Screening for pulmonary tuberculosis in Teresópolis, RJ, Brazil: the search for respiratory symptomatic patients in emergency service of "Hospital das Clínicas de Teresópolis Costantino Ottaviano, Fundação Educacional Serra dos Órgãos"

The aim of the present study was to investigate the detection percentage of tuberculosis among patients that are respiratory symptomatic (TB suspects). In this work, we present the preliminary results of research carried out at "Hospital das Clínicas de Teresópolis Costantino Ottaviano da Fundação Educacional Serra dos Órgãos (FESO)" from November 2003 to April 2004. Among the 40 respiratory symptomatic individuals identified and referred to the Tuberculosis Control Program in Teresópolis, two (5.0%) were characterized as smear-positive. These results confirm reports in the literature and underscore the need for and importance of this strategy.

A Família no Hospital. A Percepção da Prática do Enfermeiro na Preparação para a Alta Hospitalar

O presente artigo descreve um estudo realizado com o objectivo de identificar as dificuldades e necessidades de formação e informação por parte de cuidadores informais na prestação de cuidados, no domicílio, à pessoa idosa com dependência funcional na mobilidade. Pretendeu-se também conhecer a percepção destes cuidadores acerca da (in)formação proporcionada pelo enfermeiro durante o internamento da pessoa idosa, assim como medidas sugeridas para melhorar a preparação da alta hospitalar. Este trabalho foi elaborado no âmbito da Monografia do Seminário de Reflexão Final de Curso, 4º ano do 6º Curso de Licenciatura em Enfermagem, na Escola Superior de Enfermagem de Lisboa Pólo Calouste Gulbenkian - Julho de 2008. Foi utilizada uma metodologia qualitativa com aplicação prévia do Índice de Barthel (Mahoney e Barthel, 1965) para a classificação da capacidade funcional ao nível das Actividades Básicas de Vida Diária (ABVD)de pessoas idosas internadas no serviço de Medicina de um Hospital Central. Este procedimento possibilitou a selecção indirecta dos quatro cuidadores, sujeitos empíricos, aos quais foram realizadas entrevistas semidirectivas. Da análise dos discursos produzidos, verifica-se que o cuidador informal evidencia algumas dificuldades na prestação de cuidados à pessoa idosa com dependência funcional, o que se traduz em necessidades de ensino no apoio às ABVD sobretudo ao nível da Alimentação, Posicionamento, Transferência e Higiene corporal. O cuidador refere ter uma melhor preparação para a alta no que concerne à execução de procedimentos técnicos aliado ao estabelecimento de uma relação de parceria com o enfermeiro. A experiência prévia como cuidador revelou-se como uma mais-valia na gestão dos cuidados e mobilização de recursos, embora não aparente ser suficiente perante o agravamento e novas situações.

Reabilitação no Acidente Vascular Cerebral: do Hospital à Comunidade

The field of action for rehabilitation is that of making use of the patient's maximum functional capacity with the purpose of adapting to life in relation to the environment. Rehabilitation must commence immediately, although it may be in different forms from the acute phase to sequelae. It is considered appropriate to call the physiatrist as soon as the neurologic condition has stabilised. A list is made of the measures to be taken for rehabilitation in the acute phase and sequelae, and the composition of the rehabilitation team is described. In what concerns location, where to rehabilitate the patient? The group of ambulatory patients should have their rehabilitation as outpatients. Our experience with house calls is briefly described. The group of patients who cannot walk, those that present an eminently motor condition, with the possibility of being able to walk, should be with their families, with transport provided to health and rehabilitation centres. The second group, with the capacity of walking within a reasonable time, especially if with multiple associated problems such as impaired communication, should be hospitalised in a rehabilitation department. The third group consists of severely handicapped patients, for whom a solution must be found that provides life with a minimum of dignity in centres or homes. From among the measures to be introduced, we point out following: acquisition of transport for patients who must travel, as outpatients, to the department; providing family doctors with complete freedom to refer their patients to rehabilitation centres.

