High-brightness all semiconductor laser at 1.57 µm for space-borne lidar measurements of atmospheric carbon dioxide: device design and analysis of requirements

The availability of suitable laser sources is one of the main challenges in future space missions for accurate measurement of atmospheric CO2. The main objective of the European project BRITESPACE is to demonstrate the feasibility of an all-semiconductor laser source to be used as a space-borne laser transmitter in an Integrated Path Differential Absorption (IPDA) lidar system. We present here the proposed transmitter and system architectures, the initial device design and the results of the simulations performed in order to estimate the source requirements in terms of power, beam quality, and spectral properties to achieve the required measurement accuracy. The laser transmitter is based on two InGaAsP/InP monolithic Master Oscillator Power Amplifiers (MOPAs), providing the ON and OFF wavelengths close to the selected absorption line around 1.57 µm. Each MOPA consists of a frequency stabilized Distributed Feedback (DFB) master oscillator, a modulator section, and a tapered semiconductor amplifier optimized to maximize the optical output power. The design of the space-compliant laser module includes the beam forming optics and the thermoelectric coolers.The proposed system replaces the conventional pulsed source with a modulated continuous wave source using the Random Modulation-Continuous Wave (RM-CW) approach, allowing the designed semiconductor MOPA to be applicable in such applications. The system requirements for obtaining a CO2 retrieval accuracy of 1 ppmv and a spatial resolution of less than 10 meters have been defined. Envelope estimated of the returns indicate that the average power needed is of a few watts and that the main noise source is the ambient noise.

A micromachined device provides a new bend on fibroblast traction forces

We have measured the traction forces generated by fibroblasts using a novel micromachined device that is capable of determining the subcellular forces generated by individual adhesive contacts. The front of migrating fibroblasts produced intermittent rearward forces whereas the tail produced larger forward directed forces. None of the forces were steady; they all had periodic fluctuations. The transition between forward and rearward traction forces occurred at the nucleus, not at the rear of the cell or the border between the endoplasm and the ectoplasm. We propose that the coupling of lamella extensions to fluctuating rearward tractions in front of the nuclear region move the front of a fibroblast forward, while force-facilitated release of rear adhesive contacts and anterior-directed tractions allow the region behind the nucleus to advance.

What Does this Device Do?

Postprint

DNA transport by a micromachined Brownian ratchet device

We have micromachined a silicon-chip device that transports DNA with a Brownian ratchet that rectifies the Brownian motion of microscopic particles. Transport properties for a DNA 50-mer agree with theoretical predictions, and the DNA diffusion constant agrees with previous experiments. This type of micromachine could provide a generic pump or separation component for DNA or other charged species as part of a microscale lab-on-a-chip. A device with reduced feature size could produce a size-based separation of DNA molecules, with applications including the detection of single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

Ex vivo evaluation of a Taylor-Couette flow, immobilized heparinase I device for clinical application

Efficient and safe heparin anticoagulation has remained a problem for continuous renal replacement therapies and intermittent hemodialysis for patients with acute renal failure. To make heparin therapy safer for the patient with acute renal failure at high risk of bleeding, we have proposed regional heparinization of the circuit via an immobilized heparinase I filter. This study tested a device based on Taylor-Couette flow and simultaneous separation/reaction for efficacy and safety of heparin removal in a sheep model. Heparinase I was immobilized onto agarose beads via cyanogen bromide activation. The device, referred to as a vortex flow plasmapheretic reactor, consisted of two concentric cylinders, a priming volume of 45 ml, a microporous membrane for plasma separation, and an outer compartment where the immobilized heparinase I was fluidized separately from the blood cells. Manual white cell and platelet counts, hematocrit, total protein, and fibrinogen assays were performed. Heparin levels were indirectly measured via whole-blood recalcification times (WBRTs). The vortex flow plasmapheretic reactor maintained significantly higher heparin levels in the extracorporeal circuit than in the sheep (device inlet WBRTs were 1.5 times the device outlet WBRTs) with no hemolysis. The reactor treatment did not effect any physiologically significant changes in complete blood cell counts, platelets, and protein levels for up to 2 hr of operation. Furthermore, gross necropsy and histopathology did not show any significant abnormalities in the kidney, liver, heart, brain, and spleen.

