Emotions in legal decisions: the construction of objective narratives in Italian criminal trials

Drawing on ethnographic data collected in Italian courts and prosecution offices, this dissertation offers new perspectives on legal decision-making by highlighting the importance of emotions for constructing and evaluating legal narratives. Focusing on criminal cases, it describes and dissects how judges and prosecutors use emotions in reflection and action tied to lay narratives and legal constraints. The analysis shows that legal professionals engage in different types of emotional dynamics when dealing with stories; first, they develop gut feelings, which are either endorsed or kept at distance by means of emotional reflexivity, to comply with legal ideals of objectivity and impartiality. Second, empathy emerges as a crucial tool to direct the interaction with lay people and to interpret legal prerequisites, such as credibility, and intent. Finally, the dissertation shows that lay stories lead legal professionals to become passionate and committed towards the correct application of the law, the restoration of the moral order, and the achievement of justice. In light of the empirical findings, this thesis strives to develop a theoretical understanding of legal decision-making as narrative work that includes emotional dynamics consistent with rational, objective action.

Characterization and natural history of different phenotypes in hereditary transthyretin amyloidosis: 40-year experience at a single Italian referral center

- Aims: Hereditary Transthyretin Amyloidosis (ATTRv) is one of the leading etiologies of systemic amyloidosis with more than 135 mutations described and a broad spectrum of clinical manifestations. We aimed to provide a systematic description of a population of individuals carrying pathogenic mutations of transthyretin (TTR) gene and to investigate the major clinical events during follow up. - Methods: Observational, retrospective, cohort study including consecutive patients with mutations of TTR gene, admitted to a tertiary referral center in Bologna, Italy, between 1984 and 2022. - Results: Three hundred twenty-five patients were included: 106 asymptomatic carriers, 49 cardiac phenotype, 49 neurological phenotype and 121 mixed phenotype. Twenty-three different mutations were found, with Ile68Leu (41.8%), Val30Met (19%), and Glu89Gln (10%) being the most common. After a median follow-up of 51 months data from 290 subjects were analyzed; among them 111 (38.3%) died and 123 (42.4%) had a major clinical event (death or hospitalization for heart failure). Nine (11.5%) of the 78 asymptomatic carriers showed signs and symptoms of the disease. Carriers had a prognosis comparable to healthy population, while no significant differences were seen among the three phenotypes adjusted by age. Age at diagnosis, NYHA functional class, left ventricular ejection fraction, mPND score and disease-modifying therapy were independently associated with survival. - Conclusions: This study offers a wide and comprehensive overview of ATTRv from the point of view of a tertiary referral center in Italy. Three main phenotypes can be identified (cardiac, neurological and mixed) with specific clinical and instrumental features. Family screening programs are essential to identify paucisymptomatic affected patients or unaffected carriers of the mutation, to be followed through the years. Lastly, disease-modifying therapy represents an evolving cornerstone of the management of ATTRv, with a great impact on mortality.

L'identità ibrida di Rita Ciresi tra Italia e Stati Uniti: Proposta di traduzione di Sometimes I Dream in Italian

L’oggetto del presente elaborato è una proposta di traduzione dall’inglese all’italiano di tre storie brevi prese dalla raccolta Sometimes I Dream in Italian, dell’autrice italoamericana Rita Ciresi. Accompagna la traduzione un’analisi del contesto letterario italoamericano in cui la scrittrice si inserisce. La tesi si compone di cinque capitoli: il primo ripercorre il fenomeno della Grande Emigrazione italiana negli Stati Uniti e la letteratura che ne è derivata, con particolare attenzione alla letteratura femminile. Il secondo è dedicato alla presentazione dell’autrice e all’analisi del testo di partenza (genere di appartenenza, casa editrice, struttura e paratesto, trama, personaggi, elementi spazio-temporali e stile). Nel terzo capitolo è presente la proposta di traduzione delle tre storie brevi: Cuore grande, La stella d’oro e La piccola era glaciale. Mentre il quarto capitolo è un commento alla traduzione dove sono prese in analisi le problematiche riscontrate nel testo (antroponimi e toponimi, sintassi, lessico, fraseologia, giochi di parole, figure retoriche ed elementi culturali) e le soluzioni trovate, fornendo esempi concreti.

