07040-015 Saylor Creek Watershed Final Report

Phase 2 of the Saylor Creek Improvement Project is focused on channel restoration. The existing stream channel is generally incised, running through areas primarily covered with heavy trees, brush and weeds. The ravine ranges from 6 to 20 feet deep through the corridor with very steep slopes in several areas. In two areas storm outlets are undercut or suspended above the channel. Tall undercut, eroded banks exist along several of the outside bends. Sediment deposition on the inside bends limits the cross-section of the channel, increasing flow velocity and forcing this faster flow toward the eroded outside bank. A wide array of practices will need to be implemented to address channel erosion. Improvements will be specifically tailored to address problems observed at each bend. The result will be a channel with a more natural appearance, and reduced use of hard armor and revetment. Some sections will require minimal grading with removal of underbrush for improved maintenance access and more sun exposure, better allowing deep­ rooted plants and flowers to establish to provide further erosion protection. Straight sections with steep banks will require grading to pull back slopes, increasing the creek's capacity to convey storm flows at slower velocities. Sections with sharp bends will require slope pull back and armor protection. A constructed wetland will collect and treat runoff from a small sub-watershed, before being discharged into the main tributary.

Corruption in building the image of politics in television news broadcasts

This work analyses the political news of eight Spanish television channels in order to see what image is built of politics, and particularly how the news of corruption affects the image of politics in Spanish news broadcasts. Different cases of corruption such as Gürtel, Palma Arena and those associated with judge Baltasar Garzón in his final stage in office, occupy part of the study. A new methodology is therefore proposed that enables the quality of the political information emitted from inside and outside the political content of the news programmes to be observed. Particular attention is paid to the news broadcasts of Televisión Española and Cuatro as those which offer a more balanced view of politics, and channels such as La Sexta, which give priority to a narrative construction of politics in the news programmes around causes of corruption.

Speaking from the Inside: Challenges Faced by Communication Researchers Investigating Disease-Related Issues in a Hospital Setting.

This commentary came from within the framework of integrating the humanities in medicine and from accompanying research on disease-related issues by teams involving clinicians and researchers in medical humanities. The purpose is to reflect on the challenges faced by researchers when conducting emotionally laden research and on how they impact observations and subsequent research findings. This commentary is furthermore a call to action since it promotes the institutionalization of a supportive context for medical humanities researchers who have not been trained to cope with sensitive medical topics in research. To that end, concrete recommendations regarding training and supervision were formulated.

Gestión de la actividad no presencial y autoevaluación de competencias = Management of student learning outside the classroom and the self-evaluation of competences

La asignatura troncal “Evaluación Psicológica” de los estudios de Psicología y delestudio de grado “Desarrollo humano en la sociedad de la información” de laUniversidad de Girona consta de 12 créditos según la Ley Orgánica de Universidades.Hasta el año académico 2004-05 el trabajo no presencial del alumno consistía en larealización de una evaluación psicológica que se entregaba por escrito a final de curso yde la cual el estudiante obtenía una calificación y revisión si se solicitaba. En el caminohacia el Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior, esta asignatura consta de 9 créditosque equivalen a un total de 255 horas de trabajo presencial y no presencial delestudiante. En los años académicos 2005-06 y 2006-07 se ha creado una guía de trabajopara la gestión de la actividad no presencial con el objetivo de alcanzar aprendizajes anivel de aplicación y solución de problemas/pensamiento crítico (Bloom, 1975)siguiendo las recomendaciones de la Agencia para la Calidad del Sistema Universitariode Cataluña (2005). La guía incorpora: los objetivos de aprendizaje, los criterios deevaluación, la descripción de las actividades, el cronograma semanal de trabajos paratodo el curso, la especificación de las tutorías programadas para la revisión de losdiversos pasos del proceso de evaluación psicológica y el uso del foro para elconocimiento, análisis y crítica constructiva de las evaluaciones realizadas por loscompañeros

