Oral administration of a 12% sucrose solution did not decrease behavioural indicators of distress in piglets undergoing tail docking, teeth clipping and ear notching

Sucrose has been shown to attenuate the behavioural response to painful procedures in human infants undergoing circumcision or blood collection via heelstick. Sucrose has also been found to have a behaviour-modifying effect in neonatal rats exposed to a hot plate. The effect was abolished in neonatal rats by injection of the opioid antagonist naltrexone, suggesting that it was mediated by endogenous opioids. In this experiment, the behaviour of 571 newborn Large White x Landrace hybrid piglets in a specific-pathogen-free piggery of the University of Queensland was recorded during and after the routine management practices of tail docking, ear notching and teeth clipping. Piglets were randomly assigned to receive 1.0 ml of a 12% sucrose solution (treatment group) or a placebo (1.0 ml of air) administered via syringe in the mouth, 60 s before commencement of one of the management procedures. Behaviours were recorded at the time of the procedure, and then 2 min after completion of the procedure. Piglets that received the sucrose solution did not behave significantly differently from piglets receiving the placebo. Regardless of whether sucrose or placebo was administered, piglets undergoing the routine management procedures showed significantly greater behavioural responses than piglets undergoing no procedure. It was concluded that under commercial conditions, a 12% sucrose solution administered I min prior to surgery was not effective in decreasing the behavioural indicators of distress in piglets undergoing routine management procedures, Further research into methods of minimising distress caused to piglets by these procedures is recommended.

Placental growth hormone is not suppressed by oral glucose loading in normal human pregnancy

Placental growth hormone (PGH) progressively replaces pituitary growth hormone in the maternal circulation from mid-gestation onwards in human pregnancy. Our previous investigations have shown that placental growth hormone concentrations correlate well with foetal growth. Despite the apparent correlation between PGH and birthweight, the physiology of its secretion during pregnancy has not been well defined. We investigated the response of maternal serum PCH to oral glucose loading in pregnant women (n = 24) who demonstrated normal glucose tolerance at a mean gestation of 29 weeks. Mean (SEM) fasting PGH concentrations were high (36.9 [6.4] ng/ml). No suppression of PGH was noted at one, two or three hours after a 75 g oral glucose load. Similarly, no changes were noted in growth hormone binding protein or in calculated free PGH over the course of the glucose tolerance test. As expected, insulin concentrations rose sixfold and insulin like growth factor binding protein 1 concentrations fell by 20% with glucose loading. Cot-relation analysis showed maternal weight, BMI, fasting serum glucose serum insulin to be significantly correlated with the babies' birthweight. Our results support the proposition that PGH concentrations in maternal serum are not Suppressed by oral glucose loading in non-diabetic mothers.

Crohn's disease with oral presenting signs masquerading as chronic osteomyelitis

Background: A case of Crohn's disease (CD) was diagnosed following recognition of oral and systemic signs and symptoms in a 19-year-old male patient. Methods: Clinical investigation utilized included blood tests (full blood count, electrolytes, urea, creatinine, liver function tests), computed tomogrphy scans, magnetic resonance imaging scans, oral biopsies, colonoscopy and biopsies of the terminal ileum and colon. Results: A diagnosis of CD was made which then allowed appropriate medical treatment to be initiated. Conclusion: The importance of a thorough medical history and full physical examination with appropriate investigations as dictated by clinical findings is demonstrated.

Oral ulceration with bone sequestration

Oral mucosal ulceration is a common manifestation of various disease processes. Identification of the aetiological factor(s) involved greatly facilitates the management of such conditions. This report describes oral ulceration of the mucosa overlying the lingual shelf and mylohyoid ridge of the mandible and, less commonly on tori and exostoses, in association with bone sequestration. Trauma, which involves the subjacent periosteum resulting in a focus of ischaemic bone necrosis, in conjunction with local anatomical and perhaps other systemic predisposing factors, forms the aetiopathogenesis for this particular type of focal ulcerative lesion.

