La condición de extranjero en el tránsito de la Colonia a la República en la Nueva Granada, 1750-1830

En esta tesis se estudian los rasgos de las políticas inmigratorias diseñadas por la corona española entre los siglos XVI y XVII, en su intento por garantizar el monopolio peninsular en el proceso de poblamiento de los territorios americanos. Ligado a lo anterior, se presentan evidencias empíricas de la manera cómo los europeos no españoles ingresaron al Nuevo Continente de manera legal o ilegal, mostrando la relativa inefectividad de las leyes al respecto. El análisis de una serie de casos de "extranjeros" que lograron su naturalización o se mezclaron con la población neogranadina en diferentes escenarios locales y provinciales, revelan la fuerza incontenible del proceso de expulsión de personas en Europa, y concomitante con esto, la fuerza de atracción que ejercían los territorios bajo dominio español. En este contexto se ubica la situación legal, social y económica de los extranjeros en sus sitios de residencia, señalando sus diferentes ocupaciones, relaciones e inserción social en las diferentes localidades durante el período colonial. Mediante estudios de caso se ilustran las diferentes estrategias que estuvieron a la mano de los inmigrantes para burlas la prohibiciones legales a su establecimiento. De esta manera se puede apreciar en forma global los factores jurídicos, sociales y culturales que constituyen un modelo particular de inserción de los extranjeros en un régimen restrictivo y prohibitivo que, de manera pragmática acudió al expediente de la inmigración selectiva, para aprovechar los conocimientos y pericia de aquellos en temas como la milicia, la medicina, la minería y las artes mecánicas. En comparación con los rasgos observados en el antiguo régimen, con el advenimiento de la Primera República -que en materia inmigratoria definió los perfiles de las políticas inmigratorias del siglo XIX colombiano-, se analiza con todo detalle las constituciones y leyes sobre el tema de la extranjería. Con base en estos documento se develan las continuidades con el sistema legal precedente y las rupturas formales en el orden del discurso, de corte liberal, referentes a la necesidades de favorecer el asentamiento de extranjeros para sacar a la Nueva Granada del atraso educativo y tecno-económico heredados de la época colonial. En este punto se analiza la participación de un grupo de extranjeros en el ejército bolivariano, algunos de los cuales obtuvieron su naturalización como reconocimiento por sus sacrificios y actos de valentía al servicio de la república. Dicha naturalización, desde el punto de vista de los granadinos santanderistas sólo les concedía la posibilidad de dedicarse a sus oficios, a casarse, aportar sus conocimientos y acumular capital, quedándo privados de derechos políticos, como la deliberación y toma de partido en las disputas político-militares. En tal sentido fueron decisivas sus actitudes y toma de posición en el partido bolivariano para provocar su expulsión del territorio granadino y, en su camino al exilio tuvieron entre sus destinos favoritos la naciente república de Venezuela, donde desde el siglo XVIII los extranjeros encontraron mejores condiciones legales, sociales y culturales para el goce de sus derechos.

Ciudadanía, constituciones y relaciones interétnicas en la Sierra ecuatoriana (1812-1830) [Estudios]

El artículo analiza los requisitos para ser ciudadano con base en la comparación de las constituciones emitidas entre 1812 y 1830 en Ecuador. Se observa cómo los actores locales recibieron e interpretaron estos artículos y se enfatiza en el examen de cómo los indígenas reclamaron los derechos ciudadanos, así como los procesos de negociación en la participación política de los grupos étnicos. Además, se examinan los discursos sobre el derecho a la ciudadanía y las estrategias de argumentación usadas por los actores locales, de acuerdo a algunos casos de la Sierra ecuatoriana.

Selenium persistency and speciation in the tissues of lambs following the withdrawal of dietary high-dose selenium-enriched yeast

The objective was to determine the concentration of total selenium (Se) and the proportion of total Se comprised as selenomethionine (SeMet) and selenocysteine (SeCys) in post mortem tissues of lambs in the six weeks period following the withdrawal of a diet containing high dose selenized yeast (SY), derived from a specific strain of Saccharomyces cerevisae CNCM (Collection Nationale de Culture de Micro-organism) I-3060. Thirty Texel x Suffolk lambs used in this study had previously received diets (91 days) containing either high dose SY (HSY; 6.30 mg Se/kg DM) or an unsupplemented control (C; 0.13 mg Se/kg DM). Following the period of supplementation all lambs were then offered a complete pelleted diet, without additional Se (0.15 mg Se/kg DM), for 42 days. At enrollment and 21 and 42 days later, five lambs from each treatment were blood sampled, euthanased and samples of heart, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle (Longissimus Dorsi and Psoas Major) tissue were retained. Total Se concentration in whole blood and tissues was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in HSY lambs at all time points that had previously received long term exposure to high dietary concentrations of SY. The distribution of total Se and the proportions of total Se comprised as SeMet and SeCys differed between tissues, treatment and time points. Total Se was greatest in HSY liver and kidney (22.64 and 18.96 mg Se/kg DM, respectively) and SeCys comprised the greatest proportion of total Se. Conversely, cardiac and skeletal muscle (Longissimus Dorsi and Psoas Major) tissues had lower total Se concentration (10.80, 7.02 and 7.82 mg Se/kg DM, respectively) and SeMet was the predominant selenized amino acid. Rates of Se clearance in HSY liver (307 µg Se/day) and kidney (238 µg Se/day) were higher compared with HSY cardiac tissue (120 µg Se/day) and skeletal muscle (20 µg Se/day). In conclusion differences in Se clearance rates were different between tissue types, reflecting the relative metabolic activity of each tissue, and appear to be dependant upon the proportions of total Se comprised as either SeMet or SeCys.

