Wave-front analysis method of circular aperture sampling for collimation testing

A new type of wave-front analysis method for the collimation testing of laser beams is proposed. A concept of wave-front height is defined, and, on this basis, the wave-front analysis method of circular aperture sampling is introduced. The wave-front height of the tested noncollimated wave can be estimated from the distance between two identical fiducial diffraction planes of the sampled wave, and then the divergence is determined. The design is detailed, and the experiment is demonstrated. The principle and experiment results of the method are presented. Owing to the simplicity of the method and its low cost, it is a promising method for checking the collimation of a laser beam with a large divergence. © 2005 Optical Society of America.

Ecological study of the River Lambourn. Report for the period October 1970 to September 1973

Few detailed studies have been made on the ecology of the chalk streams. A complex community of plants and animals is present and much more information is required to achieve an understanding of the requirements and interactions of all the species. It is important that the rivers affected by this scheme should be studied and kept under continued observation so that any effects produced by the scheme can be detected. This need has been recognised by the Thames Conservancy and the Water Resources Board who jointly sponsored this investigation on one of the chalk streams involved in the scheme. The present investigation has two main objectives both of which depend on obtaining a detailed picture of the ecology of the river at the present time. First, it will provide basic information on the state of the river prior to the development of the pumping scheme which will be available for comparison at any later date. Secondly, it may be possible to use some of the data to predict the ecological changes which may occur if the flow of the river is altered by the pumping scheme. The study covers suspended solids, invertebrates, fish.This report is part of a series of fives studies on the River Lambourn which were undertaken between 1970 and 1979. [PDF contains 24 pages]

Ecological study of chalk and limestone streams. Annual Report October 1974 to September 1975

Few detailed studies have been made on the ecology of the chalk streams. A complex community of plants and animals is present and much more information is required to achieve an understanding of the requirements and interactions of all the species. It is important that the rivers affected by this scheme should be studied and kept under continued observation so that any effects produced by the scheme can be detected. The report gives a brief synopsis of work carried out during the second year of a four year ecological study sponsored jointly by the Thames Water Authority and the Central Water Planning Unit. It assumes some familiarity with the investigations carried out on the River Lambourn during the preceding three years which was sponsored jointly by the Thames Conservancy and Water Resources Board (immediate predecessors of the present sponsoring organisations). (PDF contains 31 pages)

Ecological study of chalk and limestone stream. Annual report October 1975 to September 1976

Few detailed studies have been made on the ecology of the chalk streams. A complex community of plants and animals is present and much more information is required to achieve an understanding of the requirements and interactions of all the species. It is important that the rivers affected by this scheme should be studied and kept under continued observation so that any effects produced by the scheme can be detected. The report gives a brief synopsis of work carried out during the third year of a four year ecological study sponsored jointly by the Thames Water Authority and the Central Water Planning Unit. It assumes . It assumes some familiarity with the investigations carried out on the River Lambourn during the preceding three years which was sponsored jointly by the Thames Conservancy and Water Resources Board (immediate predecessors of the present sponsoring organisations). (PDF contains 35 pages)

Ecological study of chalk streams. Lambourn project. Interim report October 1977 to April 1979

Few detailed studies have been made on the ecology of the chalk streams. A complex community of plants and animals is present and much more information is required to achieve an understanding of the requirements and interactions of all the species. It is important that the rivers affected by this scheme should be studied and kept under continued observation so that any effects produced by the scheme can be detected. The report gives a synopsis of work carried out between 1971 and 1979 focusing on the present phase 1978-1979. It assumes some familiarity with the investigations carried out on the River Lambourn during the preceding years. The aims of the present phase of the project may be divided into two broad aspects. The first involves collecting further information in the field and includes three objectives: a continuation of studies on the Lambourn sites at Bagnor; comparative studies on other chalk streams; and a comparative study on a limestone stream. The second involves detailed analyses of data previously collected to document the recovery of the Lambourn from operational pumping and to attempt to develop simple conceptual and predictive models applicable over a wide range of physical and geographical variables. (PDF contains 43 pages)

Design of a timber Howe truss highway bridge

The span of the bridge was assumed as 100 feet. The type of bridge used is the timber Howe Truss. The height of truss was taken as 20 feet between center lines of top and bottom chords. The width was taken as 18 feet center to center of trusses. The truss was divided up into five panels 20 feet long.

