Hypoxia/hypoglycemia preconditioning prevents the loss of functional electrical activity in organotypic slice cultures.

In cerebral ischemic preconditioning (IPC), a first sublethal ischemia increases the resistance of neurons to a subsequent severe ischemia. Despite numerous studies, the mechanisms are not yet fully understood. Our goal is to develop an in vitro model of IPC on hippocampal organotypic slice cultures. Instead of anoxia, we chose to apply varying degrees of hypoxia that allows us various levels of insult graded from mild to severe. Cultures are exposed to combined oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) of varying intensities, ranging from mild to severe, assessing both the electrical activity and cell death. IPC was accomplished by exposure to the mildest ischemia condition (10% of O2 for 15 min) 24 h before the severe deprivation (5% of O2 for 30 min). Interestingly, IPC not only prevented delayed ischemic cell death 6 days after insult but also the transient loss of evoked potential response. The major interest and advantage of this system over both the acute slice preparation and primary cell cultures is the ability to simultaneously measure the delayed neuronal damage and neuronal function.

Relations entre le poids la fécondité des reines de fourmis récemment accouplées et leur mode de fondation

Schématiquement on distingue chez les fourmis deux modes principaux de fondation des nouvelles sociétés: la fondation indépendante et la fondation dépendante. Ces deux stratégies entraînent des particularités biologiques importantes. On a étudié dans le présent travail les conséquences du type de fondation sur la fécondité des jeunes reines. Chez les reines monogynes des espèces à fondation indépendante (Camponotus ligniperda, Camponotus herculeanus, Lasius niger), on observe une fécondité d'abord très faible puis qui augmente ensuite régulièrement avec le temps. Chez les reines polygynes des espèces à fondation dépendante (Plagiolepis pygmaea, Iridomyrmex humilis), la fécondité atteint pratiquement son niveau maximal dans les semaines qui suivent l'accouplement. Ces différences dans le niveau de l'activité ovarienne sont confrontées à l'espérance de vie des femelles. ll apparaît que les espèces monogynes à fondation indépendante ont une durée de vie de plusieurs années; leur fécondité ne s'exprimera pleinement qu'au bout de plusieurs saisons d'activité. A l'inverse, les reines polygynes à fondation dépendante ont une vie bien plus courte; elles compensent ce handicap par une ponte qui atteint son niveau maximal dès la fondation.

Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project.

We report the generation and analysis of functional data from multiple, diverse experiments performed on a targeted 1% of the human genome as part of the pilot phase of the ENCODE Project. These data have been further integrated and augmented by a number of evolutionary and computational analyses. Together, our results advance the collective knowledge about human genome function in several major areas. First, our studies provide convincing evidence that the genome is pervasively transcribed, such that the majority of its bases can be found in primary transcripts, including non-protein-coding transcripts, and those that extensively overlap one another. Second, systematic examination of transcriptional regulation has yielded new understanding about transcription start sites, including their relationship to specific regulatory sequences and features of chromatin accessibility and histone modification. Third, a more sophisticated view of chromatin structure has emerged, including its inter-relationship with DNA replication and transcriptional regulation. Finally, integration of these new sources of information, in particular with respect to mammalian evolution based on inter- and intra-species sequence comparisons, has yielded new mechanistic and evolutionary insights concerning the functional landscape of the human genome. Together, these studies are defining a path for pursuit of a more comprehensive characterization of human genome function.

Functional effects of Na+,K+-ATPase gene mutations linked to familial hemiplegic migraine.

Familial hemiplegic migraine type 2, an autosomal dominant form of migraine with aura, has been associated with four distinct mutations in the alpha2-subunit of the Na+,K+-ATPase. We have introduced these mutations in the alpha2-subunit of the human Na+,K+-ATPase and the corresponding mutations in the Bufo marinus alpha1-subunit and studied these mutants by expression in Xenopus oocyte. Metabolic labeling studies showed that the mutants were synthesized and associated with the beta-subunit, except for the alpha2HW887R mutant, which was poorly synthesized, and the alpha1BW890R, which was partially retained in the endoplasmic reticulum. [3H]ouabain binding showed the presence of the alpha2HR689Q and alpha2HM731T at the membrane, whereas the alpha2HL764P and alpha2HW887R could not be detected. Functional studies with the mutants of the B. marinus Na+,K+-ATPase showed a reduced or abolished electrogenic activity and a low K+ affinity for the alpha1BW890R mutant. Through different mechanisms, all these mutations result in a strong decrease of the functional expression of the Na+,K+-pump. The decreased activity in alpha2 isoform of the Na+,K+-pump expressed in astrocytes seems an essential component of hemiplegic migraine pathogenesis and may be responsible for the cortical spreading depression, which is one of the first events in migraine attacks.

A functional equation related to the product in a quadratic number field

"Vegeu el resum a l'inici del document del fitxer adjunt."

Les comportements face au VIH/sida des hommes qui ont des relations sexuelles avec des hommes: résultats de Gaysurvey 2007

Gaysurvey est une enquête menée périodiquement en Suisse parmi les hommes qui ont des relations sexuelles avec des hommes (HSH). Elle s'inscrit dans le dispositif de surveillance du VIH, établi par l'Office fédéral de la santé publique, en tant qu'instrument de suivi des comportements face au VIH/sida dans ce groupe-cible. Elle a déjà été réalisée à huit reprises : en 1987, 1990, 1992, 1994, 1997, 2000, 2004, 2007. [...] Elle permet d'établir des tendances temporelles au niveau des pratiques sexuelles et des expositions au risque d'infection par le VIH. Elle permet, en outre, d'approfondir certaines thématiques pertinentes pour le travail de prévention (gestion du risque au sein d'une relation stable, entrée dans la sexualité, etc.). Ce document a pour objectif de faire la synthèse des tendances mises au jour lors de la dernière vague d'enquête, réalisée en 2007. [Introduction p. 4]