Conceptualization of an Electric Compact SUV for the American and Italian Market using the IDeS Method

Electric cars are increasingly popular due to a transition of mobility towards more sustainable forms. From an increasingly green and pollution reduction perspective, there are more and more incentives that encourage customers to invest in electric cars. Using the Industrial Design and Structure (IDeS) research method, this project has the aim to design a new electric compact SUV suitable for all people who live in the city, and for people who move outside urban areas. In order to achieve the goal of developing a new car in the industrial automotive environment, the compact SUV segment was chosen because it is a vehicle very requested by the costumers and it is successful in the market due to its versatility. IDeS is a combination of innovative and advanced systematic approaches used to set up a new industrial project. The IDeS methodology is sequentially composed of Quality Function Deployment (QFD), Benchmarking (BM), Top-Flop analysis (TFA), Stylistic Design Engineering (SDE), Design for X, Prototyping, Testing, Budgeting, and Planning. The work is based on a series of steps and the sequence of these must be meticulously scheduled, imposing deadlines along the work. Starting from an analysis of the market and competitors, the study of the best and worst existing parameters in the competitor’s market is done, arriving at the idea of a better product in terms of numbers and innovation. After identifying the characteristics that the new car should have, the other step is the styling part, with the definition of the style and the design of the machine on a 3D CAD. Finally, it switches to the prototyping and testing phase to see if the product is able to work. Ultimately, intending to place the car on the market, it is essential to estimate the necessary budget for a possible investment in this project.

The italian translation of allusive jokes from three american sitcoms: A focus group analysis

The translation of allusions has presented an issue for translators, in a trend that has seen a shift in translation studies to a more culture-oriented perspective. “Allusion” is defined by doctor Ritva Leppihalme as a culture-bound element that is expected to convey a meaning that goes beyond the mere words used and can only be accurately translated through knowledge of both the source and target culture. Allusions in comedy, and more specifically, allusive jokes, can pose an additional challenge to translators, since failing to translate them in a satisfactory way, can lead to unfunny and puzzling results that completely miss the original comedic value of the allusion itself. For the purposes of this dissertation, an experiment, based on the one done by doctor Ritva Leppihalme, was conducted: a focus group consisting of eight people from different socio-demographic groups was asked to discuss three comedic scenes, translated in Italian, containing an allusive joke, from three different American sitcoms: Community, The Office, and Superstore. The purpose of this research was to find the best and most effective strategies, according to the average Italian viewer, to translate in Italian allusive jokes from the American culture and the English language. The participants were asked to state if they understood the translated joke, and if they did, to rate how funny they found it, and to discuss among themselves on possible reasons for their responses, and on possible alternative solutions. The results seem to indicate that the best course of action involves choices that stray from a literal translation of the words used, by changing items that need a deeper knowledge of the source culture to be understood and therefore cause hilarity, with items more familiar to the target culture. The worst possible solutions seem to be ones that focus on the literal translation of the words used without considering the cultural and situational context of the allusion.

Sviluppo di un codice di simulazione gara di un veicolo solare: il caso Italian Solar Challenge

L'elaborato in questione fa riferimento all’implementazione di un codice di simulazione gara, tenutasi all'Autodromo di Imola, di un veicolo solare applicato al caso Italian Solar Challenge. Per avere la possibilità di effettuare scelte strategiche sulla conduzione di gara, si è voluto creare un programma che fosse in grado di modellare: il veicolo designato per questa competizione, la produzione di energia generata dai pannelli solari, il comportamento della batteria; inoltre, che permettesse anche di integrare il regolamento per la restituzione del punteggio finale, di considerare il tracciato nel quale la competizione si svolge e di aver un tempo di calcolo limitato e contemporaneamente avere un’adeguata accuratezza.

Effetto di starter autoctoni sulla qualità e la sicurezza di salami tradizionali spagnoli

