Proteína bruta para suínos machos castrados mantidos em ambiente de conforto térmico dos 15 aos 30 kg

RESUMO - Este experimento foi realizado para determinar a exigência de proteína bruta para suínos mestiços (Landrace x Large White), machos, castrados dos 15 aos 30 kg, mantidos em ambiente de conforto térmico. Durante o período experimental, a temperatura da sala manteve-se em 23,1±1,19°C, com umidade relativa de 80,6±4,59% e índice de temperatura do globo e umidade de 69,85±1,38. Foi usado um total de 60 leitões mestiços, machos castrados, com peso médio inicial de 14,8±0,85kg e final de 29,3±2,42 kg. Foi usado delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos (17,0; 18,0; 19,0; 20,0; e 21,0% de proteína bruta), seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental. O nível de proteína bruta na ração influenciou o ganho de peso diário e os consumos de proteína e lisina diários, que aumentaram linearmente. Entretanto, a conversão alimentar diminuiu linearmente. Não houve efeito do nível de proteína sobre os consumos de ração e energia diários. A taxa de deposição de gordura não foi influenciada, enquanto a taxa de deposição de proteína aumentou quadraticamente até o nível de 20,0% de proteína bruta. Os pesos absolutos do fígado e do intestino e o peso relativo do fígado aumentaram linearmente com o crescente nível de proteína bruta da ração. A concentração de uréia plasmática não foi influenciada pelos níveis de proteína bruta da ração. Suínos mestiços, machos, castrados de 15 a 30 kg, mantidos em ambiente de conforto térmico exigem 20,0% de proteína bruta na ração, correspondente a 0,90% de lisina total ou 57 g de proteína/Mcal ED. O nível de uréia no plasma sangüíneo não foi um parâmetro adequado para estimar a exigência de proteína bruta.

Desempenho e rendimento de carcaça de frangos de corte submetidos a diferentes níveis de treonina e lisina, na fase final de criação

Este experimento foi realizado com o objetivo de verificar o desempenho e características de carcaça de frangos de corte, submetidos à diferentes níveis de lisina e treonina, na fase final de criação (42 a 56 dias de idade). Novecentos e setenta e dois frangos machos foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, divididos em nove tratamentos em um esquema fatorial 3x3 (três níveis de treonina; 0,70; 0,77 e 0,84% e três níveis de lisina; 0,94; 1,04 e 1,14%), com quatro repetições por tratamento, de 27 aves cada. Ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça e gordura abdominal foram avaliados. O desempenho e rendimento de carcaça, apesar de não terem sido afetados pelos tratamentos, mostraram-se com tendência de melhora com o aumento dos níveis de adição dos aminoácidos estudados.

Digestibilidade verdadeira da lisina HCl e da lisina Sulfato determinada com galos cecectomizados

O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a digestibilidade verdadeira da lisina HCl e da lisina Sulfato, com galos adultos cecectomizados. Foram utilizados 18 galos Leghorn, cecectomizados, com peso médio de 2,854 kg, e alojados individualmente em gaiolas metálicas durante dez dias. Após os dois primeiros dias de adaptação às baterias, estes animais passaram por um período de cinco dias recebendo ração em dois períodos diários de uma hora cada (manhã, 8 h e tarde, 16 h), com o objetivo de dilatação do papo para evitar regurgitação da ração a ser introduzida. Foi utilizado o método de alimentação forçada, com 12 galos alojados individualmente em gaiolas metálicas com bandejas coletoras de excretas. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualisado com dois tratamentos (duas fontes de lisina), com seis repetições cada. Um ensaio paralelo com 6 aves em jejum foi conduzido para determinação das perdas endógenas/metabólicas das aves. Os teores de aminoácidos das dietas e das excretas foram analisados para a determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade verdadeira das lisinas. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade verdadeira, expressos em porcentagem, foram de 97,59% para a lisina HCl e de 98,34% para a lisina sulfato, não diferindo estatisticamente.