Factores de riesgo de conducta violenta intrainstitucional en internos penitenciarios

Este estudio tiene por objeto la determinación de la prevalencia y las correlaciones asociadas a las infracciones disciplinarias violentas y potencialmente violentas de 11 centros penitenciarios de Cataluña. Para alcanzar este objetivo el presente estudio prospectivo, basado en datos oficiales, examina la relación entre variables sociodemográficas, criminales, penitenciarias y psicológicas de una muestra de 7517 internos/as durante un período de seguimiento de 2 años. Los resultados obtenidos indican que ser más joven, estar en situación de prisión preventiva en el caso de las mujeres, haber presentado conducta violenta o antisocial anteriormente, tanto en la comunidad como en el ámbito penitenciario, responder de una manera poco exitosa a los tratamientos recientes o mostrar problemas en el consumo de alcohol o drogas y las actitudes procriminales son factores de gran potencia en la predicción de infracciones disciplinarias. Para concluir, cabe mencionar que investigaciones adicionales en otras áreas geográficas y la consideración de variables situacionales son necesarias para corroborar los resultados aquí obtenidos. También se discuten algunas implicaciones para políticas penitenciarias y para futuras líneas de investigación.

Spatiotemporal adaptive multiscale multiphysics simulations of two-phase flow

We present a spatiotemporal adaptive multiscale algorithm, which is based on the Multiscale Finite Volume method. The algorithm offers a very efficient framework to deal with multiphysics problems and to couple regions with different spatial resolution. We employ the method to simulate two-phase flow through porous media. At the fine scale, we consider a pore-scale description of the flow based on the Volume Of Fluid method. In order to construct a global problem that describes the coarse-scale behavior, the equations are averaged numerically with respect to auxiliary control volumes, and a Darcy-like coarse-scale model is obtained. The space adaptivity is based on the idea that a fine-scale description is only required in the front region, whereas the resolution can be coarsened elsewhere. Temporal adaptivity relies on the fact that the fine-scale and the coarse-scale problems can be solved with different temporal resolution (longer time steps can be used at the coarse scale). By simulating drainage under unstable flow conditions, we show that the method is able to capture the coarse-scale behavior outside the front region and to reproduce complex fluid patterns in the front region.

Management of Pharyngeal Fistulas After Anterior Cervical Spine Surgery: A Treatment Algorithm for Severe Complications.

STUDY DESIGN:: Retrospective database- query to identify all anterior spinal approaches. OBJECTIVES:: To assess all patients with pharyngo-cutaneous fistulas after anterior cervical spine surgery. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA:: Patients treated in University of Heidelberg Spine Medical Center, Spinal Cord Injury Unit and Department of Otolaryngology (Germany), between 2005 and 2011 with the diagnosis of pharyngo-cutaneous fistulas. METHODS:: We conducted a retrospective study on 5 patients between 2005 and 2011 with PCF after ACSS, their therapy management and outcome according to radiologic data and patient charts. RESULTS:: Upon presentation 4 patients were paraplegic. 2 had PCF arising from one piriform sinus, two patients from the posterior pharyngeal wall and piriform sinus combined and one patient only from the posterior pharyngeal wall. 2 had previous unsuccessful surgical repair elsewhere and 1 had prior radiation therapy. In 3 patients speech and swallowing could be completely restored, 2 patients died. Both were paraplegic. The patients needed an average of 2-3 procedures for complete functional recovery consisting of primary closure with various vascularised regional flaps and refining laser procedures supplemented with negative pressure wound therapy where needed. CONCLUSION:: Based on our experience we are able to provide a treatment algorithm that indicates that chronic as opposed to acute fistulas require a primary surgical closure combined with a vascularised flap that should be accompanied by the immediate application of a negative pressure wound therapy. We also conclude that particularly in paraplegic patients suffering this complication the risk for a fatal outcome is substantial.