Il lavoro svolto in questa tesi aveva l’obiettivo di valutare il potenziale tecnologico e bioprotettivo di ceppi di batteri lattici (LAB) isolati da salami tradizionali spagnoli. In particolare due ceppi (Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum BPF2 e Pediococcus acidilactici ST6) che avevano dimostrato buone performance in vitro sono stati utilizzati, da soli o in miscela, come colture starter per la produzione salami e i prodotti ottenuti sono stati confrontati con un controllo a fermentazione spontanea ed un prodotto addizionato di uno starter commerciale contenente LAB e stafilococchi. Per quanto riguarda gli aspetti tecnologici, il pH ha mostrato cinetiche di acidificazione simili in tutti i prodotti, mentre il calo peso era più lento nel controllo. A livello microbiologico, i campioni addizionati di colture starter hanno mostrato carichi di LAB molto più elevati già al tempo zero, senza differenze significative in relazione al ceppo utilizzato. Enterobatteri e lieviti hanno mostrato andamenti simili in tutti i campioni. L’utilizzo di colture starter ha invece avuto un impatto rilevante sul contenuto di ammine biogene, con valori totali doppi nel campione ottenuto con fermentazione spontanea, e sul profilo in metaboliti volatili (soprattutto a carico di composti derivanti dall’acido piruvico). L’aspetto più rilevante di questa tesi è stato ottenuto nel challenge test, utilizzando come microrganismo target Listeria monocytogenes (inoculo 3 log ufc/g): infatti, nel controllo e nei campioni contenenti starter commerciale, L. monocytogenes era in grado di crescere fino a valori superiori a 5.7 log ufc/g, mentre i ceppi BPF2 e ST6 hanno determinato una riduzione del suo carico cellulare (2.4 log ufc/g). Questo conferma quindi le grandi potenzialità anti-listeria dei due ceppi testati e la loro attitudine ad essere utilizzati, oltre che come starter per i salami, anche come colture bioprotettive con lo specifico compito di contrastare lo sviluppo di L. monocytogenes.

Caratterizzazione di ceppi di Companilactobacillus alimentarius isolati da salami spagnoli fermentati spontaneamente

Il lavoro svolto in questa tesi era finalizzato allo studio di 14 ceppi di Companilactobacillus alimentarius isolati da salami spagnoli con un duplice obiettivo: da una parte aumentare la conoscenza relativa a questa specie, le cui informazioni in letteratura sono ancora scarse, dall’altra valutarne i caratteri di sicurezza e le performance tecnologiche per selezionare ceppi da utilizzare eventualmente come colture starter e/o bioprotettive in salumi fermentati o altri prodotti alimentari. I ceppi sono stati prima testati per la loro capacità di produrre ammine biogene, con circa la metà dei ceppi in grado di produrre tiramina, mentre solo 4 accumulavano istamina e due putrescina. Dai dati relativi all’antibiotico resistenza è emerso che la metà dei ceppi erano sensibili agli 8 antibiotici testati. È stata valutata poi la capacità dei ceppi di crescere a diverse temperature (10, 20 e 30°C) e a diverse concentrazioni di NaCl (0, 2,5, 5%). I risultati hanno mostrato un andamento variabile: un solo ceppo non era in grado di crescere a 10°C, mentre a 30°C i ceppi si dividevano in due gruppi, ed i ceppi caratterizzati da maggiori velocità di sviluppo a questa temperatura erano anche quelli dotati delle migliori performance a 20 e 10°C. Mentre per la capacità di crescere a diverse concentrazioni di sale, la variabilità era più evidente alla più alta concentrazione di NaCl (5%). Infine, è stata valutata la capacità di produrre molecole che potessero avere un impatto sul profilo sensoriale del prodotto, tra cui i composti derivanti dall’acido piruvico (acetoino, diacetile, 2-butanone), acido acetico, etanolo, benzeneacetaldeide e benzaldeide, ed anche in questo caso i ceppi hanno mostrato attitudini diverse all’accumulo di questi metaboliti. Sulla base dei dati ottenuti in questo lavoro sperimentale, 2 ceppi tra i 14 testati sono stati scelti per future sperimentazioni, dapprima in vitro e poi in sistemi reali, per valutare il loro potenziale come nuove colture starter.

Valutazione delle performances di nuove colture starter in salami prodotti industrialmente