Determinação da Biodisponibilidade da Lisina Sulfato e Lisina HCl com Frangos de Corte

Com o objetivo de determinar a biodisponibilidade de duas fontes de lisina (lisina HCl e lisina sulfato), por intermédio de um ensaio de crescimento, foram alojados em um galpão de alvenaria com 56 boxes 840 pintos de corte machos com um dia de idade. Duas dietas basais foram formuladas para atender as exigências nutricionais das aves nas fases inicial e crescimento, deficientes apenas em lisina e suplementadas em 0,08; 0,16; e 0,24% pelas duas fontes de lisina. As variáveis avaliadas foram: ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça, rendimento de perna, rendimento de peito, rendimento de filé e porcentagem de gordura abdominal. Com os dados obtidos foram estimadas equações de regressão linear múltipla e, usando os coeficientes de regressão destas, foi determinada a biodisponibilidade da lisina sulfato em relação a lisina HCl, padronizada como 100% disponível. As equações obtidas que melhor estimaram a biodisponibilidade das lisinas foram Y = 544,72 + 439,62 X1 + 475,84 X2, R² = 0,90, para ganho de peso de 01 a 21 dias de idade, Y = 1824,63 + 1469,18 X1 + 1381,33 X2, R² = 0,85, para ganho de peso de 01 a 42 dias de idade, Y = 1,9623 - 0,9043X1--1,0235 X2, R² = 0,83, para conversão alimentar de 01 a 21 dias de idade, Y = 0,3766 + 0,5320 X1 + 0,4986 X2, R² = 0,88, para peso de peito aos 42 dias de idade e Y = 0,2565 + 0,4685X1 + 0,4300 X2, R² = 0,92, para peso de filé de peito aos 42 dias de idade das aves. A biodisponibilidade média encontrada para a Lisina Sulfato foi de 100,19%, mostrando não haver diferença significativa na biodisponibilidade das lisinas testadas.

Níveis de lisina digestível da ração e temperatura ambiente para frangos de corte em crescimento

Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar os efeitos dos níveis de lisina digestível da ração e da temperatura ambiente sobre o desempenho e as características de carcaça de frangos de corte dos 22 a 42 dias de idade. Foram utilizados 672 frangos Ross®, machos, com peso médio de 726 g, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado segundo arranjo fatorial 4 × 4, com seis repetições de sete aves. Os frangos foram mantidos nas temperaturas de 18,5; 21,1; 24,5 e 27,0ºC e foram alimentados com rações com diferentes níveis de lisina digestível (0,934; 1,009; 1,084 e 1,159%). Não houve interação temperatura ambiente × níveis de lisina da ração para as variáveis estudadas. O consumo de ração (CR) e o ganho de peso (GP) não foram influenciados pelos níveis de lisina. O consumo de ração reduziu linearmente com a temperatura ambiente e o ganho de peso aumentou até a temperatura estimada de 21,5ºC. A conversão alimentar melhorou até o nível estimado de 1,085% de lisina digestível. Os pesos de carcaça (PC), peito com osso (PPO), coxa (PCX) e sobrecoxa (PSCX) aumentaram até as temperaturas estimadas de 21,9; 21,0; 22,7 e 23,7ºC, respectivamente. Os rendimentos de carcaça (RC), coxa (RCX) e sobrecoxa (RSCX) aumentaram, enquanto o peso do peito sem osso (PPSO) e os rendimentos de peito com osso (RPO) e sem osso (RPSO) reduziram linearmente com a temperatura ambiente. O PCX e o RCX aumentaram, mas o RSCX reduziu linearmente com os níveis de lisina da ração. O PC, PPO, PSCX, RC, RPO e o RPSO não foram influenciados pelos níveis de lisina. A temperatura ambiente no intervalo de 18,5 e 27,0ºC não influenciou as exigências de lisina das aves. A condição para melhor conversão alimentar no período de 22 a 42 dias foi obtida com o nível de 1,085% de lisina digestível na ração e com a temperatura ambiente estimada de 23,3ºC.