Análise Retrospectiva do Protocolo de Tratamento Utilizado na Consulta Multidisciplinar de Úlcera de Perna do Hospital dos Capuchos no Período entre 2002 e 1º Semestre 2006

As úlceras de perna constituem uma importante patologia causando uma diminuição da qualidade de vida, hospitalizações frequentes e aumento da mortalidade e morbilidade. Têm uma incidência de 1% na população adulta, sendo que esta incidência atinge níveis de 10% nos escalões etários superiores a 70 anos. Cerca de 95% das úlceras são venosas, arteriais, mistas ou diabéticas, sendo as mais frequentes as úlceras venosas (70 a 80%). Com o objectivo de optimizar o tratamento e acompanhamento dos doentes com esta patologia, foi criada em 2002 uma Consulta de Referência Multidisciplinar de Úlcera de Perna, no Hospital dos Capuchos. Simultaneamente foi estabelecido um protocolo de referenciação/ tratamento com os Centros de Saúde da Unidade B da Sub-região de Saúde de Lisboa. Neste protocolo o doente é observado no contexto de uma equipa multidisciplinar. Os autores fizeram um estudo retrospectivo dos doentes observados nesta consulta no período entre 2002 e 1º semestre de 2006. Foram observados e acompanhados 294 novos doentes, tendo 80% idade superior a 60 anos. Em relação à etiologia das úlceras, 51,3% (n=151) eram venosas, 35,4% (n=104) eram diabéticas e 6,8% (n=20) eram arteriais. A área média das úlceras foi 23,9cm2 e o número médio de úlceras foi 1,6. A duração das úlceras tinha em 42,3% dos casos um período superior a 6 meses. Das 199 culturas positivas, 40,2% apresentavam Staphylococcus aureus, sendo 21,2% destes MRSA. Com o protocolo instituído, foi obtida uma taxa de cicatrização de 72,2%. 45,9% dos doentes tiveram uma cicatrização total da úlcera em menos de 2 meses, resultados estes que são muito positivos face às taxas de cicatrização de 6 meses referidas na literatura.

Students’ reading behavior: digital vs. print preferences in portuguese context

The aim of this paper is to present the main Portuguese results from a multi-national study on reading format preferences and behaviors from undergraduate students from Polytechnic Institute of Porto (Portugal). For this purpose we apply an adaptation of the Academic Reading Questionnaire previously created by Mizrachi (2014). This survey instrument has 14 Likert-style statements regarding the format influence in the students reading behavior, including aspects such as ability to remember, feelings about access convenience, active engagement with the text by highlighting and annotating, and ability to review and concentrate on the text. The importance of the language and dimension of the text to determine the preference format is also inquired. Students are also asked about the electronic device they use to read digital documents. Finally, some demographic and academic data were gathered. The analysis of the results will be contextualized on a review of the literature concerning youngsters reading format preferences. The format (digital or print) in which a text is displayed and read can impact comprehension, which is an important information literacy skill. This is a quite relevant issue for class readings in academic context because it impacts learning. On the other hand, students preferences on reading formats will influence the use of library services. However, literature is not unanimous on this subject. Woody, Daniel and Baker (2010) concluded that the experience of reading is not the same in electronic or print context and that students prefer print books than e-books. This thesis is reinforced by Ji, Michaels and Waterman (2014) which report that among 101 undergraduates the large majority self-reported to read and learn more when they use printed format despite the fact that they prefer electronically supplied readings instead of those supplied in printed form. On the other side, Rockinson-Szapkiw, et al (2013) conducted a study were they demonstrate that e-textbook is as effective for learning as the traditional textbook and that students who choose e-textbook had significantly higher perceived learning than students who chose to use print textbooks.

Impacto da Obesidade nos Resultados após Angioplastia Primária em Doentes com Enfarte Agudo do Miocárdio com Elevação do Segmento ST