Le colture starter sono preparazioni comprendenti una o più specie microbiche aggiunte per condurre i processi fermentativi, con risvolti positivi sulle caratteristiche tecnologiche e igienico-sanitarie dei prodotti ottenuti. Questa tesi si inserisce in un progetto europeo volto a sfruttare la biodiversità microbica di salumi dell'area del Mediterraneo, utilizzandoli come fonte di isolamento di batteri lattici (LAB) da proporre come nuove colture starter e/o bioprotettive. Prove preliminari hanno permesso di selezionare un numero ridotto di LAB, considerati sicuri, che in questa tesi sono stati studiati per il loro potenziale tecnologico (cinetiche di crescita a 20°C) per valutarne l’attitudine ad essere utilizzati in salami prodotti a livello industriale. Sulla base di queste prove effettuate in laboratorio, 4 ceppi (Latilactobacillus sakei 2M7 e SWO10, Lactiplantibacillus paraplantarum BPF2, Latilactobacillus curvatus KN55) sono stati utilizzati per la produzione di salami a livello industriale, confrontando le loro performances con uno starter commerciale utilizzato comunemente in azienda. I risultati hanno mostrato come tutti i ceppi siano stati in grado di sviluppare nella matrice con cinetiche simili, anche se questa acidificazione non ha limitato il contenuto di enterobatteri, ad eccezione del campione controllo, dove tuttavia i LAB hanno mostrato una ridotta capacità di persistenza. Il ceppo BPF2 ha ridotto significativamente il contenuto di tiramina nel prodotto finito. L’analisi dei metaboliti volatili ha evidenziato un diverso accumulo di prodotti derivanti dallo sviluppo dei LAB (es. acidi, aldeidi), anche se tali differenze erano difficilmente percepibili a livello olfattivo e tutti i salami presentavano un odore gradevole. Ulteriori prove saranno necessarie per garantire la qualità microbiologica del prodotto finito (controllo degli enterobatteri) e per effettuare anche test sensoriali, al fine anche di favorire la differenziazione dei prodotti.

Neural Machine Translation in the Field of Law. Analysis and Evaluation against Human Reference of NMT Raw Outputs of an Atto Costitutivo of S.r.l. from Italian into German.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is gaining ever more ground in every sphere of human life, to the point that it is now even used to pass sentences in courts. The use of AI in the field of Law is however deemed quite controversial, as it could provide more objectivity yet entail an abuse of power as well, given that bias in algorithms behind AI may cause lack of accuracy. As a product of AI, machine translation is being increasingly used in the field of Law too in order to translate laws, judgements, contracts, etc. between different languages and different legal systems. In the legal setting of Company Law, accuracy of the content and suitability of terminology play a crucial role within a translation task, as any addition or omission of content or mistranslation of terms could entail legal consequences for companies. The purpose of the present study is to first assess which neural machine translation system between DeepL and ModernMT produces a more suitable translation from Italian into German of the atto costitutivo of an Italian s.r.l. in terms of accuracy of the content and correctness of terminology, and then to assess which translation proves to be closer to a human reference translation. In order to achieve the above-mentioned aims, two human and automatic evaluations are carried out based on the MQM taxonomy and the BLEU metric. Results of both evaluations show an overall better performance delivered by ModernMT in terms of content accuracy, suitability of terminology, and closeness to a human translation. As emerged from the MQM-based evaluation, its accuracy and terminology errors account for just 8.43% (as opposed to DeepL’s 9.22%), while it obtains an overall BLEU score of 29.14 (against DeepL’s 27.02). The overall performances however show that machines still face barriers in overcoming semantic complexity, tackling polysemy, and choosing domain-specific terminology, which suggests that the discrepancy with human translation may still be remarkable.

Everybody's Talking About Jamie: a comparative analysis between the English musical and the Italian translation and its influence on the LGBTQIA+ community

“Culture has been, is and always will be useful to the political and social fight, precisely because it stirs consciences and prompts reflection”, stated Pero Di Blasio, producer of the Italian version of the musical Everybody’s Talking About Jamie in our private interview (Savoia, 2022). And the invitation for reflection mentioned by the producer represents the main topic of my dissertation, as its aim is to underline, starting from a translation point of view, the differences and similarities conveyed by the two versions of the musical, to raise awareness and spread validation towards the issues and struggles members of the LGBTQIA+ community are forced to face every day. The four chapters in which this dissertation is divided into proceed from a more generic and theoretical one (chapter 1), followed by the introduction of the musical in Chapter 2 with its British and Italian versions, contextualised in their national realities thanks to their press reviews. Then the focus will zoom into the more practical chapters, where the topic of the Italian translation will be gradually approached. The dissertation will then be concluded with the fourth chapter, where the findings identified in the third chapter will be commented, taking into consideration the audience perception and the social issues portrayed on stage by the cast of the West End musical.