Níveis de lisina digestível para poedeiras Hy-Line W-36 em produção

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Genetic and physiological alterations occurring in a yeast population continuously propagated at increasing temperatures with cell recycling

This work investigated the effects of increasing temperature from 30 degrees C to 47 degrees C on the physiological and genetic characteristics of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain 63M after continuous fermentation with cell recycling in a system of five reactors in series. Steady state was attained at 30 degrees C, and then the temperature of the system was raised so it ranged from 35 degrees C in the last reactor to 43 degrees C in the first reactor or feeding reactor with a 2 degrees C difference between reactors. After 15 days at steady state, the temperature was raised from 37 degrees C to 45 degrees C for 25 days at steady state, then from 39 degrees C to 47 degrees C for 20 days at steady state. Starter strain 63M was a hybrid strain constructed to have a MAT a/alpha, LYS/lys, URA/ura genotype. This hybrid yeast showed vigorous growth on plates at 40 degrees C, weak growth at 41 degrees C, positive assimilation of melibiose, positive fermentation of galactose, raffinose and sucrose. of 156 isolates obtained from this system at the end of the fermentation process, only 17.3% showed the same characteristics as starter strain 63M. Alterations in mating type reaction and in utilization of raffinose, melibiose, and sucrose were identified. Only 1.9% of the isolates lost the ability to grow at 40 degrees C. Isolates showing requirements for lysine and uracil were also obtained. In addition, cell survival was observed at 39-47 degrees C, but no isolates showing growth above 41 degrees C were obtained.

Serotonergic mechanisms of the lateral parabrachial nucleus in renal and hormonal responses to isotonic blood volume expansion

This study investigated the involvement of serotonergic mechanisms of the lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) in the control of sodium (Na+) excretion, potassium (K+) excretion, and urinary volume in unanesthetized rats subjected to acute isotonic blood volume expansion (0.15 M NaCl, 2 ml/100 g of body wt over 1 min) or control rats. Plasma oxytocin (OT), vasopressin (VP), and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) levels were also determined in the same protocol. Male Wistar rats with stainless steel cannulas implanted bilaterally into the LPBN were used. In rats treated with vehicle in the LPBN, blood volume expansion increased urinary volume, Na+ and K+ excretion, and also plasma ANP and OT. Bilateral injections of serotonergic receptor antagonist methysergide (1 or 4 mu g/200 eta 1) into the LPBN reduced the effects of blood volume expansion on increased Na+ and K+ excretion and urinary volume, while LPBN injections of serotonergic 5-HT2a/HT2c receptor agonist, 2.5-dimetoxi-4-iodoamphetamine hydrobromide (DOI;1 or 5 mu g/200 eta 1) enhanced the effects of blood volume expansion on Na+ and K+ excretion and urinary volume. Methysergide (4 mu g) into the LPBN decreased the effects of blood volume expansion on plasma ANP and OT, while DOI (5 mu g) increased them. The present results suggest the involvement of LPBN serotonergic mechanisms in the regulation of urinary sodium, potassium and water excretion, and hormonal responses to acute isotonic blood volume expansion.

PRESSER MECHANISMS IN ADRIAMYCIN-INDUCED NEPHROPATHY WITH HYPERTENSION IN RATS

We explored the role of angiotensin II and vasopressin in the maintenance of blood pressure during the nephrotic syndrome of adriamycin-induced nephropathy in rats. All 91 rats treated with adriamycin developed chronic renal failure with nephrotic syndrome, which was more pronounced in the normotensive rats than the 35% who became hypertensive. Angiotensin II blockade with DuP 753 produced a significantly greater hypotensive response in both the adriamycin-hypertensive (-16+/-3 mmHg) and adriamycin-normotensive (-14+/-5 mmHg) groups than the saline-treated controls (-5+/-1 mm Hg, P<.05). Vasopressin blockade with either a V1V2 inhibitor or a selective V-1 inhibitor produced a hypotensive response in adriamycin-hypertensive rats only (by -16+/-4 and -17+/-2 mm Hg, respectively, P<.01), although the nonselective vasopressin inhibitor produced similar fluid loss and body weight reduction in all three groups. The data suggest that in adriamycin-induced nephropathy with nephrotic syndrome, angiotensin II contributes to blood pressure maintenance in both hypertensive and normotensive animals, whereas the presser action of vasopressin contributes to elevated blood pressure in hypertensive animals only.