It was designed according to the "General Specifications for Steel Highway Bridges" by Ketchum. For the live load for the floor and its supports, a load of 80 pounds per square foot of total floor surface or a 15 ton traction engine with axles 10 feet centers and 6 feet gage, two thirds of load to be carried by rear axles.

For the truss a load of 75 pounds per square foot of floor surface.

For the wind load the bottom lateral bracing is to be designed to resist a lateral wind load of 300 pounds per foot of span; 150 pounds of this to be treated as a moving load.

The top lateral bracing is to be designed to resist a lateral wind force of 150 pounds per foot of span.

The timber to be used in the bridge is to be Douglas fir.

The unit stresses used for timber are those of the American Railway Engineering Association.

A hybrid-parallel framework for the nonlinear seismic analysis of very tall buildings

FRAME3D, a program for the nonlinear seismic analysis of steel structures, has previously been used to study the collapse mechanisms of steel buildings up to 20 stories tall. The present thesis is inspired by the need to conduct similar analysis for much taller structures. It improves FRAME3D in two primary ways.

First, FRAME3D is revised to address specific nonlinear situations involving large displacement/rotation increments, the backup-subdivide algorithm, element failure, and extremely narrow joint hysteresis. The revisions result in superior convergence capabilities when modeling earthquake-induced collapse. The material model of a steel fiber is also modified to allow for post-rupture compressive strength.

Second, a parallel FRAME3D (PFRAME3D) is developed. The serial code is optimized and then parallelized. A distributed-memory divide-and-conquer approach is used for both the global direct solver and element-state updates. The result is an implicit finite-element hybrid-parallel program that takes advantage of the narrow-band nature of very tall buildings and uses nearest-neighbor-only communication patterns.

Using three structures of varied sized, PFRAME3D is shown to compute reproducible results that agree with that of the optimized 1-core version (displacement time-history response root-mean-squared errors are ~〖10〗^(-5) m) with much less wall time (e.g., a dynamic time-history collapse simulation of a 60-story building is computed in 5.69 hrs with 128 cores—a speedup of 14.7 vs. the optimized 1-core version). The maximum speedups attained are shown to increase with building height (as the total number of cores used also increases), and the parallel framework can be expected to be suitable for buildings taller than the ones presented here.

PFRAME3D is used to analyze a hypothetical 60-story steel moment-frame tube building (fundamental period of 6.16 sec) designed according to the 1994 Uniform Building Code. Dynamic pushover and time-history analyses are conducted. Multi-story shear-band collapse mechanisms are observed around mid-height of the building. The use of closely-spaced columns and deep beams is found to contribute to the building's “somewhat brittle” behavior (ductility ratio ~2.0). Overall building strength is observed to be sensitive to whether a model is fracture-capable.

Vegetação e arquitetura das espécies de restinga associadas à ocorrência de Formicivora littoralis (Aves,Thamnophilidae)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo central conhecer a composição florística, a estrutura e a arquitetura das espécies da formação arbustiva fechada pós-praia e investigar possíveis associações com Formicivora littoralis, considerando tática de forrageamento, construção de ninhos e abundância da ave. F. littoralis é endêmica de restingas, e está ameaçada de extinção devido a perda acelerada de habitat. Entretanto, pouco se sabe sobre a vegetação em que ela ocorre, principalmente sobre as áreas de maior abundância da ave localizadas na formação Arbustiva Fechada Pós-praia (AFP) da Restinga da Massambaba, as quais estão inseridas em um Centro de Diversidade Vegetal (CDV) na Região de Cabo Frio. Diante disto, este estudo foi realizado em dois trechos desta formação na Restinga da Massambaba, nos municípios de Araruama e Arraial do Cabo, RJ, Brasil. Foram efetuadas 60 excursões a campo, com coletas aleatórias realizadas ao longo de toda a formação, geração de 20 parcelas de 2x50 m (0,2ha) perpendiculares ao mar, incluindo na amostragem indivíduos com DAP e DAS ≥2,5, estes, foram ainda categorizados em modelos de arquitetura de ramificação considerando número de ramos em dois patamares de altura (DAP e DAS). O levantamento florístico resultou em 327 coletas de 160 espécies, sendo pelo menos 12 espécies vegetais sob algum estado de ameaça, inclusive redescoberta uma Salicaceae (Casearia sessiliflora). Orchidaceae, Leguminosae e Myrtaceae foram as famílias mais ricas. Foram acrescentados 75% mais espécies na lista preliminar da AFP na Massambaba, além de 14 novos registros para o CDV de Cabo Frio. Na estrutura e arquitetura foram analisados 906 indivíduos de 58 espécies. Sendo os maiores valores de importância de Pilosocereus arrabidae (42,30) e Chrysophyllum lucentifolium (23,45). A diversidade de Shannon foi de 3,46 e equabilidade de 0,85. A arquitetura da maior parte dos indivíduos foi complexa, 58% de indivíduos com múltiplas ramificações, e as espécies apresentando variados padrões de ramificação. A densidade populacional de F. littoralis na AFP foi elevada, sendo estimada em 172 ind/km2. A arquitetura da AFP tem influência na ecologia da ave, pois ela foi generalista quanto à espécie utilizada como suporte na construção de ninhos e também para as táticas de forrageamento, mas houve seleção de ramos finos que formavam na horizontal ângulos de até 90 de abertura para construir ninhos. Ramos finos e mais horizontais também foram utilizados com frequência para as táticas de forrageamento. A abundância de F. littoralis esteve correlacionada positivamente à diversidade vegetal e negativamente à altura da vegetação, características marcantes nesta formação. Além disso, elevada taxa de vegetais com síndrome de dispersão zoocórica indica a importância desta formação na oferta de recursos alimentícios para a fauna e atração de pequenos artrópodes, os quais fazem parte da dieta de F. littoralis.