Development of a relationship between physical parameters of tsunami waves and tsunami intensity based on macroscopic effects and its application to the Italian tsunami database

Tsunamis are rare events. However, their impact can be devastating and it may extend to large geographical areas. For low-probability high-impact events like tsunamis, it is crucial to implement all possible actions to mitigate the risk. The tsunami hazard assessment is the result of a scientific process that integrates traditional geological methods, numerical modelling and the analysis of tsunami sources and historical records. For this reason, analysing past events and understanding how they interacted with the land is the only way to inform tsunami source and propagation models, and quantitatively test forecast models like hazard analyses. The primary objective of this thesis is to establish an explicit relationship between the macroscopic intensity, derived from historical descriptions, and the quantitative physical parameters measuring tsunami waves. This is done first by defining an approximate estimation method based on a simplified 1D physical onshore propagation model to convert the available observations into one reference physical metric. Wave height at the coast was chosen as the reference due to its stability and independence of inland effects. This method was then implemented for a set of well-known past events to build a homogeneous dataset with both macroseismic intensity and wave height. By performing an orthogonal regression, a direct and invertible empirical relationship could be established between the two parameters, accounting for their relevant uncertainties. The target relationship is extensively tested and finally applied to the Italian Tsunami Effect Database (ITED), providing a homogeneous estimation of the wave height for all existing tsunami observations in Italy. This provides the opportunity for meaningful comparison for models and simulations, as well as quantitatively testing tsunami hazard models for the Italian coasts and informing tsunami risk management initiatives.

High-throughput Analysis By Sp-ldi-ms For Fast Identification Of Adulterations In Commercial Balsamic Vinegars.

Balsamic vinegar (BV) is a typical and valuable Italian product, worldwide appreciated thanks to its characteristic flavors and potential health benefits. Several studies have been conducted to assess physicochemical and microbial compositions of BV, as well as its beneficial properties. Due to highly-disseminated claims of antioxidant, antihypertensive and antiglycemic properties, BV is a known target for frauds and adulterations. For that matter, product authentication, certifying its origin (region or country) and thus the processing conditions, is becoming a growing concern. Striving for fraud reduction as well as quality and safety assurance, reliable analytical strategies to rapidly evaluate BV quality are very interesting, also from an economical point of view. This work employs silica plate laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (SP-LDI-MS) for fast chemical profiling of commercial BV samples with protected geographical indication (PGI) and identification of its adulterated samples with low-priced vinegars, namely apple, alcohol and red/white wines.

Os escritos de Giovanni Angelo Brunelli, astrônomo da Comissão Demarcadora de Limites portuguesa (1753-1761), sobre a Amazônia brasileira

O texto apresenta breve introdução à vida e à obra de Giovanni Angelo Brunelli (1722-1804), astrônomo bolonhês que participou da primeira Comissão Demarcadora de Limites entre as possessões de Portugal e Espanha na América do Sul, de 1753 a 1761, a serviço da Coroa lusitana. Em seguida, são publicados os três trabalhos de Brunelli sobre a Amazônia brasileira, tendo como temas a pororoca (1767), a mandioca (1767) e o rio Amazonas (1791); e dois outros documentos relacionadas à comissão, um ofício no qual Brunelli reclama a coordenação dos trabalhos de cartografia (1752) e um rascunho do diário de viagem do astrônomo até o rio Negro (1754). Todos esses documentos foram traduzidos ao português, pela primeira vez, do latim e do italiano.

Propriedades físico-químicas e sensoriais de embutidos fermentados formulados com diferentes proporções de carne suína e de ovelhas de descarte

Avaliou-se a inclusão de diferentes níveis de carne de ovelhas de descarte (animais Texel × Ile de France com idade superior a seis anos) em relação à carne suína sobre a qualidade de embutidos fermentados do tipo salame. Os embutidos foram elaborados com 0, 15, 35, 55 ou 75% de carne da perna, paleta e pescoço das ovelhas, acrescidos de pernil suíno e 10% de toucinho suíno. A evolução do pH e da atividade de água (a w) foi avaliada nos dias zero, três, sete e 14 após o embutimento. Após a maturação dos salames, foram determinadas, ainda, a perda de peso, a qualidade microbiológica e as características sensoriais dos embutidos prontos. A inclusão de carne ovina na formulação não alterou a evolução do pH e a w. Entretanto, influenciou (P<0,05) os valores finais de pH, a w e a perda de peso. Os embutidos com carne ovina na formulação apresentaram valores de pH final inferiores àquele observado para o embutido elaborado somente com carne suína. Este último apresentou a w inferior e maior perda de peso, em comparação ao produto contendo 15% de carne ovina na formulação. Todas as formulações atenderam a legislação quanto à qualidade microbiológica. Na análise sensorial, o embutido elaborado com 15% de carne ovina foi considerado superior ao embutido elaborado somente com carne suína para os aspectos cor, sabor e textura; contudo, não diferiu dos demais embutidos elaborados com carne ovina. Assim, é possível elaborar embutido fermentado com até 75% de carne de ovelhas de descarte na formulação.