Midazolam and ketamine induction before halothane anaesthesia in ponies: cardiorespiratory, endocrine and metabolic changes

Six Welsh gelding ponies were premedicated with 0.03 mg/kg of acepromazine intravenously (i.v.) prior to induction of anaesthesia with midazolam at 0.2 mg/kg and ketamine at 2 mg/kg i.v.. Anaesthesia was maintained for 2 h using 1.2% halothane concentration in oxygen. Heart rate, electrocardiograph (EGG), arterial blood pressure, respiratory rate, blood gases, temperature, haematocrit, plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP), dynorphin, beta-endorphin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, dopamine, noradrenaline, adrenaline, glucose and lactate concentrations were measured before and after premedication, immediately after induction, every 20 min during anaesthesia, and at 20 and 120 min after disconnection. Induction was rapid, excitement-free and good muscle relaxation was observed. There were no changes in heart and respiratory rates, Decrease in temperature, hyperoxia and respiratory acidosis developed during anaesthesia and slight hypotension was observed (minimum value 76 +/- 10 mm Hg at 40 mins), No changes were observed in dynorphin, beta-endorphin, ACTH, catecholamines and glucose, Plasma cortisol concentration increased from 220 +/- 17 basal to 354 +/- 22 nmol/L at 120 min during anaesthesia; plasma AVP concentration increased from 3 +/- 1 basal to 346 +/- 64 pmol/L at 100 min during anaesthesia and plasma lactate concentration increased from 1.22 +/- 0.08 basal to 1.76 +/- 0.13 mmol/L at 80 min during anaesthesia, Recovery was rapid and uneventful with ponies taking 46 +/- 6 min to stand. When midazolam/ketamine was compared with thiopentone or detomidine/ketamine for induction before halothane anaesthesia using an otherwise similar protocol in the same ponies, it caused slightly more respiratory depression, but less hypotension. Additionally, midazolam reduced the hormonal stress response commonly observed during halothane anaesthesia and appears to have a good potential for use in horses.

Enhanced pressor response to carotid occlusion in commNTS-lesioned rats: possible efferent mechanisms

Bilateral common carotid occlusion (BCO) over a period of 60 s in conscious rats produces a biphasic presser response, consisting of an early (peak) and late (plateau) phase. In this study we investigated 1) the effects of lesions of the commissural nucleus of the solitary tract (commNTS) on the cardiovascular responses produced by BCO in conscious rats and 2) the autonomic and humoral mechanisms activated to produce the presser response to BCO in sham- and commNTS-lesioned rats. Both the peak and plateau of the presser response produced by BCO increased in commNTS-lesioned rats despite the impairment of chemoreflex responses induced by intravenous potassium cyanide. In sham rats sympathetic blockade with intravenous prazosin and metoprolol, but not vasopressin receptor blockade with the Manning compound, reduced both components of BCO. In commNTS-lesioned rats the sympathetic blockade or vasopressin receptor blockade reduced both components of BCO. The results showed 1) the sympathetic nervous system, but not vasopressin, is important for the presser response to BCO during 60 s in conscious sham rats; 2) in commNTS-lesioned rats, despite chemoreflex impairment, BCO produces an increased presser response dependent on sympathetic activity associated with vasopressin release; and 3) the increment in the presser response to BCO in commNTS-lesioned rats seems to depend only on vasopressin secretion.

CRYSTALLIZATION AND PRELIMINARY DIFFRACTION DATA OF 2 MYOTOXINS ISOLATED FROM THE VENOMS OF BOTHROPS-ASPER (TERCIOPELO) AND BOTHROPS-NUMMIFER (JUMPING VIPER)

Two myotoxins isolated from B. asper (myotoxin II) and B. nummifer (myotoxin I) snake venoms have been crystallized and their diffraction properties are described. These myotoxins are phospholipase A2 variants which lack enzymatic activity; B. asper myotoxin II is a lysine-49 phospholipase. Crystals were obtained at room temperature by standard hanging-drop vapour diffusion methods. Crystals diffracted to a resolution of 2.8 and 2.3 angstrom, respectively.