Implications of free Shiga toxin-converting bacteriophages occurring outside bacteria for the evolution and the detection of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli

In this review we highlight recent work that has increased our understanding of the distribution of Shiga toxin-converting phages that can be detected as free phage particles, independently of Shiga toxin-producing bacteria (STEC). Stx phages are a quite diverse group of temperate phages that can be found in their prophage state inserted within the STEC chromosome, but can also be found as phages released from the cell after activation of their lytic cycle. They have been detected in extraintestinal environments such as water polluted with feces from humans or animals, food samples or even in stool samples of healthy individuals. The high persistence of phages to several inactivation conditions makes them suitable candidates for the successful mobilization of stx genes, possibly resulting in the genes reaching a new bacterial genomic background by means of transduction, where ultimately they may be expressed, leading to Stx production. Besides the obvious fact that Stx phages circulating between bacteria can be, and probably are, involved in the emergence of new STEC strains, we review here other possible ways in which free Stx phages could interfere with the detection of STEC in a given sample by current laboratory methods and how to avoid such interference.

Axiomatization of the nucl eolus of assignment games

On the domain of general assignment games (with possible reservation prices) the core is axiomatized as the unique solution satisfying two consistency principles: projection consistency and derived consistency. Also, an axiomatic characterization of the nucleolus is given as the unique solution that satisfies derived consistency and equal maximum complaint between groups. As a consequence, we obtain a geometric characterization of the nucleolus. Maschler et al. (1979) provide a geometrical characterization for the intersection of the kernel and the core of a coalitional game, showing that those allocations that lie in both sets are always the midpoint of certain bargaining range between each pair of players. In the case of the assignment game, this means that the kernel can be determined as those core allocations where the maximum amount, that can be transferred without getting outside the core, from one agent to his / her optimally matched partner equals the maximum amount that he / she can receive from this partner, also remaining inside the core. We now prove that the nucleolus of the assignment game can be characterized by requiring this bisection property be satisfied not only for optimally matched pairs but also for optimally matched coalitions. Key words: cooperative games, assignment game, core, nucleolus

A double role of sperm in scorpions: the mating plug of Euscorpius italicus (Scorpiones: Euscorpiidae) consists of sperm.

Mating plugs occluding the female gonopore after mating are a widespread phenomenon. In scorpions, two main types of mating plugs are found: sclerotized mating plugs being parts of the spermatophore that break off during mating, and gel-like mating plugs being gelatinous fluids that harden in the female genital tract. In this study, the gel-like mating plug of Euscorpius italicus was investigated with respect to its composition, fine structure, and changes over time. Sperm forms the major component of the mating plug, a phenomenon previously unknown in arachnids. Three parts of the mating plug can be distinguished. The part facing the outside of the female (outer part) contains sperm packages containing inactive spermatozoa. In this state, sperm is transferred. In the median part, the sperm packages get uncoiled to single spermatozoa. In the inner part, free sperm is embedded in a large amount of secretions. Fresh mating plugs are soft gelatinous, later they harden from outside toward inside. This process is completed after 3-5 days. Sperm from artificially triggered spermatophores could be activated by immersion in insect Ringer's solution indicating that the fluid condition in the females' genital tract or females' secretions causes sperm activation. Because of the male origin of the mating plug, it has likely evolved under sperm competition or sexual conflict. As females refused to remate irrespective of the presence or absence of a mating plug, females may have changed their mating behavior in the course of evolution from polyandry to monandry.