Mast cells and oral inflammation

Mast cells are mobile granule-containing secretory cells that are distributed preferentially about the microvascular endothelium in oral mucosa and dental pulp. The enzyme profile of mast cells in oral tissues resembles that of skin, with most mast cells expressing the serine proteases tryptase and chymase. Mast cells in oral tissues contain the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumour necrosis factor-alpha in their granules, and release of this promotes leukocyte infiltration during evolving inflammation in several conditions, including lichen planus, gingivitis, pulpitis, and periapical inflammation, through induction of endothelial-leukocyte adhesion molecules. Mast cell synthesis and release of other mediators exerts potent immunoregulatory effects on other cell types, while several T-lymphocyte-derived cytokines influence mast cell migration and mediator release. Mast cell proteases may contribute to alterations in basement membranes in inflammation in the oral cavity, such as the disruptions that allow cytotoxic lymphocytes to enter the epithelium in oral lichen planus. A close relationship exists among mast cells, neural elements, and laminin, and this explains the preferential distribution of mast cells in tissues. Mast cells are responsive to neuropeptides and, through their interaction with neural elements, form a neural immune network with Langerhans cells in mucosal tissues. This facilitates mast cell degranulation in response to a range of immunological and non-immunological stimuli. Because mast cells play a pivotal role in inflammation, therapies that target mast cell functions could have value in the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders in the oral cavity.

Th1 cytokines in oral lichen planus

Background: Cell-mediated immune responses in oral lichen planus (OLP) may be regulated by cytokines and their receptors. Methods: In situ cytokine expression and in vitro cytokine secretion in OLP were determined by immunohistochemistry and ELISA. Resulults: The majority of subepithelial and intraepithelial mononuclear cells in OLP were CD8(+) . In some cases, intraepithelial CD8(+) cells were adjacent to degenerating keratinocytes. CD4(+) cells were observed mainly in the deep lamina propria with occasional CD4(+) cells close to basal keratinocytes. Mononuclear cells expressed IFN-gamma in the superficial lamina propria and TNF-alpha adjacent to basal keratinocytes. Basal keratinocytes expressed TNF-alpha as a continuous band. TNF R1 was expressed by mononuclear cells and basal and suprabasal keratinocytes. There was variable expression of TGF-beta1 in the subepithelial infiltrate while all intraepithelial mononuclear cells were TGF-beta1(-) . Keratinocytes in OLP stained weakly for TGF-beta1. Unstimulated OLP lesional T cells secreted IFN-gammain vitro . TNF-alpha stimulation down-regulated IFN-gamma secretion and up-regulated TNF-alpha secretion. IL-4, IL-10 and TGF-beta1 secretion were not detected. Conclusions: These data suggest the development of a T helper 1 immune response that may promote CD8(+) cytotoxic T-cell activity in OLP.

Oral rapamycin attenuates atherosclerosis without affecting the arterial responsiveness of resistance vessels in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice

The objective of the present study was to assess the effects of the immunosuppressant rapamycin (Rapamune®, Sirolimus) on both resistance vessel responsiveness and atherosclerosis in apolipoprotein E-deficient 8-week-old male mice fed a normal rodent diet. Norepinephrine (NE)-induced vasoconstriction, acetylcholine (ACh)- and sodium nitroprusside (SNP)-induced vasorelaxation of isolated mesenteric bed, and atherosclerotic lesions were evaluated. After 12 weeks of orally administered rapamycin (5 mg·kg-1·day-1, N = 9) and compared with untreated (control, N = 9) animals, rapamycin treatment did not modify either NE-induced vasoconstriction (maximal response: 114 ± 4 vs 124 ± 10 mmHg, respectively) or ACh- (maximal response: 51 ± 8 vs 53 ± 5%, respectively) and SNP-induced vasorelaxation (maximal response: 73 ± 6 vs 74 ± 6%, respectively) of the isolated vascular mesenteric bed. Despite increased total cholesterol in treated mice (982 ± 59 vs 722 ± 49 mg/dL, P < 0.01), lipid deposition on the aorta wall vessel was significantly less in rapamycin-treated animals (37 ± 12 vs 68 ± 8 µm2 x 103). These results indicate that orally administered rapamycin is effective in attenuating the progression of atherosclerotic plaque without affecting the responsiveness of resistance vessels, supporting the idea that this immunosuppressant agent might be of potential benefit against atherosclerosis in patients undergoing therapy.