A new device for 100 per cent humidification of inspired air

A new humidifier for use during mechanical ventilation in endotracheally intubated patients is described and tested. The humidifier is based on a heat-moisture exchanger, which absorbs the expired heat and moisture and releases it into the inspired air. External heat and water are then added at the patient side of the heat-moisture exchanger, so that the inspired gas should reach 100% humidity (44 mg/l) at 37°C. In bench tests using constant and decelerating inspiratory flow and minute volumes of 3–25 l the device gave an absolute humidity of 41–44 mg/l, and it reduced the amount of water consumed in eight mechanically ventilated patients compared with a conventional active humidifier. During a 24-h test period there was no water condensation in the ventilator tubing with the new device.

Using three-dimensional microfluidic networks for solving computationally hard problems

This paper describes the design of a parallel algorithm that uses moving fluids in a three-dimensional microfluidic system to solve a nondeterministically polynomial complete problem (the maximal clique problem) in polynomial time. This algorithm relies on (i) parallel fabrication of the microfluidic system, (ii) parallel searching of all potential solutions by using fluid flow, and (iii) parallel optical readout of all solutions. This algorithm was implemented to solve the maximal clique problem for a simple graph with six vertices. The successful implementation of this algorithm to compute solutions for small-size graphs with fluids in microchannels is not useful, per se, but does suggest broader application for microfluidics in computation and control.

Desenvolvimento e caracterização do filtro óptico de interferência variável para detectores de alta resolução espectral e biossensores.

O presente trabalho está fundamentado no desenvolvimento de uma metodologia e/ou uma tecnologia de obtenção e caracterização de filtros ópticos de interferência de banda passante variável [C.M. da Silva, 2010] e de banda de corte variáveis, constituídos por refletores dielétricos multicamadas de filmes finos intercalados por cavidades de Fabry-Perot não planares com espessuras linearmente variáveis, que apresentam a propriedade do deslocamento linear da transmitância máxima espectral em função da posição, isto é, um Filtro de Interferência Variável (FIV). Este método apresenta novas e abrangentes possibilidades de confecção de filtros ópticos de interferência variável: lineares ou em outras formas desejadas, de comprimento de onda de corte variável (passa baixa ou alta) e filtros de densidade neutra variável, através da deposição de metais, além de aplicações em uma promissora e nova área de pesquisa na deposição de filmes finos não uniformes. A etapa inicial deste desenvolvimento foi o estudo da teoria dos filtros ópticos dielétricos de interferência para projetar e construir um filtro óptico banda passante convencional de um comprimento de onda central com camadas homogêneas. A etapa seguinte, com base na teoria óptica dos filmes finos já estabelecida, foi desenvolver a extensão destes conhecimentos para determinar que a variação da espessura em um perfil inclinado e linear da cavidade entre os refletores de Bragg é o principal parâmetro para produzir o deslocamento espacial da transmitância espectral, possibilitando o uso de técnicas especiais para se obter uma variação em faixas de bandas de grande amplitude, em um único filtro. Um trabalho de modelagem analítica e análise de tolerância de espessuras dos filmes depositados foram necessários para a seleção da estratégia do \"mascaramento\" seletivo do material evaporado formado na câmara e-Beam (elétron-Beam) com o objetivo da obtenção do filtro espectral linear variável de características desejadas. Para tanto, de acordo com os requisitos de projeto, foram necessárias adaptações em uma evaporadora por e-Beam para receber um obliterador mecânico especialmente projetado para compatibilizar os parâmetros das técnicas convencionais de deposição com o objetivo de se obter um perfil inclinado, perfil este previsto em processos de simulação para ajustar e calibrar a geometria do obliterador e se obter um filme depositado na espessura, conformação e disposição pretendidos. Ao final destas etapas de modelagem analítica, simulação e refinamento recorrente, foram determinados os parâmetros de projeto para obtenção de um determinado FIV (Filtro de Interferência Variável) especificado. Baseadas nos FIVs muitas aplicações são emergentes: dispositivos multi, hiper e ultra espectral para sensoriamento remoto e análise ambiental, sistemas Lab-on-Chip, biossensores, detectores chip-sized, espectrofotometria de fluorescência on-chip, detectores de deslocamento de comprimento de onda, sistemas de interrogação, sistemas de imageamento espectral, microespectrofotômetros e etc. No escopo deste trabalho se pretende abranger um estudo de uma referência básica do emprego do (FIV) filtro de interferência variável como detector de varredura de comprimento de ondas em sensores biológicos e químicos compatível com pós processamento CMOS. Um sistema básico que é constituído por um FIV montado sobre uma matriz de sensores ópticos conectada a um módulo eletrônico dedicado a medir a intensidade da radiação incidente e as bandas de absorção das moléculas presentes em uma câmara de detecção de um sistema próprio de canais de microfluidos, configurando-se em um sistema de aquisição e armazenamento de dados (DAS), é proposto para demonstrar as possibilidades do FIV e para servir de base para estudos exploratórios das suas diversas potencialidades que, entre tantas, algumas são mencionadas ao longo deste trabalho. O protótipo obtido é capaz de analisar fluidos químicos ou biológicos e pode ser confrontado com os resultados obtidos por equipamentos homologados de uso corrente.