Estimating species and size composition of rockfishes to verify targets in acoustic surveys of untrawlable areas

Rockfish (Sebastes spp.) biomass is difficult to assess with standard bottom trawl or acoustic surveys because of their propensity to aggregate near the seafloor in highrelief areas that are inaccessible to sampling by trawling. We compared the ability of a remotely operated vehicle (ROV), a modified bottom trawl, and a stereo drop camera system (SDC) to identify rockfish species and estimate their size composition. The ability to discriminate species was highest for the bottom trawl and lowest for the SDC. Mean lengths and size distributions varied among the gear types, although a larger number of length measurements could be collected with the bottom trawl and SDC than with the ROV. Dusky (S. variabilis), harlequin (S. variegatus), and northern rockfish (S. polyspinis), and Pacific ocean perch (S. alutus) were the species observed in greatest abundance. Only dusky and northern rockfish regularly occurred in trawlable areas, whereas these two species and many more occurred in untrawlable areas. The SDC was able to resolve the height of fish off the seafloor, and some of the rockfish species were observed only near the seafloor in the acoustic dead zone. This finding is important, in that fish found exclusively in the acoustic dead zone cannot be assessed acoustically. For these species, methods such as bottom trawls, long-lines, or optical surveys using line transect or area swept methods will be the only adequate means to estimate the abundance of these fishes. Our results suggest that the selection of appropriate methods for verifying targets will depend on the habitat types and species complexes to be examined.

Evaluation of rockfish abundance in untrawlable habitat: combining acoustic and complementary sampling tools

Rockfishes (Sebastes spp.) are an important component of North Pacific marine ecosystems and commercial fisheries. Because the rocky, high-relief substrate that rockfishes often inhabit is inaccessible to standard survey trawls, population abundance assessments for many rockfish species are difficult. As part of a large study to classify substrate and compare complementary sampling tools, we investigated the feasibility of using an acoustic survey in conjunction with a lowered stereo-video camera, a remotely operated vehicle, and a modified bottom trawl to estimate rockfish biomass in untrawlable habitat. The Snakehead Bank south of Kodiak Island, Alaska, was surveyed repeatedly over 4 days and nights. Dusky rockfish (S. variabilis), northern rockfish (S. polyspinis), and harlequin rockfish (S. variegatus) were the most abundant species observed on the bank. Backscatter attributed to rockfish were collected primarily near the seafloor at a mean height off the bottom of 1.5 m. Total rockfish backscatter and the height of backscatter off the bottom did not differ among survey passes or between night and day. Biomass estimates for the 41 square nautical-mile area surveyed on this small, predominantly untrawlable bank were 2350 metric tons (t) of dusky rockfish, 331 t of northern rockfish, and 137 t of harlequin rockfish. These biomass estimates are 5–60 times the density estimated for these rockfish species by a regularly conducted bottom trawl survey covering the bank and the surrounding shelf. This finding shows that bottom trawl surveys can underestimate the abundance of rockfishes in untrawlable areas and, therefore, may underestimate overall population abundance for these species.