Safety of a new algorithm for the management of childhood illness (Almanach) to improve quality of care and rational use of drugs

Introduction New evidence from randomized controlled and etiology of fever studies, the availability of reliable RDT for malaria, and novel technologies call for revision of the IMCI strategy. We developed a new algorithm based on (i) a systematic review of published studies assessing the safety and appropriateness of RDT and antibiotic prescription, (ii) results from a clinical and microbiological investigation of febrile children aged <5 years, (iii) international expert IMCI opinions. The aim of this study was to assess the safety of the new algorithm among patients in urban and rural areas of Tanzania.Materials and Methods The design was a controlled noninferiority study. Enrolled children aged 2-59 months with any illness were managed either by a study clinician using the new Almanach algorithm (two intervention health facilities), or clinicians using standard practice, including RDT (two control HF). At day 7 and day 14, all patients were reassessed. Patients who were ill in between or not cured at day 14 were followed until recovery or death. Primary outcome was rate of complications, secondary outcome rate of antibiotic prescriptions.Results 1062 children were recruited. Main diagnoses were URTI 26%, pneumonia 19% and gastroenteritis (9.4%). 98% (531/541) were cured at D14 in the Almanach arm and 99.6% (519/521) in controls. Rate of secondary hospitalization was 0.2% in each. One death occurred in controls. None of the complications was due to withdrawal of antibiotics or antimalarials at day 0. Rate of antibiotic use was 19% in the Almanach arm and 84% in controls.Conclusion Evidence suggests that the new algorithm, primarily aimed at the rational use of drugs, is as safe as standard practice and leads to a drastic reduction of antibiotic use. The Almanach is currently being tested for clinician adherence to proposed procedures when used on paper or a mobile phone

Genetic algorithm for sequencing in midex model non-permutation flowshops using constrained buffers

Este trabajo presenta un Algoritmo Genético (GA) del problema de secuenciar unidades en una línea de producción. Se tiene en cuenta la posibilidad de cambiar la secuencia de piezas mediante estaciones con acceso a un almacén intermedio o centralizado. El acceso al almacén además está restringido, debido al tamaño de las piezas.AbstractThis paper presents a Genetic Algorithm (GA) for the problem of sequencing in a mixed model non-permutation flowshop. Resequencingis permitted where stations have access to intermittent or centralized resequencing buffers. The access to a buffer is restricted by the number of available buffer places and the physical size of the products.

Innovation Benchmark Study: Analysis of Innovation Processes in Finnish Companies

Liikevaihdon orgaaninen kasvu on ensisijainen tekijä ja haaste yritysjohdolle yrityksen omistaja-arvon kasvattamiseksi. Tutkimus tarkastelee suosivatko suomalaisyritykset pääasiallisesti olemassa olevaa liiketoimintaa palvelevia innovaatioita vai tukevatko nykyhetken toimintatavat myös uusia kasvua kiihdyttäviä radikaaleja innovaatioita. Lisäksi työ kartoitti suomalaisyritysten innovaatioprosessien kehitysalueita käyttäen itsearviointitutkimusta.Tulokset johtivat kolmeen johtopäätökseen. Tutkimus osoitti, että vastaajayritykset ovat keskittyneet innovaatiotoiminnassaan vahvasti ydinliiketoimintaansa, jättäen potentiaaliset kasvumahdollisuudet huomioimatta. Yritykset tavoittelevat maksimaalisia tuottoja keskittymällä tuotteidensa korkeaan suorituskykyyn. Lyhyen aikavälin epärealistiset tuotto-odotukset sekä projekteille suunnatut arviointikriteerit rajoittavat liiketoimintaa mullistavien radikaalien innovaatioiden kehittymistä organisaatiossa. Toiseksi, tutkimus osoitti, että suuri osa yrityksistä käyttää perinteisen projektien arviointi- ja kehitysprosessin lisäksi vaihtoehtoisia ja huonosti kontrolloitavissa olevia kehitysprosesseja, mikäli projektille annetaan kielteinen rahoituspäätös standardin prosessin sisällä. Kolmanneksi, suomalaisyritysten innovaatioprosesseissa paljastui merkittäviä puutteita mitattavien elementtien suhteen.

