Osa 1: Nuorten tiedot seksitaudeista : kartoituskyselyt ja tietoiskutunnit Haagan ammattikoulun opiskelijoille. Osa 2: "Kiinnostaa kuin kilo kiviä" : seksitaudit lisääntyvät, nuorten tiedot puutteelliset?

Opinnäytetyömme kuuluu Huuta-hankkeeseen. Sen aiheena on seksitautien ennaltaehkäisyä koskevan tiedon jakaminen nuorille. Huuta-hanke tarjoaa tietoa huumeista sekä tartuntataudeista Helsingin ja Tallinnan välillä liikkuville, kohdentuen erityisesti riskiryhmiin. Hanke pyrkii vaikuttamaan ennaltaehkäisevästi ja estämään näin tartuntatautien syntymisen. Tarkoituksena oli alkukartoituskyselyn avulla selvittää Haagan ammattikoulun oppilaiden tietoa seksitaudeista. Alkukartoituksessa kysyttiin myös sitä, millä tavoin oppilaat halusivat saada tietoa. Saatujen tulosten perusteella järjestettiin oppilaille tietoiskutunteja, joiden aikana nuoret vastasivat loppukartoituskyselyyn. Tämän avulla selvitimme, oliko tieto seksitaudeista karttunut tietoiskutuntien ansiosta. Työmenetelmänä käytettiin alku- sekä loppukartoituskyselylomakkeita. Kyselylomakkeet perustuivat ennaltakerättyyn tutkimustietoon. Tietoiskutunnit koostuivat seksitaudeista kertovista erilaisista tietopisteistä. Opinnäytetyön tavoitteena oli kasvattaa nuorten tietoja seksitaudeista. Samalla tavoitteena oli lisätä nuorten halua suojata itseään sekä kumppaniaan seksiteitse tarttuvilta taudeilta. Tavoitteena oli myös selvittää, oliko tiedonantotapa kannattava sekä tietoa lisäävää. Opinnäytetyössä käsiteltiin seuraavia seksitauteja: klamydia, kondylooma, sukuelinherpes, tippuri, kuppa, B-hepatiitti sekä HIV ja aids. Kirjallisuuskatsaus käsittelee myös nuoria, seksuaalisuutta sekä seksuaaliopetusta, -neuvontaa ja -valistusta. Loppukartoituksesta saatujen tulosten perusteella voitiin todeta, että tietoiskutunnit eivät juurikaan kasvattaneet nuorten tietoja seksitaudeista. Tuloksiin vaikutti loppukartoituskyselyyn osallistuneiden oppilaiden vähäinen määrä sekä motivaation puute aihetta kohtaan. Tiedonantotapaa olisi tulevaisuudessa kannattavaa tutkia enemmän. Tällä tekijällä on keskeinen merkitys nuorten tietopohjan karttumiselle. Myös oppilailta saadun palautteen perusteella olisi hyvä harkita, millä keinoin tietoa tulisi nuorille jakaa.

