982 resultados para Frei Otto


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The sprat of the Baltic Sea is not as short-lived as inother Seas probably because fish predator species arerestricted mainly on cod and salmon. Sea bird popula-tions are much smaller and marine mammals are rare inthe Baltic Sea. The sprat stock biomass is fluctuatingstrongly. The fluctuation is mainly influenced by thestock recruitment and is also dependent on the strengthof the cod stock. After a strong decrease during the1980ies sprat catches increased again from 1992 onwardsand reached a peak with over half a million tonnes in 1997. At about the same time the character of the BalticSea sprat fishery changed from catches mainly for hu-man consumption to catches mainly for industrial pur-poses initiated by the fishery of Sweden. The recentrecord high catches of sprat have been possible only dueto the low level of the cod stock of the main Baltic SeaBasins over some years. A sprat fishery on such a highcatch level might cause conflicts with a recovering codstock in future.

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Die wissenschaftlich-technische Zusammenarbeit zwischen dem Institut für Fischereitechnik (IFH) und dem russischen Institut MariNPO in Kaliningrad war 1997/98 schwerpunktmäßig auf die Entwicklung flexibler Vorrichtungen zur Größenselektion von Fischen in Schleppnetzsteerten sowie deren gemeinsame Erprobung in der Ostsee-Dorschfischerei ausgerichtet. Die Vorteile solcher flexiblen Vorrichtungen aus textilem Material verglichen mit starren, meist aus Metall gefertigten bestehen darin, daß sie bei der Handhabung keine dauerhaften Verformungen bekommen, keine Erschwernisse oder Gefährdungen der Decksbesatzung, insbesondere bei schwerem Wetter, verursachen und problemlos mit dem Netz aufgetrommelt werden können. Außerdem sind sie wesentlich billiger in den Anschaffungskosten als Metallgitter aus nichtrostendem Stahl. Ihre Installation vor dem Hievteil ermöglicht zudem ein ungestörteres Selektieren als bei Fluchtfenstern im Bereich des Steertendes, wo die Fische stark verdichtet sind und mehr oder weniger gewaltsam an bzw. durch die Maschen gepreßt werden. Der Umlauftank in Kaliningrad sowie das geschleppte, steuerbare UW-Videosystem des IFH bieten gute Voraussetzungen für eine umfassende experimentelle Untersuchung der entwickelten Vorrichtungen, über die im folgenden berichtet wird.

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On the basis of the ”Gdansk Convention on Preservation of Living Resources of the Baltic Sea” the International Baltic Sea Fishery Commission (IBSFC) has been regulating catches of most important fish species in the area since 1974. This article reviews, in a first step for Baltic Sea cod, the development of stocks and fishery since 1970 in the light of respective catch regulations of IBSFC. TACs have been fixed by IBSFC by species for the whole Baltic Sea and resulting quotas have been split according to national and/or international fishery zones from 1975 up to now. The Baltic Sea cod is on biological background treated in scientific stock assessment as two separate stocks. Both stocks, in the western and eastern Baltic Sea, show clearly different developments over the period since 1970. After a short living peak in stock size of the eastern compartment about 20 years ago this stock has been on a very low level since the late 1980’s. During that period with increasing effort big cod catches have been landed.. The level of fishing effort is more or less the same still with much lower catches nowadays. A detailed description of development of stock sizes and recruitment is given. The conclusion is that with the present regime of regulation on the basis of one TAC for the total Baltic Sea and with high fishing capacity available for cod it will be impossible to meet the aim of good and stable yields.

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The present contribution summarizes results of fishery investigations with gillnets and longlines in the winter cod fishery which had been carried out in the western Baltic region from 1996 to 1999 by the Bundesforschungsanstalt für Fischerei with financial aid of the country Schleswig-Holstein. The main goal of these investigations was to point out technological possibilities for a reduction of unwanted bycatches of sea ducks in gillnetting. As it is obviously impossible to reduce the local and temporal bycatch problem by means of different gillnet constructions or tactical measurements, only the temporary avoidance of fishing grounds with high abundance of ducks or the change to longlining as catch method with reduced duck bycatches may be an effective solution.

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Der seit 1. Januar 1992 vom damaligen Bundesamt für Ernährung und Forstwirtschaft, der heutigen Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Ernährung (BLE) bereederte und für Arbeiten der Bundesforschungsanstalt für Fischerei (BFAFi) verfügbare Fischereiforschungskutter (FFK) „Clupea“ wurde vor 50 Jahren am 7. November 1949 als Fischereikutter SAS 115 „Erfurt“ in Saßnitz in Dienst gestellt. Nach der Verlagerung einiger 17-m-Kutter an den Standort Karlshagen auf Usedom wurde daraus die „WOG 83“ (1955) und später die „KAR23“. Die „Erfurt“ wurde als Gespannpartner in der Heringsfischerei sowie autonom im Dorsch- und Plattfischfang mit Schleppnetzen eingesetzt.