INTRODUCTION: Obesity is an important risk factor for the development of diabetes, hypertension, coronary disease, left ventricular dysfunction, stroke and cardiac arrhythmias. Paradoxically, previous studies in patients undergoing elective coronary angioplasty showed a reduction in hospital and long-term mortality in obese patients. The relation with body mass index (BMI) has been less studied in the context of primary angioplasty. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the impact of obesity on the results of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction treated by primary angioplasty. METHODS: This was a study of 464 consecutive patients with ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction undergoing primary angioplasty, 78% male, mean age 61 +/- 13 years. We assessed in-hospital, 30-day and one-year mortality according to BMI. Patients were divided into three groups according to BMI: normal--18-24.9 kg/m2 (n = 171); overweight--25-29.9 kg/m2 (n = 204); and obese-- > 30 kg/m2 (n = 89). RESULTS: Obese patients were younger (ANOVA, p < 0.001) and more frequently male (p = 0.014), with more hypertension (p = 0.001) and dyslipidemia (p = 0.006). There were no differences in the prevalence of diabetes, previous cardiac history, heart failure on admission, anterior location, multivessel disease, peak total CK or medication prescribed, except that obese patients received more beta-blockers (p = 0.049). In-hospital mortality was 9.9% for patients with normal BMI, 3.4% for overweight patients and 6.7% for obese patients (p = 0.038). Mortality at 30 days was 11 4.4% and 7.8% (p = 0.032) and at one year 12.9%, 4.9% and 9% (p = 0.023), respectively. On univariate analysis, overweight was the only BMI category with a protective effect; however, after multivariate logistic regression analysis, adjusted for confounding variables, none of the BMI categories could independently predict outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Overweight patients had a better prognosis after primary angioplasty for ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction compared with other BMI categories, but this was dependent on other potentially confounding variables.

Information professionals in business context: new professionals, old skills

This communication aims to present some reflections regarding the importance of information in organizational context, especially in business context. The ability to produce and to share expertise and knowledge among its employees is now a key factor in the success of any organization. However, it’s also true that workers are increasingly feeling that too much information can hurt their performance. The existence of skilled professionals able to organize, evaluate, select and disseminate information in organizations appears to be a prerequisite for success. The skills necessary for the formation of a professional devoted to the management of information and knowledge in the context of business organizations will be analysed. Then data collected in two focus group discussion with students from a graduate course in Business Information, from Polytechnic Institute of Porto, Portugal, a will be examined.

Órgão de governação de topo do hospital público português : estrutura e constituição

RESUMO - Pretende-se com este projecto fazer uma reflexão sobre a problemática dos modelos de governação na gestão pública de hospitais e sobre a forma de incrementar a capacidade estratégica da gestão, contextualizando a governação dos hospitais num quadro mais amplo e comunitário, integrando os interesses e expectativas dos diversos interessados no funcionamento dos hospitais públicos. Sinteticamente, a questão fundamental de investigação é: Como conseguirá o sistema de governação de um hospital público incorporar os interesses de todos os seus stakeholders e shareholders? A resposta a esta questão integra duas fases, uma primeira dedicada ao estudo de um novo modelo de configuração para o órgão de governação de topo do hospital público e uma segunda fase dedicada à construção de um questionário para discussão e validação do modelo proposto através da técnica Delphi. A metodologia utilizada passou pela condução prévia de entrevistas exploratórias a informadores privilegiados e pela divisão do projecto em duas partes – uma primeira parte de enquadramento que segue a metodologia clássica da revisão bibliográfica e uma segunda parte prática que segue a metodologia Delphi, precedida de um levantamento das questões críticas para integrar no questionário que servirá de base à discussão dos peritos. Como resultado, o actual modelo pareceu-nos dificultar a consideração das expectativas e dos interesses dos proprietários/accionistas e dos stakeholders em geral do hospital público, concluindo-se pela necessidade de um novo modelo que estabeleça, inequivocamente, os papéis e as funções inerentes ao órgão de governação, garantindo a internalização da perspectiva de todos os interessados. -------------------------------ABSTRACT - The objective of this project is to reflect on the problematic of models of governance in the public management of hospitals and on the means for incrementing strategic management capacity. It does so by contextualizing the governance of public hospitals on a more ample community–wide scale, integrating the interests and expectations of different parties. The main research question is: how can the system of governance of a public hospital incorporate the interests of all its stakeholders and shareholders? The answer to this question involves two phases, one dedicated to the study of the configuration of the top-level governing body of the public hospital and, a second, dedicated to the construction of a questionnaire for discussion and validation of the proposed model by means of a Delphi technique. The methodology involved, first of all, exploratory interviews with key- informants and by the structuring of the project in two parts – the first, dedicated to contextualization by means of a standard literature review and the second, essentially practical by means of the Delphi technique, preceded by the raising of critical questions that integrate the questionnaire that will form the basis of expert discussion. The present model of public hospital governance appears to limit the possibility of integrating the expectations and interests of stakeholders and owner/shareholders. It is concluded that a new model is needed, one that establishes unequivocally the roles and functions of the top- level governing body, thereby