Literatura oral e performance : a identidade e a ancestralidade no Ticumbi de Conceição da Barra, ES

O presente trabalho analisa a importância da literatura oral na construção da identidade de comunidades remanescentes de quilombos da região Norte do Estado do Espírito Santo, conhecidas como Sapê do Norte. São observados cantares, enredo, melodia, performance corporal e verbal gravada e transcrita dos Bailes de Congos de São Benedito. O corpus evidencia uma série de tensões sociais que cercam a região das comunidades de Sapê do Norte, sendo possível perceber forte relação entre o patrimônio cultural, a ancestralidade e a questão territorial, assim como constantes processos de desterritorialização e hibridismo nos campos religioso, social e linguístico. Na performance, o tempo passado se faz presente em memórias de tradições africanas que são revividas e atualizadas no momento enunciativo, possibilitando aos sujeitos históricos participantes do Ticumbi a escrita de uma narrativa híbrida, simbólica e tradutora de sua identidade plural. A literatura oral, efetivada por intermédio da performance cultural e pela constante troca realizada com a audiência, acessa a tradição e a sabedoria ancestral na prática enunciativa. A oralidade revive e atualiza a sabedoria dos antepassados, sendo, ao mesmo tempo, engendrada por esse saber e difusora da tradição de matrizes africanas. É nesse espaço de tensões que a tradição e a ancestralidade cantadas nos versos dos Bailes de Congos se constituem como o local da cultura, engendrado por lutas e tradições. Local em que a riqueza, a sabedoria e o universo simbólico das comunidades compõem um patrimônio cultural imaterial a ser preservado, difundido e legitimado socialmente.

Candidíase oral e leucoplasia pilosa como marcadores de progressão da infecção pelo HIV em pacientes brasileiros

Candidíase oral (CO) e leucoplasia pilosa (LP) são importantes indicadores da progressão da infecção pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) para o quadro de AIDS, principalmente em locais onde exames específicos são inacessíveis. OBJETO: Relacionar CO e LP ao número de células CD4+ e à carga viral (CV) em pacientes brasileiros HIV-positivos, confirmando-as como marcadores clínicos confiáveis de progressão da doença. FORMA DE ESTUDO: Coorte longitudinal. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODO: Avaliamos prospectivamente 124 pacientes HIV-positivos, isentos de terapia antiretroviral. Todos foram submetidos a exame ORL, dosagem de células CD4+ e CV, sendo divididos em dois grupos: P e A, de acordo com a presença ou ausência de CO e LP. Depois de seis meses, os pacientes do grupo A foram subdivididos nos subgrupos P6 (presença de lesões) e A6. Dosamos novamente CD4+ e carga viral. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente. RESULTADOS: No grupo P (43 pacientes, 28 CO e 15 LP) a contagem de células CD4+ foi menor e a carga viral maior em relação ao grupo A (p<0,001). Após 6 meses, 15 dos 81 pacientes do grupo A foram excluídos por iniciarem terapia antiretroviral. Dezoito (11 CO e 7 LP), passaram a compor o grupo P6. Os demais, sem lesões, compuseram o grupo A6. A contagem de células CD4+ no grupo P6 foi menor (p< 0,001) que no grupo A6. O inverso ocorreu com a carga viral. DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO: CO e LP indicam contagem de células CD4+ abaixo de 300 cels/mm³ e carga viral elevada, sendo marcadores clínicos confiáveis da progressão da doença.