On-line microwave-based preconcentration device for inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry: Application to the elemental analysis of spirit samples

A microwave-based thermal nebulizer (MWTN) has been employed for the first time as on-line preconcentration device in inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). By the appropriate selection of the experimental conditions, the MWTN could be either operated as a conventional thermal nebulizer or as on-line analyte preconcentration and nebulization device. Thus, when operating at microwave power values above 100 W and highly concentrated alcohol solutions, the amount of energy per solvent mass liquid unit (EMR) is high enough to completely evaporate the solvent inside the system and, as a consequence, the analyte is deposited (and then preconcentrated) on the inner walls of the MWTN capillary. When reducing the EMR to the appropriate value (e.g., by reducing the microwave power at a constant sample uptake rate) the retained analyte is swept along by the liquid-gas stream and an analyte-enriched aerosol is generated and next introduced into the plasma cell. Emission signals obtained with the MWTN operating in preconcentration-nebulization mode improved when increasing preconcentration time and sample uptake rate as well as when decreasing the nozzle inner diameter. When running with pure ethanol solution at its optimum experimental conditions, the MWTN in preconcentration-nebulization mode afforded limits of detection up to one order of magnitude lowers than those obtained operating the MWTN exclusively as a nebulizer. To validate the method, the multi-element analysis (i.e. Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Pb and Zn) of different commercial spirit samples in ICP-AES has been performed. Analyte recoveries for all the elements studied ranged between 93% and 107% and the dynamic linear range covered up to 4 orders of magnitude (i.e. from 0.1 to 1000 μg L−1). In these analysis, both MWTN operating modes afforded similar results. Nevertheless, the preconcentration-nebulization mode permits to determine a higher number of analytes due to its higher detection capabilities.

A new microfluidic methodology to assess the haemocompatibility of magnetic nanoparticles designed for theranostic applications

The remarkable physicochemical properties of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) at the nanoscale have boosted the development of new and promising strategies for the simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of diseases, particularly in cancer therapy Ð the so-called theranostic applications (1). In these strategies, the intrinsic superparamagnetic properties of MNPs have been exploited to gain access into multifunctional systems able to simultaneously perform as enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents, efficient nanocarriers for drug delivery and nanoheaters in magnetic hyperthermia based therapy (2), among others.

Development of a magnetic resonance compatible wrist device for the analysis of movement encoding in the brain

Tese de mestrado integrado em Engenharia Biomédica e Biofísica, apresentada à Universidade de Lisboa, através da Faculdade de Ciências, 2016