Consulta de Úlcera de Perna do Hospital de Santa Marta

Leg ulcers constitute a highly prevalent pathology in society, and are particularly common in the Angiology and Vascular Surgery outpatient clinic. The prevalence of these patients in this Department result from the fact that 70% of them display superficial and/or deep venous insufficiency of the lower limbs. To address this problem and optimize the therapeutic approaches available to the Chronic Leg Ulcer (CLU) patients, the Department of Angiology and Vascular Surgery has created, in March 2005, an appointment specific to CLU patients. An evaluation protocol was developed, including ulcer characterization, standardization of the conservative treatment, followed by surgical intervention, whenever required. The results obtained were evaluated 18 months after the onset of this protocol. Analysis of the results revealed that the majority of the patients responded positively to the new therapeutic approach, with closure of the ulcer in 43% of the patients and a significant improvement detected for an additional 30%. Furthermore, it was observed that a detailed evaluation of these patients should be regarded as a whole, followed by a standardized and targeted approach, resulting in a particularly successful approach on the treatment of this pathology.

Update on the population structure of MRSA causing infection in a central hospital and in healthcare centers in Portugal

RESUMO:Staphylococcus aureus é um dos principais agentes patogénicos humanos, sendo frequentemente associado a infecções nosocomiais e infecções na comunidade. A prevalência de S. aureus resistentes à meticilina (MRSA) em hospitais portugueses é uma das mais elevadas da Europa e tem sido caracterizada extensivamente; contrariamente, a prevalência e epidemiologia de MRSA na comunidade em Portugal não tem sido devidamente seguida. Com o objectivo de compreender as causas possíveis do aumento na frequência de MRSA num dos maiores hospitais centrais portugueses (HSM) ao longo de 17 anos, isolados de MRSA recolhidos em 1993 (n=54) e 2010 (n=180) de pus, sangue e urina foram analisados por PFGE, MLST, tipagem do spa e tipagem de SCCmec. Os resultados mostraram que ocorreu uma mudança global nos tipos clonais predominantes, onde o clone ST22-IVh substituiu os clones, ST239-IIIvar e ST247-I, representando mais de 70% da população actual. Além disso, entre 1993 e 2010 verificou-se um aumento na diversidade genética dos tipos clonais de MRSA. Para determinar a frequência e a natureza clonal de MRSA e S. aureus sensíveis à meticilina (MSSA) isolados de infecções de pele e tecidos moles (SSTI) em pessoas que frequentam centros de saúde em Portugal, 73 amostras foram recolhidas em nove centros de saúde (Rede Médicos Sentinela). Isolou-se um total de 40 S. aureus (55%), dos quais 17,5% eram MRSA. Os isolados de MRSA pertenciam aos clones ST22-IVh (n=4), ST5-IVc (n=2) e ST105-II (n=1), que foram descritos neste estudo como sendo clones de origem hospitalar. Os nossos resultados sugerem que o aumento da frequência de MRSA no HSM pode estar associado à emergência de um clone de MRSA com maior capacidade epidémica. Além disso, verificámos que a principal causa de SSTI em pessoas que frequentam centros de saúde em Portugal são MRSA de origem hospitalar e não MRSA associados à comunidade.------ABSTRACT: Staphylococcus aureus is one of the most important human pathogens, being a major cause of infections worldwide both in the hospital and in the community. In Portugal, the prevalence of methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in hospitals is one of the highest in Europe and has been characterized extensively; contrarily the prevalence and epidemiology of MRSA in the community has not been followed in a meaningful way. To understand the epidemiological events that could explain a steep increase in MRSA frequency in a major Portuguese central hospital (HSM) within a 17 year period, two MRSA collections recovered in 1993 (n=54) and 2010 (n=180) from pus, blood and urine were analyzed by PFGE, MLST, spa and SCCmec typing. The results showed that a major clonal shift occurred, wherein ST22-IVh clone has replaced the previous ST239-IIIvar and ST247-I clones and accounts for more than 70% of the present population. Moreover, an increase in genetic diversity of MRSA clonal types was observed between the two study periods. With the aim of determining the frequency and clonal nature of MRSA and methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) causing skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) in patients attending healthcare centers in Portugal, 73 samples were collected from nine healthcare centers (Medicos Sentinela Network). A total of 40 S. aureus were isolated, accounting for 55% of the SSTI, of which 17.5% were MRSA. MRSA isolates belonged to ST22-IVh (n=4), ST5-IVc (n=2) and ST105-II (n=1) that have also been described in the hospital in an equivalent period. Our results suggest that the increase in MRSA frequency in HSM may be associated to the emergence of a MRSA clone with higher epidemic potential. Moreover, we propose that the spillover of MRSA from the hospital rather than community-associated-MRSA was the main cause of SSTI in persons attending healthcare centers in Portugal.