Tytöksi ja pojaksi kasvaminen : toiminnallinen rata viidesluokkalaisille

Opinnäytetyömme tarkoituksena oli toteuttaa toiminnallinen rata tytöksi ja pojaksi kasvamisesta helsinkiläisen ala-asteen viidesluokkalaisille. Radan tarkoituksena oli tutustuttaa nuoret lähestyvään tai jo alkaneeseen murrosikään ja sen tuomiin muutoksiin. Murrosikää pohdittiin fyysisestä, psyykkisestä, sosiaalisesta ja seksuaalisesta näkökulmasta. Tarkoituksenamme oli tuottaa uudenlainen oppikokonaisuus, jota terveydenhoitajan tai opettajan olisi mahdollista hyödyntää millä tahansa viidennellä luokalla. Koko opinnäytetyömme tavoitteena oli viedä eteenpäin Stakesin kouluterveyskyselyn tuloksia koulutasolla. Toteuttamamme toiminnallinen rata pidettiin yhteistyökoulun liikuntasalissa keväällä 2006. Rata sisälsi kuusi rastia, joissa oppilaat saivat tietoa, tuottivat sitä itse ja tekivät tehtäviä. Rastit koostuivat postereista, teksti- ja tehtävämonisteista, kirjoista, lehdistä ja internet-sivustosta. Kaikesta tekemästään oppilaat saivat kerätä muovitaskuun materiaalipaketin hyödynnettäväksi kotona tai yhdessä kavereiden kanssa. Tytöt ja pojat olivat radalla eriaikaan omina ryhminään. Lisäksi heidät oli jaettu pienryhmiin. Kokonaisuudessaan toteutuksemme kesti noin kaksi tuntia. Toteutuksen sisältöä ja suunnittelua varten hyödynsimme alan kirjallisuutta ja tutkimustietoa, sekä käytännön tietoa yhteistyöluokastamme. Nuorten aktiivisen osallistumisen, heidän tuottamien vastausten ja saamamme palautteen perusteella rata ja sen sisältö murrosiän kehityksestä oli sopiva, hyödyllinen ja toteuttamiskelpoinen. Toteutuksemme toi esille kehittämishaasteita entistä viimeistellymmän radan pitämiseksi. Työstämme materiaalia eteenpäin toisena opinnäytetyönämme.

Respiratory effects of an exposure to grain dust among grain workers in the Vaud region (Switzerland)

Introduction: Bioaerosols such as grain dust (GD) elicit direct immunological reactions within the human respiratory system. Workplace-dependent exposure to GD may induce asthma, chronic bronchitis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. Aims: To assess the clinical impact of occupational exposure to GD and to determine quantitative biological markers of bioaerosol exposure in grain workers. Methods: This longitudinal study has been conducted from summer 2012 to summer 2013, comprising 6 groups of 30 active workers with different GD exposure patterns (4 groups of grain workers, 2 control groups). Two evaluations at high- and low-exposing seasons take place, during which an occupational and a medical history are questionnaire-assessed, lung function is evaluated by spirometry, airway inflammation is measured by exhaled nitric oxide (eNO) and specific blood IgG and IgE are titrated. Results: The preliminary results are those of 2 of the 4 exposed groups, (harvesters and mill workers), compared to the control groups, at first assessment (n=100). Mean age is 38.4 [years]; 98% are male. Exposed groups differ from controls (p<0.05) in daily contact with animals (57% vs. 40%) and active smoking (39% vs. 11%). Grain workers have more respiratory (50%), nasal (57%), ocular (45%) and dermatologic (36%) occupational symptoms than controls (6.4%, 19%, 16%, 6.4% respectively, p<0.05). Lower mean peak-expiratory-flow (PEF) values (96.1 ± 18.9 vs. 108.2 ± 17.4 [% of predicted], p<0.05) and eNO values (13.9 ± 9.6 vs. 20.5 ± 14.7 [ppm], p<0.05) are observed in the exposed groups. Conclusion: Preliminary results show a higher prevalence of clinical symptoms and a lower mean PEF value in the groups exposed to GD.

La bella molinera

Aquest treball vol ser una aproximació a l’obra Die schöne Müllerin, D795, un cicle de vint cançons per a veu i piano, que Franz Schubert va compondre l’any 1823. L’obra es basa en un conjunt de poemes que havia escrit poc abans Wilhelm Müller, i que expliquen la història del desengany amorós d’un jove aprenent de moliner. La bella molinera presenta un ventall infinit de colors, emocions, paisatges... Va des de l’alegria més eufòrica fins a la desesperança més fonda, passant per moments d’ironia, de somnis i de sorpreses. Tot això és analitzat en el treball, número per número, tan en l’aspecte literari com en el musical, i en la seva interrelació.