Selenium supplementation of lactating dairy cows: effects on milk production and total selenium content and speciation in blood, milk and cheese

Forty-multiparous Holstein cows were used in a 16-wk continuous design study to determine the effects of either selenium (Se) source, selenized yeast (SY) (derived from a specific strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CNCM I-3060 Sel-Plex®) or sodium selenite (SS), or inclusion rate of SY on Se concentration and speciation in blood, milk and cheese. Cows received ad libitum a TMR with 1:1 forage:concentrate ratio on a dry matter (DM) basis. There were four diets (T1-T4) which differed only in either source or dose of Se additive. Estimated total dietary Se for T1 (no supplement), T2 (SS), T3 (SY) and T4 (SY) was 0.16, 0.30, 0.30 and 0.45 mg/kg DM, respectively. Blood and milk samples were taken at 28 day intervals and at each time point there were positive linear effects of SY on Se concentration in blood and milk. At day 112 blood and milk Se values for T1-T4 were 177, 208, 248, 279 ± 6.6 and 24, 38, 57, 72 ± 3.7 ng/g fresh material, respectively and indicate improved uptake and incorporation of Se from SY. While selenocysteine (SeCys) was the main selenised amino acid in blood its concentration was not markedly affected by treatment, but the proportion of total Se as selenomethionine (SeMet) increased with increasing inclusion rate of SY. In milk, there were no marked treatment effects on SeCys content, but Se source had a marked effect on the proportion of total Se as SeMet. At day 112 replacing SS (T2) with SY (T3) increased the SeMet concentration of milk from 36 to 111 ng Se/g and its concentration increased further to 157 ng Se/g as the inclusion rate of SY increased further (T4) to provide 0.45 mg Se/kg TMR. Neither Se source nor inclusion rate effected the keeping quality of milk. At day 112, milk from T1, T2, and T3 was made into a hard cheese and Se source had a marked effect on total Se and the proportion of total Se comprised as either SeMet or SeCys. Replacing SS (T2) with SY (T3) increased total Se, SeMet and SeCys content from 180 to 340 ng Se/g, 57 to 153 ng Se/g and 52 to 92 ng Se/g, respectively. Key words: dairy cow, milk and cheese, selenomethionine, selenocysteine, milk keeping quality

A experiência ficcional de Gérard Aké Loba: utopia e construção da identidade pós-colonial

A experiência ficcional de Gérard Aké Loba — Kocoumbo, l’étudiant noir(1960), Les fils de Kouretcha (1970), Les dépossédés (1973) e Le sas des parvenus(1990), ancorada na dinâmica de culturas, no respeito e na honorabilidade do Eu e do Outro, centra-se na problemática da utopia e da construção da identidade pós-colonial. Considerando que a Literatura, enquanto sistema semiótico de produção e recepção de textos, se encontra vinculada a uma visão do mundo, iremos ver como nela se manifestam as relações entre o Ocidente (Europeu) e as regiões da África francófona (Costa do Marfim) no percurso das metamorfoses que conduzem ao Pós-Colonialismo. Procuraremos, de igual modo, problematizar a utopia, e também a distopia, comungando da proposta de Éric Aunoble2, para quem estas questões deverão ser compreendidas na sua relação com o tempo e com a historicidade presente por tentarem responder “aux attentes de leurs temps”.

Ecologia reprodutiva do peixe-donzela, Stegastes fuscus cuvier, 1830 (osteichthyes: pomacentridae) em arrecifes rochosos da praia de Búzios, Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil

The reproductive ecology of fish plays a key role both for rational exploitation methods and for protective measures of natural stocks. The purpose of this study was to analyze the reproductive aspects of the damsel-fish, Stegastes fuscus, during October 2004 to September 2005, in the coastal rocky reefs of Búzios Beach, Nísia Floresta, RN. Fish were captured using hooks and hand nets, during low tide. Reproduction was determined using sexual ratio, mean length of first maturation (L50), absolute fecundity and macroscopic characteristics of gonads. The following parameters were related to gonadosomatic index (GSI): condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), rain fall and temperature. In relation to sex distribution, it was observed that 78% were females and 22% were males. The L50 was 6.2 cm for females and 7.0 for males. Average fecundity was 6832 oocytes. Results showed that S. fuscus had better body condition in the months prior to spawning, particularly during initial and intermediate stages of maturation. Five stages of gonadal maturation were identified through macroscopic analysis: immature, in maturation, mature, spent and resting. The HSI was inversely related to the GSI. This was possibly due to the reproductive cycle of this species which was associated to the dry period of this region. During this period, low rain fall and high temperatures provide an propitious reproductive condition for the study species