Utilização de Stents Revestidos com Fármaco em Angioplastia Primária - Resultados Clínicos a Longo Prazo

INTRODUCTION: The use of drug-eluting stents in the context of mechanical reperfusion following ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (MI) was initially viewed with concern. The main fear was that the drugs' action in unstable lesions could increase the risk of thrombotic stent occlusion. Furthermore, there was no evidence that the proven benefit of reduced instent restenosis could be extended to such patients, since they were excluded from the initial clinical trials. OBJECTIVES: To assess the safety and long-term clinical outcomes of the use of drug-eluting stents in primary angioplasty. METHODS: The first 100 consecutive and non-selected patients admitted for MI and treated by primary angioplasty with drug-eluting stent implantation in the target lesion were analyzed retrospectively. The efficacy and safety of the procedure, in-hospital clinical evolution and the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events in the first year were assessed. RESULTS: Patients' mean age was 58.2 +/- 11.5 years, and 78 were male. The success rate of primary angioplasty was 99%. Stents coated with sirolimus were used in 67 patients, paclitaxel in 19 and dexamethasone in 16. In-hospital mortality was 3%. The follow-up rate at 12 months was 98%. During this period, the rate of target vessel revascularization was 1% (with no patient requiring target lesion revascularization), MI 2%, and overall mortality 3.9%. Fourteen patients had clinical indication for repeat coronary angiography, which showed no significant in-stent restenosis. One event was considered to be due to acute stent thrombosis. The incidence of major adverse events was 5.9%. CONCLUSION: The use of drug-eluting stents in MI patients undergoing primary mechanical revascularization is safe and is associated with a reduced incidence of major adverse events, thrombosis and clinical restenosis at one year.

Candidemia in a Brazilian hospital: the importance of Candida parapsilosis

The aim of this study was to perform a retrospective analysis of cases of candidemia in a Brazilian hospital in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará. A total of 50 blood cultures were analyzed from 40 candidemic patients. The mycological diagnosis was based on the phenotypical analysis and the patients' data were recorded in appropriate files. The most frequent species were Candida parapsilosis (n = 18), followed by C. albicans (n = 14), C. tropicalis (n = 8), C. guillermondii (n = 6), C. glabrata (n = 2), and Candida spp. (n = 2). A detailed descriptive study was undertaken with 21 patients whose medical records were complete. The candidemia episodes occurred in eight male patients and 13 female patients. The most representative risk factors implicated in candidemia were prior antibiotic therapy, central venous catheters, parenteral nutrition, gastric probes and mechanical ventilation. Death occurred in 13 of the 21-candidemic patients. This study demonstrated the emergence of candidemia caused by C. parapsilosis in a Brazilian hospital in the city of Fortaleza, Ceará.

Virulence factors of uropathogenic Escherichia coli from a University Hospital in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil

The aim of the study was to determine the occurrence of virulence genes expressing fimbriae, production of hemolysin, colicin and aerobactin among a hundred Escherichia coli isolates obtained from in-and outpatients of a tertiary-care teaching hospital, between July and August 2000, showing clinical and laboratory signs of urinary tract infection (UTI). The presence of genes (pap, afa, sfa) for fimbriae expression was assayed using specific primers in a polymerase chain reaction. Among the isolates studied, the prevalence of the virulence factors was 96.0%, 76.0%, 24.0%, for hemolysin, aerobactin and colicin, respectively; the prevalence of genes coding for fimbrial adhesive systems was 32.0%, 19.0% and 11.0% for pap, sfa and afa respectively. The strains isolated from the outpatients displayed a greater number of virulence factors compared to those from hospitalized subjects, emphasizing the difference between these two kinds of patients.