Mono- and polyculture of silver barb (Puntius gonionotus) in deepwater rice systems in Bangladesh

Experiments with fish enclosures were conducted at the Deepwater Rice Farming Systems Research Site at Shuvullah, Mirzapur, Bangladesh. The objective was to study the performance of silver barb (Puntius gonionotus) called Thai sharputi or rajputi in Bangladesh in mono-and-polyculture with grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella), common carp (Cyprinus carpio), catla (Catla catla) and rohu (Labeo rohita). Each enclosure measured 21 m x 21 m with an approximate net height of 3.5 m. The stocking densities per cubic meter were 1 fingerling for Thai sharputi monoculture (enclosure 1), and 2 fingerlings for the polyculture systems (enclosure 2 and 3). The species ratio for enclosure 2 was 0.37:0.27:0.02:0.34 (grass carp:Thai sharputi:common carp:catla) and for enclosure 3, 0.4:0.4:0.2 (catla:rohu:Thai sharputi). In monoculture (enclosure 1), Thai sharputi performed well. This relatively good production was mainly attributed to the use of appropriately sized fingerlings and rapid growth from consumption of an abundant supply of azolla in addition to feed given. For the polyculture in enclosure 2, the average weight gain of common carp was the highest (673 g) followed by grass carp (475 g) and Thai sharputi (286 g). For the polyculture in enclosure 3, the length and weight gains for Thai sharputi were almost the same as for the monoculture.

Survey of the lesser silver water beetle Hydrochara caraboides in Cheshire

This is the report on the Survey of the Lesser Silver Water Beetle Hydrochara caraboides in Cheshire 1997 by the English Nature Research Reports. The three surveyed areas were the ponds at Reaseheath, Mickle Trafford and Brookhouse Farm. The report goes through the method of survey and individual results for each location/pond, aspects of the breeding sites considered favourable to Hydrochara caraboides as depth, vegetation, predators and prey species, surrounding land. It comes with suggestions for further work and appendixes. Appendix A contains tabulated lists of plants and invertebrates found in the various ponds, Appendix B shows grid references and a brief description of ponds at Brookhouse Farm, pond diagrams are plotted in Appendix C.

Avaliação de condicionadores em solo para uso em telhados verdes com vistas à retenção hídrica.

As inundações são fenômenos naturais que ocorrem devido às chuvas de grande magnitude, agravadas nas áreas urbanas pela impermeabilização do solo e ineficiência dos sistemas de drenagem. Os telhados verdes surgem como uma medida compensatória estrutural que pode reter parte da água precipitada, adiando o pico de escoamento. O objetivo deste trabalho foi de desenvolver uma combinação de solo e condicionadores para telhado verde, promovam um aumento relevante na capacidade de retenção hídrica e um maior adiamento do pico de escoamento das águas pluviais. Este estudo foi dividido em duas etapas. Na Etapa 1, foram analisadas, em colunas de percolação, três condicionadores nas seguintes concentrações: Gel retentor Stockosorb (2; 4; 6 g/dm3), Fertilizante de liberação lenta Osmocote (4,7; 7,1; 9,0 g/dm3) e Zeólita (30; 50; 70 g/dm3), em três eventos (regas) consecutivos de chuva simulada na intensidade de 57 mm/h. A avaliação das concentrações mais adequadas dentre as testadas para cada condicionante foi baseada nas análises referentes à retenção hídrica (altura do meio após a rega; tempo de adiamento do escoamento; mm retidos; intensidade da água percolada em mm/min) e à qualidade da água percolada (pH, oxigênio dissolvido, turbidez e sólidos). Na Etapa 2, foi avaliada, em vasos, a influência da presença de três espécies de plantas (Arachis pintoi; Raphanus sativus; Lavandula angustifolia) em dois tipos de meio: solo sem condicionadores; solo com condicionadores nas melhores concentrações indicadas na Etapa 1, sendo simulada apenas um evento de chuva de 57 mm/h. Foram analisados parâmetros biológicos (germinação; plantas sobreviventes; comprimento do caule e da raiz; pesos da biomassa do caule e da raiz); retenção hídrica (altura do meio após a rega; tempo de adiamento do escoamento; mm retidos; intensidade da água percolada em mm/min); qualidade da água percolada (pH; oxigênio dissolvido; turbidez; sólidos; nitrato; amônia; fósforo total). Os resultados da Etapa 1 indicaram que o gel promoveu de forma significativa um aumento na retenção hídrica, e adiou o início da percolação de água, além de promover ligeira elevação do pH na água percolada. A adição de zeólita resultou em um aumento significativo da retenção hídrica, porém tal aumento não é vantajoso visto que este representa um custo adicional que poderia ser reduzido com o aumento da proporção do gel na coluna. A adição de fertilizantes não promoveu mudanças na qualidade da água percolada. Na Etapa 2, somente o efeito da presença de A. pintoi (maior produção de biomassa de raiz e caule) e R. sativus foram avaliadas. A presença dos condicionantes no solo proporcionou um desempenho significativamente superior em relação a retenção hídrica (altura do substrato e adiamento do pico de chuva) e qualidade da água percolada (pH e turbidez) quando comparados aos testes realizados na presença somente de solo. O fertilizante influenciou nas altas concentrações dos nutrientes (nitrogênio e fósforo) na água percolado nos resultados. A presença do gel no substrato, resultou numa capacidade superior de retenção de hídrica, e consequentemente no adiamento do pico de intensidade de chuva. Sendo assim, recomenda-se a aplicação do gel em telhados verdes para futuros estudos em ambientes externos.

