi della Convenzione di Ginevra del 1951, nonchè della sua interazione con le altre forme di protezione della persona previste dal diritto comunitario e dal sistema CEDU di salvaguardia dei diritti fondamentali. Dal breve itinerario comparatistico percorso, emerge una forte tendenza alla neutralizzazione dell’asilo costituzionale ed alla sua sovrapposizione con la fattispecie del rifugio convenzionale quale carattere comune agli ordinamenti presi in esame, espressione di una consapevole scelta di politica del diritto altresì volta ad assimilare la materia alla disciplina generale dell’immigrazione al fine di ridimensionarne le potenzialità espansive (si pensi alla latitudine delle formule costituzionali di cui agli artt. 10, co. 3 Cost. it. e 16a, co. 1 Grundgesetz) e di ricondurre l'asilo entro i tradizionali confini della discrezionalità amministrativa quale sovrana concessione dello Stato ospitante. L'esame delle fonti comunitarie di recente introduzione illumina l’indagine: in particolare, la stessa Direttiva 2004/83CE sulla qualifica di rifugiato e sulla protezione sussidiaria consolida quanto stabilito dalle disposizioni convenzionali, ma ne estende la portata in modo significativo, recependo gli esiti della lunga evoluzione giurisprudenziale compiuta dalle corti nazionali e dal Giudice di Strasburgo nell’interpretazione del concetto di “persecuzione” (specialmente, in relazione all’individuazione delle azioni e degli agenti persecutori). Con riferimento al sistema giuridico italiano, la tesi si interroga sulle prospettive di attuazione del dettato dell’art. 10, terzo comma della Costituzione, ed inoltre propone la disamina di alcuni istituti chiave dell’attuale normativa in materia di asilo, attraverso cui si riscontrano importanti profili di incompatibilità con la natura di diritto fondamentale costituzionalmente tutelato, conferita al diritto di asilo dalla volontà dei Costituenti e radicata nella ratio della norma stessa (il trattenimento del richiedente asilo; la procedura di esame della domanda, l’onere probatorio e le cause ostative al suo accoglimento; l’effettività della tutela giurisdizionale). Le questioni più problematiche ancora irrisolte investono proprio tali aspetti del procedimento - previsto per ottenere quello che alcuni atti europei, tra cui l'art. 18 della Carta di Nizza, definiscono right to asylum - come rivela la disciplina contenuta nella Direttiva 2005/85CE, recante norme minime per le procedure applicate negli Stati membri ai fini del riconoscimento e della revoca dello status di rifugiato. Infine, il fenomeno della esternalizzazione dei controlli compromette lo stesso accesso alle procedure, nella misura in cui rende "mobile" il confine territoriale dell’area Schengen (attraverso l'introduzione del criterio dello "Stato terzo sicuro", degli strumenti dell'esame preliminare delle domande e della detenzione amministrativa nei Paesi di transito, nonché per mezzo del presidio delle frontiere esterne), relegando il trattamento dei richiedenti asilo ad uno spazio in cui non sempre è monitorabile l'effettivo rispetto del principio del non refoulement, degli obblighi internazionali relativi all’accoglienza dei profughi e delle clausole di determinazione dello Stato competente all'esame delle domande ai sensi del Regolamento n. 343/03, c.d. Dublino II (emblematico il caso del pattugliamento delle acque internazionali e dell'intercettazione delle navi prima del superamento dei confini territoriali). Questi delicati aspetti di criticità della disciplina procedimentale limitano il carattere innovativo delle recenti acquisizioni comunitarie sull’ambito di operatività delle nuove categorie definitorie introdotte (le qualifiche di rifugiato e di titolare di protezione sussidiaria e la complessa nozione di persecuzione, innanzitutto), richiedendo, pertanto, l’adozione di un approccio sistemico – piuttosto che analitico – per poter rappresentare in modo consapevole le dinamiche che concretamente si producono a livello applicativo ed affrontare la questione nodale dell'efficienza dell'attuale sistema multilivello di protezione del richiedente asilo.
Qualità della legge e forme di governo. Controlli e garanzie costituzionali in prospettiva comparata
Resumo:
This thesis is aimed at analysing EU external relations from the perspective of the promotion of the rule of law in order to evaluate the effectiveness and consistency of its action within the international community. The research starts with an examination of the notion of the rule of law from a theoretical point of view. The first chapter initially describes the historical-political evolution of the establishment of the notion of the rule of law. Some of the most significant national experiences (France, the UK, Germany and Austria) are discussed. Then, the focus is put on the need to propose interpretations which explain the grounds of the rule of law, by highlighting the different formal and substantive interpretations. This philosophical-historical analysis is complemented by a reconstruction of how the notion of the rule of law was developed by the international community, with a view to searching a common notion at the international level by comparing theory and practice within the main international organisations such as the UN, OECD and the Council of Europe. Specific mention is made of the EU experience, whose configuration as a Community based on the rule of law is often debated, starting from the case law of the European Court of Justice. The second chapter deals with the conditionality policy and focuses on the development and scope of democratic conditionality according to the dominant approach of the doctrine. First, the birth of conditionality is analysed from an economic point of view, especially within international financial organisations and the different types of conditionality recreated in the scientific sector. Then an analysis is provided about the birth of democratic conditionality in the EC – in relation to its external relations – firstly as a mere political exercise to be then turned into a standardised system of clauses. Specific reference is made to the main scope of conditionality, that is to say enlargement policy and the development of the Copenhagen criteria. The third chapter provides further details about the legal questions connected to the use of democratic clauses: on the one hand, the power of the EC to include human rights clauses in international agreements, on the other, the variety and overlapping in the use of the legal basis. The chapter ends with an analysis of the measures of suspension of agreements with third countries in those rare but significant cases in which the suspension clause, included in the Lomè Convention first and in the Cotonou Agreement then, is applied. The last chapter is devoted to the analysis of democratic clauses in unilateral acts adopted by the European Union which affect third countries. The examination of this practice and the comparison with the approach analysed in the previous chapter entails a major theoretical question. It is the clear-cut distinction between conditionality and international sanction. This distinction is to be taken into account when considering the premises and consequences, in terms of legal relations, which are generated when democratic clauses are not complied with. The chapter ends with a brief analysis of what, according to the reconstruction suggested, can be rightly labelled as real democratic conditionality, that is to say the system of incentives, positive measures developed within the community GSP. The dissertation ends with a few general considerations about the difficulties experienced by the EU in promoting the rule of law. The contradictory aspects of the EU external actions are manifold, as well as its difficulties in choosing the most appropriate measures to be taken which, however, reflect all the repercussions and tension resulting from the balance of power within the international community. The thesis argues that it is difficult to grant full credibility to an entity like the EU which, although it proclaims itself as the guardian and promoter of the rule of law, in practice, is too often biased in managing its relations with third countries. However, she adds, we must acknowledge that the EU is committed and constantly strives towards identifying new spaces and strategies of action.