Odontopus brevirostris (Hustache, 1936) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae) associated with new host plants belonging to Annona (Annonaceae)

Odontopus brevirostris (Hustache, 1936) feeding on Annona squamosa L., A. cherimola Mill., A. glabra L., and A. muricata L. was observed. The last three host plants are recorded for the first time. The endophitic oviposition occurs in the veins of the ventral surface of the young leaves. The larvae, leaf miners, eat the parenchyma and the adults make small holes in the leaves. The pupation occurs in spherical cocoons protected by a sort of nest (pupation chamber) between the two epidermal layers.

Tornabenea ribeirensis (Apiaceaeb a new species from São Nicolau, Cape Verde Islands (West Africa)

Many species of Apiaceae are found in the Macaronesien Region. Several have been introduccd by human activities, but a number of taxa is endemic to the different archipelagos or even rrstrictcd to a single island. The following enumeration is based mainly on HANSEN & SUNDING ( 1993). In the Arores 28 different taxa of Apiaceae occur; among them four endemic species [AUIMI; hrrrrii WATSON, A. trifoliatum (WATSON) TKEL., Clrtrc~,y~l~~ll~r~~~ cl:oricrm TREL.. SOErich trwrictr GUTIINICK ex SEUB.]. In Madeira the Apiaceae are very diverse and consist ol’ 29 species and subspecies. From the archipelago two monotypic genera, rC/c/trtio. velitru~rr t/ccipicvr.s (SCHRAD. & J. C. WENDL.) Ho~+hl. md kJorli:ia edu[is LOWE and ~hrcc cndcmic species [Oemmrlre diwricore (R. BR.) MABB.. I/nperrr/orio lotvei COSS. and Burrirr~r hre~$~lirrnr LOWE] are described. The Canary Islands have the highest numbcr of plant-species and a high level of endemism. 5-l taxa of Apiaceae are recorded including three endemic genera (Rtrrheopsis A. HANSEX & KUNKEL, Todm-oa PARL. and Tiqyrmm PARL.) and further I5 endemic taxa. The Apiaceae are represented in the Cape Verde Islands by I2 species. Most of the taxa have been introduced by human activities (LOBIN & ZIZKA 1957) like Amvhm grm’eo- 1efr.s L., Apirm grmvolerrs L, Foerricrrhrr urlgore MILL.. Corimrtlru~t~ srrtirvrrrr L. or Petrosilerrm crisprrm (FRILL.) A.W.HILL. These species are cultivated and some of them later became \\esdy. Other species like Ciclosper- UWL /e/~fo/~/l~ll~rrtr (PER%) SPRAGUE (= Apimr leproplr~llrr~rr) are weeds of cultivated grounds or wasted lands. All these species are today widespread in temperate. subtropical or tropical regions all over the world. The only native species are to be found in the endemic genus To~wI~~I~~~ PARL.

Competitive location and pricing on networks

In this paper we consider a location and pricing model for a retail firm that wants to enter a spatial market where a competitor firm is already operating as a monopoly with several outlets. The entering firms seeks to determine the optimal uniform mill price and its servers' locations that maximizes profits given the reaction in price of the competitor firm to its entrance. A tabu search procedure is presentedto solve the model together with computational experience.

2007 Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Selected Iowa Source Categories

The Department’s 2007 Greenhouse Gas Inventory is a refinement of previous statewide inventories. It is a bottom-up inventory of two sectors – fossil fuel combustion at federally-recognized major sources of air pollution and fossil fuel combustion and ethanol fermentation at dry mill ethanol plants. This is the first bottomup greenhouse gas inventory conducted for Iowa and the first bottom-up greenhouse gas inventory of ethanol plants in the nation that the Department is aware of. In a bottom-up inventory, facility-specific activity data is used to calculate emissions. In a top-down inventory, aggregate activity data is used to calculate emissions. For example, this bottom-up inventory calculates greenhouse gas emissions from the fossil fuel combustion at each individual facility instead of using the total amount of fossil fuel combusted state-wide, which would be a top-down inventory method. The advantage to a bottom-up inventory is that the calculations are more accurate than a top-down inventory. However, because the two methods differ, the results from a bottom-up inventory are not directly comparable to a top-down inventory.