Lämmöntalteenotto kosteasta poistoilmasta prosessiteollisuudessa

Tämän diplomityön päämääränä on tehdä prosessiteollisuuden tarpeisiin Excel-taulukkolaskentaohjelmassa toimiva putkilämmönsiirtimen mitoitusohjelma. Prosessiteollisuudessa lämmönvaihtimien toimintaympäristöt ja olosuhteet vaihtelevat merkittävästi ja niinpä jokaisen vaihtimen suunnittelu ja mitoitus on toteutettava tapauskohtaisesti. Työssä käsitellään rekuperatiivisen ristivirtaputkilämmönvaihtimen yleinen lämpötekninen mitoitus sisältäen putken sisäpinnalle tapahtuvan mahdollisen lauhtumisen. Mitoitettava vaihdinkoostuu pystysuorista putkista, joissa lämmin ja kostea ilma virtaa putkien sisäpuolella ja kylmä kuiva ilma vaippapuolella vaakasuoraan. Vaihdinmateriaalina käytetään ruostumatonta AISI 304 -tai haponkestävää AISI 316 terästä. Kuuman ilman tila vaihtelee tarkasteltavan kohteen mukaan. Paperiteollisuuden kuivausyksiköiltä poistuva ilma on usein lämmintä ja kosteaa, ja infrakuivaimilta poistuva ilma on kuumaa. Mitoitettavalle lämmönvaihtimelle tulevan kuuman ilman lämpötila tapauksesta riippuen voi vaihdella 30°C, maksimissaan +300°C:een saakka, vesisisällön ollessa välillä 0,010...0,200 kg/kg ki tai jopa tämän ylikin. Vaihtimen mitoitus perustuu energiataseyhtälöiden käyttöön. Laskennassa määritetään vaihtimen pintalämpötila sekä mahdollinen kostean ilman lauhtuminen putken sisäpinnalle. Lisäksi teoria käsittää molempien virtausten tilanmuutosten laskennan. Työssä on esitetty esimerkkilaskelma, jossa on laskettu ilma- kostea ilma lämmönsiirrinkonstruktio. Esimerkissä on tarkasteltu vaihtimen hyötysuhdetta, virtausten lämpö- ja kosteuskäyttäytymistä ulkoilman lämpötilan funktiona. Ohjelmasta saadaan tulostettua mitoitettavanvaihtimen dimensiot; putkien lukumäärät syvyys- ja pituussuunnassa sekä kokonaisputkilukumäärä, putkien väliset etäisyydet toisiinsa nähden sekä syvyys, että pituussuunnassa, putkipituus ja putken sisä- ja ulkohalkaisijat. Nämä tiedot suunnittelija itse syöttää ohjelmalle alkuarvoina. Laskettuna tietona ohjelma antaa molempien virtausten poistolämpötilat, kuuman ilman poistuvan absoluuttisen kosteuden, kondenssivesimäärän, vaihtimen tehon ja painehäviöt vaippa- ja putkipuolelle. Lisäksi ohjelma laskee kuuman ilman ominaisentalpiat vaihtimen sisään- ja ulostulossa. Tämä mahdollistaa ilman tilapisteiden piirtämisen Mollier-piirrokseen.

Développement et validation d'une méthode de calcul indépendant des unités moniteur basée sur les simulations Monte Carlo pour la vérification des traitements IMRT

