Agreed upon procedures report on the City of Ralston, Iowa for the period July 1, 2007 through August 31, 2008

Agreed upon procedures report on the City of Ralston, Iowa for the period July 1, 2007 through August 31, 2008

Report on a special investigation of the City of Ames Electric Department for the period July 1, 2003 through January 7, 2008

Report on a special investigation of the City of Ames Electric Department for the period July 1, 2003 through January 7, 2008

Forecasting the effects of global warming on biodiversity

The demand for accurate forecasting of the effects of global warming on biodiversity is growing, but current methods for forecasting have limitations. in this article, we compare and discuss the different uses of four forecasting methods: (1) models that consider species individually, (2) niche-theory models that group species by habitat (more specifically, by environmental conditions under which a species can persist or does persist), (3) general circulation models and coupled ocean-atmosphere-biosphere models, and (4) specics-area curve models that consider all species or large aggregates of species. After outlining the different uses and limitations of these methods, we make eight primary suggestions for improving forecasts. We find that greater use of the fossil record and of modern genetic studies would improve forecasting methods. We note a Quaternary conundrum: While current empirical and theoretical ecological results suggest that many species could be at risk from global warming, during the recent ice ages surprisingly few species became extinct. The potential resolution of this conundrum gives insights into the requirements for more accurate and reliable forecasting. Our eight suggestions also point to constructive synergies in the solution to the different problems.

Audit report on the City of Clarinda, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2008

Audit report on the City of Clarinda, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2008

Audit report on the City of Treynor, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2008

Audit report on the City of Treynor, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2008

Audit report on the City of Atlantic, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2008

Audit report on the City of Atlantic, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2008

Audit report on the City of Martelle, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2008

Audit report on the City of Martelle, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2008

Audit report on the City of Monticello, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2008

Audit report on the City of Monticello, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2008

Audit report on the City of Princeton, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2008

Audit report on the City of Princeton, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2008

Reaudit report on the City of Fort Dodge, Iowa for the period July 1, 2005 through June 30, 2006

Reaudit report on the City of Fort Dodge, Iowa for the period July 1, 2005 through June 30, 2006

Audit report on the City of Red Oak, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2008

Audit report on the City of Red Oak, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2008

Audit report on the City of Sigourney, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2008

Audit report on the City of Sigourney, Iowa for the year ended June 30, 2008

Special report on the City of Griswold for the period July 1, 2005 through February 28, 2009

Special report on the City of Griswold for the period July 1, 2005 through February 28, 2009

Report on a special investigation of the City of Russell for the period February 1, 2007 through September 30, 2008

Report on a special investigation of the City of Russell for the period February 1, 2007 through September 30, 2008

The invasive spotted-wing Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) has been found in the city of São Paulo (Brazil)

The invasive spotted-wing Drosophila (Diptera, Drosophilidae) has been found in the city of São Paulo (Brazil). Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura, 1931), the cherry fly or spotted-wing Drosophila, a pest species from the Oriental and southeastern Palaearctic regions belonging to the melanogaster group, invaded the Nearctic and western countries of the Palaearctic regions late last decade (2008) and, more recently (2013), the southern Brazilian states of Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina. Early in 2014 it was reared from blueberries produced in São Joaquim, state of Santa Catarina, that were bought at a São Paulo city grocery store. Despite being a cold-adapted species, after having arrived to the southeastern state of São Paulo, this invasive fly will probably expand its territory to other Brazilian states and South American countries through trade of cultivated soft skin small fruits, such as blueberries and strawberries, as well as naturally through the use of small wild fruits as breeding sites.