Resultados de la pesca exploratoria de 1979/80 y desembarque de cefalópodos pelagicos en el litoral peruano

El trabajo comprende un análisis de los desembarques de "ca amar" y "pota" desde 1964 a 1981 así como de los resultados de la pesca exploratoria de setiembre 1979 a abril 1 980. las principales especies de cafalópados que se comercializan en Perú bajo la nominación de calamares ( y calamaretes) pertenecen a la familia Loliginidae y de potas o jibias a la familia Ommastrephidae. El promedi o anual de desembarque de 1964 a 1971 de calamarés y potas fue de 243 y 313 toneladas respectivamente, de 1972 a 1981 continúa el desembarque regular de calamares pero no el de potas . Las mejores capturas de calamares y potas se producen en otoño durante los meses de mayo y junio y también en el verano durante los meses de enero y febrero . Casi la totalidad de desembarques de calamares se efectúan en el Callao, Huacho, Chimbote, Paita y el 78% de potas se desembarcan en el Callao y caletas aledañas. La pesca exploratoria de cefalópodos pelágicos efectuada principalmente a bordo del B/P japonés Rhyusho Maru Nº 25, de diciembre a abril 1980, cubrió todo el litoral peruano hasta las 500 mill as afuera. Se efectuaron 128 estaciones de pesca con el sistema y equipos especificas para la captura de calamares; se obtuvo una extracción de 18 toneladas de potas que correspondió a la especie oceánica Dosidicus gigas, con un promedi o de 140 kg por noche y amplitud entre 4 y 830 kg por noche de operación. Los niveles de la población de D. gigas durante la exploración estuvieron bajos, sin embargo las mejores concentraciones de esta especie se ubicaron en la zona norte a partir de las 30 millas hacia afuera en los meses de febrero y marzo( 246 y 224 kg/noche), observándose regu­lares focos a 350 millas afuera de Atico (16°10'8) en marzo (202 kg/noche) .

Influência de diferentes manejos agrícolas na distribuição de metais pesados no solo e em plantas de tomate

Paty do Alferes (RJ) é um município com tradição agrícola, sendo a olericultura a sua principal atividade econômica. A região apresenta uma topografia e regime de chuvas que favorecem a erosão. A falta de um manejo adequado do solo e o uso excessivo de agroquímicos favorecem os processos de degradação física e química do solo, acarretando sérios impactos ao ambiente. Com o objetivo de avaliar o acúmulo de metais pesados no solo e em plantas de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), cultivadas sob diferentes sistemas de preparo do solo, foi realizado um trabalho no município de Paty do Alferes (RJ), entre os meses de agosto e dezembro de 1999. Foram instaladas parcelas do tipo Wischmeier (com coletores de enxurrada e sedimentos), com dimensões de 22,0 x 4,0 m, em um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo com 30 % de declividade. Cada tratamento consistiu de um tipo de sistema de preparo do solo: (a) preparo convencional: aração no sentido morro abaixo e queima dos restos vegetais (PC); (b) preparo em curvas de nível: aração com tração animal em nível com faixas de capim-colonião a cada 7,0 m (PN); (c) cultivo mínimo: apenas abertura de covas para plantio e conservação dos restos vegetais (CM). Foram coletadas amostras de solo e plantas de tomate, sendo analisados os teores de metais pesados nas amostras coletadas, a produtividade das plantas e a fertilidade do solo. A produtividade no cultivo mínimo foi significativamente inferior à de outros manejos, apesar de tal sistema favorecer a maior fertilidade do solo. Esse manejo também proporcionou maior acúmulo de metais pesados no solo, principalmente quando comparado ao plantio convencional. Com relação às plantas, a aplicação foliar de defensivos agrícolas favoreceu o maior acúmulo de metais pesados na parte aérea das plantas, e os teores de Cu e Zn estiveram acima dos limites permitidos para metais pesados em plantas. Os frutos produzidos nos três sistemas de preparo do solo apresentaram concentrações de Pb próximas ao limites permitidos para alimentos frescos.

