Seed dispersal characteristics to polar regions by means of visitors

Invasive alien species are among the primary causes of biodiversity change globally, with the risks thereof broadly understood for most regions of the world. They are similarly thought to be among the most significant conservation threats to Antarctica, especially as climate change proceeds in the region. However, no comprehensive, continent-wide evaluation of the risks to Antarctica posed by such species has been undertaken. Here we do so by sampling, identifying, and mapping the vascular plant propagules carried by all categories of visitors to Antarctica during the International Polar Year's first season (2007-2008) and assessing propagule establishment likelihood based on their identity and origins and on spatial variation in Antarctica's climate. For an evaluation of the situation in 2100, we use modeled climates based on the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Special Report on Emissions Scenarios Scenario A1B [Nakicenovic N, Swart R, eds (2000) Special Report on Emissions Scenarios: A Special Report of Working Group III of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK)]. Visitors carrying seeds average 9.5 seeds per person, although as vectors, scientists carry greater propagule loads than tourists. Annual tourist numbers (~33,054) are higher than those of scientists (~7,085), thus tempering these differences in propagule load. Alien species establishment is currently most likely for the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Recent founder populations of several alien species in this area corroborate these findings. With climate change, risks will grow in the Antarctic Peninsula, Ross Sea, and East Antarctic coastal regions. Our evidence-based assessment demonstrates which parts of Antarctica are at growing risk from alien species that may become invasive and provides the means to mitigate this threat now and into the future as the continent's climate changes.

The insect book : a popular account of the bees, wasps, ants, grasshoppers, flies and other North American insects exclusive of the butterflies, moths and beetles, with full life histories, tables and bibliographies /

Bibliography.

1987 insect pest management guide : home, yard, and garden /

Cover title.

Insect injuries to the seed and root of Indian corn /

Caption title.

Insect prevention and control in plants processing dry milk /

Cover title.

1979 insect pest management guide : home, yard, and garden.

Cover title.

1979 insect pest management guide : livestock and livestock barns.

Cover title.

Insect control by radiation and radiosotopes : a literature search /

This bibliography contains one hundred and one selected references on the uses of radiation and radioisotopes in entomology. These references were selected from the scientific literature published since 1961. An index to the insects studied is included.

Bibliography on insect nutrition.

Caption title.

Vegetables and their cultivation; the history, cultivation, and forcing of culinary vegetables, saladings, and herbs, for home use and exhibitions; also the formation of the vegetable garden; the management of soils; manures and their uses; and the eradication of injurious insect and fungoid pests, etc. ...

Mode of access: Internet.

Insect food of fresh-water fishes /

"Reprinted from the Fourth annual report of the Commission of Conservation"

Insect and mite pests of almonds /

Mode of access: Internet.

Episodes of insect life.

In three series.

Illinois trees and shrubs: their insect enemies

Mode of access: Internet.