Résumé : La radiothérapie par modulation d'intensité (IMRT) est une technique de traitement qui utilise des faisceaux dont la fluence de rayonnement est modulée. L'IMRT, largement utilisée dans les pays industrialisés, permet d'atteindre une meilleure homogénéité de la dose à l'intérieur du volume cible et de réduire la dose aux organes à risque. Une méthode usuelle pour réaliser pratiquement la modulation des faisceaux est de sommer de petits faisceaux (segments) qui ont la même incidence. Cette technique est appelée IMRT step-and-shoot. Dans le contexte clinique, il est nécessaire de vérifier les plans de traitement des patients avant la première irradiation. Cette question n'est toujours pas résolue de manière satisfaisante. En effet, un calcul indépendant des unités moniteur (représentatif de la pondération des chaque segment) ne peut pas être réalisé pour les traitements IMRT step-and-shoot, car les poids des segments ne sont pas connus à priori, mais calculés au moment de la planification inverse. Par ailleurs, la vérification des plans de traitement par comparaison avec des mesures prend du temps et ne restitue pas la géométrie exacte du traitement. Dans ce travail, une méthode indépendante de calcul des plans de traitement IMRT step-and-shoot est décrite. Cette méthode est basée sur le code Monte Carlo EGSnrc/BEAMnrc, dont la modélisation de la tête de l'accélérateur linéaire a été validée dans une large gamme de situations. Les segments d'un plan de traitement IMRT sont simulés individuellement dans la géométrie exacte du traitement. Ensuite, les distributions de dose sont converties en dose absorbée dans l'eau par unité moniteur. La dose totale du traitement dans chaque élément de volume du patient (voxel) peut être exprimée comme une équation matricielle linéaire des unités moniteur et de la dose par unité moniteur de chacun des faisceaux. La résolution de cette équation est effectuée par l'inversion d'une matrice à l'aide de l'algorithme dit Non-Negative Least Square fit (NNLS). L'ensemble des voxels contenus dans le volume patient ne pouvant être utilisés dans le calcul pour des raisons de limitations informatiques, plusieurs possibilités de sélection ont été testées. Le meilleur choix consiste à utiliser les voxels contenus dans le Volume Cible de Planification (PTV). La méthode proposée dans ce travail a été testée avec huit cas cliniques représentatifs des traitements habituels de radiothérapie. Les unités moniteur obtenues conduisent à des distributions de dose globale cliniquement équivalentes à celles issues du logiciel de planification des traitements. Ainsi, cette méthode indépendante de calcul des unités moniteur pour l'IMRT step-andshootest validée pour une utilisation clinique. Par analogie, il serait possible d'envisager d'appliquer une méthode similaire pour d'autres modalités de traitement comme par exemple la tomothérapie. Abstract : Intensity Modulated RadioTherapy (IMRT) is a treatment technique that uses modulated beam fluence. IMRT is now widespread in more advanced countries, due to its improvement of dose conformation around target volume, and its ability to lower doses to organs at risk in complex clinical cases. One way to carry out beam modulation is to sum smaller beams (beamlets) with the same incidence. This technique is called step-and-shoot IMRT. In a clinical context, it is necessary to verify treatment plans before the first irradiation. IMRT Plan verification is still an issue for this technique. Independent monitor unit calculation (representative of the weight of each beamlet) can indeed not be performed for IMRT step-and-shoot, because beamlet weights are not known a priori, but calculated by inverse planning. Besides, treatment plan verification by comparison with measured data is time consuming and performed in a simple geometry, usually in a cubic water phantom with all machine angles set to zero. In this work, an independent method for monitor unit calculation for step-and-shoot IMRT is described. This method is based on the Monte Carlo code EGSnrc/BEAMnrc. The Monte Carlo model of the head of the linear accelerator is validated by comparison of simulated and measured dose distributions in a large range of situations. The beamlets of an IMRT treatment plan are calculated individually by Monte Carlo, in the exact geometry of the treatment. Then, the dose distributions of the beamlets are converted in absorbed dose to water per monitor unit. The dose of the whole treatment in each volume element (voxel) can be expressed through a linear matrix equation of the monitor units and dose per monitor unit of every beamlets. This equation is solved by a Non-Negative Least Sqvare fif algorithm (NNLS). However, not every voxels inside the patient volume can be used in order to solve this equation, because of computer limitations. Several ways of voxel selection have been tested and the best choice consists in using voxels inside the Planning Target Volume (PTV). The method presented in this work was tested with eight clinical cases, which were representative of usual radiotherapy treatments. The monitor units obtained lead to clinically equivalent global dose distributions. Thus, this independent monitor unit calculation method for step-and-shoot IMRT is validated and can therefore be used in a clinical routine. It would be possible to consider applying a similar method for other treatment modalities, such as for instance tomotherapy or volumetric modulated arc therapy.