Respiratory effects of an exposure to grain dust among grain workers in the Vaud region (Switzerland)

Introduction: Bioaerosols such as grain dust, via biologically active agents, elicit local inflammation and direct immunological reactions within the human respiratory system. Workplace-dependent exposure to grain dust (GD) may thus induce asthma, chronic bronchitis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. The aim of this study is to assess the clinical impact of occupational exposure to GD and to determine quantitative biological markers of bioaerosol exposure in grain workers. Methods: This longitudinal study has been conducted from summer 2012, to summer 2013, comprising 6 groups of 30 active workers with different GD exposure patterns (4 groups of grain workers, 2 control groups). After obtaining informed consent, two evaluations at high- and low-exposing seasons take place, during which an occupational history and a detailed medical history are questionnaire-assessed, lung function is evaluated by spirometry, airway inflammation is measured by exhaled nitric oxide (eNO), and specific blood IgG and IgE are titrated. The preliminary results presented hereafter are those of two of the four exposed groups, namely harvesters and mill workers, compared to the control groups, at first assessment (n=100). Results: Mean age is 38.4 [years]; 98% are male. Exposed groups differ from controls (p<0.05) in daily contact with animals (57% vs. 40%) and active smoking (39% vs. 11%). Grain workers have more respiratory (50%), nasal (57%), ocular (45%), dermatologic (36%) and systemic (20%) occupational symptoms than controls (6.4%, 19%, 16%, 6.4%, 1.6% respectively, p<0.05). Lower mean peak-expiratory-flow (PEF) values (96.1 ± 18.9 vs. 108.2 ± 17.4 [% of predicted], p<0.05) and eNO values (13.9 ± 9.6 vs. 20.5 ± 14.7 [ppm], p<0.05) are observed in the exposed groups. Conclusion: Preliminary results show a higher prevalence of clinical symptoms and a lower mean PEF value in the exposed groups. Detailed supplementary analyses are pending.

Dinâmica do potássio nos resíduos vegetais de plantas de cobertura no Cerrado

A produção de biomassa, a manutenção dos resíduos vegetais sobre o solo e sua posterior decomposição são fatores de grande importância no estudo da ciclagem de nutrientes. Este estudo foi desenvolvido na área experimental do CEFET-Uberaba-MG, onde foram avaliados oito tipos de coberturas vegetais: milheto (Pennisetum americanum sin. tiphoydes), braquiária (Brachiaria brizantha), sorgo-forrageiro (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench), guandu (Cajanus cajan (L.) Mill sp.), crotalária (Crotalarea juncea), aveia-preta (Avena strigosa Schreb), pousio e área em preparo convencional de solo (testemunha) em área de Cerrado, na região do Triângulo Mineiro. Avaliaram-se a fitomassa seca (FS), a decomposição dos resíduos em bolsas de decomposição, e a liberação de K. Utilizou-se um modelo matemático para descrever a decomposição dos resíduos e a liberação de K, e calcularam-se a constante de decomposição (k) e o tempo de meia-vida (T½). O milheto, o sorgo e a crotalária foram as coberturas que apresentaram maiores produções de matéria seca. O maior acúmulo de K ocorreu em gramíneas e a maior liberação de K ocorreu no milheto, aveia, braquiária e crotalária nos primeiros 42 dias após manejo, nos dois períodos avaliados. A braquiária apresentou o menor T½ vida e a maior taxa de liberação de K.