Influence of free amino acids on clavulanic acid production by Streptomyces clavuligerus in synthetic medium

The effect of nitrogen source on clavulanic acid production was investigated in shake flasks. Media containing asparagine plus one of several different amino acids or a combination of two amino acids was tested. The best result, ca. 180 mg/L clavulanic acid, CA, in 60 h, was obtained with the lysine-tyrosine pair In an aerated and agitated fermentor this medium led to CA concentrations of ca. 210 mg/L, a remarkable production for synthetic medium utilization. Amino acids analysis during cultivation indicated that, while asparagine was consumed rapidly, lysine and tyrosine were metabolized slowly, promoting CA production.

Signaling path of the action of AVP on distal K+ secretion

Background. Previous studies from our laboratory have shown that luminal perfusion with arginine vasopressin (AVP) stimulates distal tubule secretory potassium flux (J(K)) via V1 receptors (Am J Physiol 278: F809- F816, 2000). In the present work, we investigate the cell signaling mechanism of this process.Methods. In vivo stationary microperfusion was performed in rat cortical distal tubules and luminal K was measured using double K+ resin/reference microelectrodes.Results. In control conditions, J(K) was 0.71 +/- 0.05 nmol. cm(-2).second(-1); this process was inhibited (14%) by 10(-5) mol/L 8-bromo-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), and increased by 35% with 10(-8) mol/L phorbol ester [phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), which activates protein kinase C (PKC)]. During luminal perfusion with 10(-11) mol/L AVP, J(K) increased to 0.88 +/- 0.08 nmol. cm(-2).seconds(-1). In the presence of 10(-11) mol/L AVP, J(K) was not affected by 10(-4) mol/L H89, a blocker of protein kinase A (PKA), but was inhibited (45%) by 10(-5) mol/L staurosporine, an inhibitor of PKC, and by 41% during perfusion with 5 x 10(-5) mol/L of the cell Ca2+ chelator bis (2-aminophenoxy) ethane-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA). In order to study the role of Ca2+-dependent K channels in the luminal hormonal action, the tubules were perfused with 5 mmol/L tetraethylammonium chloride (TEA) or 10(-7) mol/L iberiotoxin, in the presence of AVP, and JK was significantly reduced by both agents. Iberiotoxin reduced AVP-stimulated J(K) by 36.4%, and AVP-independent J(K) (after blocking V1 receptors) by only 16%.Conclusion. The results suggest that the luminal V1-receptor effect of AVP on J(K) was mediated by the phospholipase C (PLC)/ Ca2+/PKC signaling path and not by adenylate cyclase/cAMP/PKA, therefore probably acting on maxi-potassium channels.

Use of ideal protein concept for precision formulation of amino acid levels in fish-meal-free diets for juvenile Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.)

This study was undertaken in a closed system with Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to examine the effects of total replacement of fish meal (FM) by soybean meal. Nile tilapia fingerlings with an average weight of 5.34+/-0.08 g were hand-fed one of the five isoenergetic (approximate to13.5 MJ digestible energy kg(-1)) and isoproteic (approximate to31% of digestible protein) experimental diets to satiation, six times a day during 85 days in eight replicate fibreglass tanks (six fish per tank). The control diet containing FM was substituted by soybean meal, with and without essential amino acids (lysine, methionine and threonine) or dicalcium phosphate supplementation. The supplemental amino acids were added at levels to simulate the reference amino acid profile of Nile tilapia carcass protein, based on the ideal protein concept. The results showed that soybean meal diet supplemented only with dicalcium phosphate was inferior to the control diet with FM and soybean meal diets supplemented with dicalcium phosphate and essential amino acids. Multiple essential amino acids and dicalcium phosphate incorporation in soybean meal diets was associated with performance, whole-body composition and carcass yield equal to that of the fish fed with the control diet containing FM. These data suggest that a diet with all plant protein source, supplemented with essential amino acids, based on tissue amino acid profile, can totally replace FM in a diet for Nile tilapia, without adverse effects on the growth performance, carcass yield and composition.