Influence of hard bottom morphology on fish assemblages of the continental shelf off Georgia, southeastern USA

Various reef types worldwide have inconsistent relationships among fish assemblage parameters and benthic characteristics, thus there is a need to identify factors driving assemblage structure specific to each reef type and locale. Limestone ledges are known to be key habitats for bottom fish on the continental shelf of the southeastern USA, however, the specific factors that link them to fish assemblages have not been quantified. Bottom fishes and habitat characteristics on ledges were surveyed at a study site located centrally in the southeastern USA continental shelf. Species richness, diversity, abundance, and biomass of fish were higher at ledges than on flat bottom. Species richness, abundance, and biomass of fish were well explained by ledge variables including percent cover of sessile invertebrates, total height, and height of undercut recesses. Multivariate analyses based on biomass of individual species at ledges revealed two fish assemblages associated with four ledge types. One assemblage was associated with ledges that were tall, heavily colonized with sessile invertebrates, large in area, and did or did not have undercuts. The other assemblage was associated with ledges that were short, not undercut, smaller in area, and were or were not heavily colonized by invertebrates. Seafloor classification schemes presently used in the region do not adequately capture hard bottom diversity to identify the location and extent of essential fish habitats for ecological and fisheries purposes. Given that ledges cover only ∼1% to 5% of the southeastern USA continental shelf, they merit the highest levels of consideration in regional research, conservation, and management plans.

Leaf growth of the seagrass Syringodium filiforme in outer Florida Bay, Florida

Leaf growth of the seagrass Syringodium filiforme (Kütz., 1860) was determined using a new technique based on the growth of emergent leaves (EL method) and compared to the more labor intensive repeated measurements (RM) and demographic allometric age reconstruction techniques (DA). All three techniques were used to compare leaf growth dynamics of plants with different morphologies at two sites, a shallow water (0.5 m) banktop and an adjacent deeper water (1.5 m) environment in outer Florida Bay, Florida. Leaf formation rates (Leaf Plastochrone Interval or PI) determined using the EL and RM methods were nearly identical, with means of 20 and 21 d leaf–1 at both sites, significantly faster than the 30 d leaf–1 calculated using the DA method. The EL method produced the highest estimate of leaf growth, 1.8 and 1.9 cm d–1 at the 0.5 m and 1.5 m sites, respectively, followed by the RM method (1.3 and 1.3 cm d–1) and the DA method (1.0 and 1.1 cm d–1). None of the methods detected differences in leaf PI, leaf growth or leaf fragmentation rates between sites. However, leaves at the 1.5 m site typically retained intact leaf tips longer than those at the 0.5 m site, and total leaf lifespan was longer at the 1.5 m site. Based on these results and the amount of field and laboratory work required by each of the methods, the new EL method is the preferred technique for monitoring leaf growth in S. filiforme.