Industrial and urban organic wastes increase soil microbial activity and biomass

Microbial processes have been used as indicators of soil quality, due to the high sensitivity to small changes in management to evaluate, e.g., the impact of applying organic residues to the soil. In an experiment in a completely randomized factorial design 6 x 13 + 4, (pot without soil and residue or absolute control) the effect of following organic wastes was evaluated: pulp mill sludge, petrochemical complex sludge, municipal sewage sludge, dairy factory sewage sludge, waste from pulp industry and control (soil without organic waste) after 2, 4, 6, 12, 14, 20, 28, 36, 44, 60, 74, 86, and 98 days of incubation on some soil microbial properties, with four replications. The soil microbial activity was highly sensitive to the carbon/nitrogen ratio of the organic wastes. The amount of mineralized carbon was proportional to the quantity of soil-applied carbon. The average carbon dioxide emanating from the soil with pulp mill sludge, corresponding to soil basal respiration, was 0.141 mg C-CO2 100 g-1 soil h-1. This value is 6.4 times higher than in the control, resulting in a significant increase in the metabolic quotient from 0.005 in the control to 0.025 mg C-CO2 g-1 Cmic h-1 in the soil with pulp mill sludge. The metabolic quotient in the other treatments did not differ from the control (p < 0.01), demonstrating that these organic wastes cause no disturbance in the microbial community.

Sugarcane trash management assessed by the interaction of yield with soil properties

Currently, sugarcane plays an important global role, particularly with a view to alternative energy sources. Thus, in a sugarcane field of the mill Vale do Paraná S/A Álcool e Açúcar, Rubineia, São Paulo State, managed under two green cane harvest systems (cane trash left on and cane trash removed from the soil), Pearson and spatial correlations between the sugarcane yield (variety RB855035 in the third cut) and soil physical and chemical properties were studied to identify the property best correlated with stalk yield and the best harvest method. For this purpose, two geostatistical grids (121 sampling points on 1.30 ha) were installed on a eutrophic Red Argisol (homogeneous slope of 0.065 m m-1), in 2011, to determine the properties: stalk yield and sugarcane plant population, and soil resistance to penetration, gravimetric moisture, bulk density, and carbon stock, in the layers 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m. The data were analyzed by descriptive, linear correlation and geostatistical analysis. In both treatments, the property stand density was best correlated with sugarcane yield (r = 0.725 in the trash mulching treatment - TM and r = 0.769 in the trash removal treatment - TR). However, in relation to the soil properties, bulk density (0-0.20 m) was best correlated (r = 0.305 in TM, r = 0.211 in TR). Similarly, from the spatial point of view, stand density was the property that best explained the sugarcane yield. However, in the TM treatment the density (0.20-0.40 m) was the only soil property spatially correlated with stalk yield. The carbon stock in the soil of the TM was 11.5 % higher than in the TR treatment. Results of the TM treatment were best, also with regard to soil management and conservation.

Variability of soil fertility properties in areas planted to sugarcane in the State of Goias, Brazil

Soil sampling should provide an accurate representation of a given area so that recommendations for amendments of soil acidity, fertilization and soil conservation may be drafted to increase yield and improve the use of inputs. The aim of this study was to evaluate the variability of soil fertility properties of Oxisols in areas planted to sugarcane in the State of Goias, Brazil. Two areas of approximately 8,100 m² each were selected, representing two fields of the Goiasa sugarcane mill in Goiatuba. The sugarcane crop had a row spacing of 1.5 m and subsamples were taken from 49 points in the row and 49 between the row with a Dutch auger at depths of 0.0-0.2 and 0.2-0.4 m, for a total of 196 subsamples for each area. The samples were individually subjected to chemical analyses of soil fertility (pH in CaCl2, potential acidity, organic matter, P, K, Ca and Mg) and particle size analysis. The number of subsamples required to compose a sample within the acceptable ranges of error of 5, 10, 20 and 40 % of each property were computed from the coefficients of variation and the Student t-value for 95 % confidence. The soil properties under analysis exhibited different variabilities: high (P and K), medium (potential acidity, Ca and Mg) and low (pH, organic matter and clay content). Most of the properties analyzed showed an error of less than 20 % for a group of 20 subsamples, except for P and K, which were capable of showing an error greater than 40 % around the mean. The extreme variability in phosphorus, particularly at the depth of 0.2-0.4 m, attributed to banded application of high rates of P fertilizers at planting, places limitations on assessment of its availability due to the high number of subsamples required for a composite sample.