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Eel trapping seems to be one of the possibilities to replace the German eel trawl fishery on cutters in the Baltic with a high amount of unwanted and discarded bycatch by a more effective method. To prepare our own practical application the highly developed mechanized eel trap fishery on a commercial vessel in the Netherlands was studied. The results of this study are described in the this article.

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Seit 1996 werden im Institut für Fischereitechnik (IFH) fangtechnische Untersuchungen zwecks Reduzierung des Beifangs bei der stark discardbelasteten Aalschleppnetzfischerei in der Ostsee durchgeführt. Diese Arbeiten wurden in Zusammenarbeit mit dem Institut für Fischerei der Landesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Fischerei Mecklenburg-Vorpommern sowie dem Verein MARITEC e. V. durchgeführt (Gabriel und Thiele 1997; Gabriel et al. 1998). Nach Auswertung der bisher vorliegenden Ergebnisse und nach einer weiterführenden Beifanganalyse zur Schleppnetzfischerei auf Grundfischarten, insbesondere Plattfisch, in den Küstengewässern Mecklenburg-Vorpommerns wurden 1998 folgende technische Untersuchungen vorgesehen: • Überprüfung einer kombinierten Fischerei mit Plattfisch-Grundschleppnetzen und passiven Aalfanggeräten (Körbe, Langleinen, Korbketten) • Erprobung einer neuen Steertkonstruktion im Plattfischfang auf verbesserte Selektionseigenschaften • Blankaalfang mit einern pelagischen Tucknetz • Versuche in der passiven Fischerei mit verbesserten bzw. neuartigen Aalfanggeräten

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Vom 28. Juli bis 1. August 1996 fand in Brisbane/Australien der 2. Weltfischerei-Kongreß statt. Er stand unter dem Motto „Entwicklung und Erhaltung der Weltfischereiressourcen - Stand von Wisssenschaft und Management“. Gastgeber war die Australische Gesellschaft für Fischereibiologie, Hauptsponsor die Australische Fischereiforschungs- und Entwicklungs-Vereinigung.

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With the aim to reduce bycatches and discards first investigations were carried out in longlining for cod and eel in the Baltic. In the case of eel fisheries they are compared with small mesh size trawling and in the case of cod fisheries with gillnetting, where during the winter season unwished bycatches of seabirds could be a problem. First results show that these investigations should be continued.

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With a traditional roller gear, only the rollers in the centre are working correctly. The rollers on both sides are more or less gliding on the sea bottom because their axis are not in a position perpendicular to the towing direction. Sediment is stirred up by these gliding rollers coupled with a negative bottom impact of this gear. With a modified roller gear for shrimp beam trawls the axis of all rollers are orientated 90° to the towing direction enabling all rollers to roll correctly on the sea bottom.

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With the aim to reduce unwanted bycatches and discards in small mesh size trawling for Baltic eel some technical measurements are described and investigated. They include as well sorting grids as the more selective technological alternative longlining.

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On 1st March 1995, the name of the former "Institut für Fangtechnik" ("Institute for Fishing Techniques") at the Federal Research Centre for Fisheries in Hamburg has been changed into "Institut für Fischereitechnik" ("Institute for Fishery Techniques"). The new conception and structure of this institute are described. Aims and possibilities of research in fishing techniques as a contribution for a selective, environment friendly and energy saving fishery are illustrated by examples in Baltic cod and eel fishery and also sea-bird bycatches, crangon fishery in the North Sea, and possible substitutions for technologies with high fuel consumption by energy saving technologies as longlining, gillnetting and anchored pound nets.

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A geração de energia a partir do biogás do lixo em aterros sanitários é uma maneira de produzir energia elétrica renovável e limpa, reduzindo os impactos globais provocados pela queima dos resíduos sólidos urbanos. A contribuição ambiental mais relevante é a redução de emissões dos gases de efeito estufa (GEE), por meio da conversão do metano em dióxido de carbono, visto que o metano possui um potencial de aquecimento global cerca de 21 vezes maior, quando comparado ao dióxido de carbono (através da combustão do mesmo). De acordo com o Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo (MDL), os países ricos podem comprar créditos de carbono (CERs) dos países em desenvolvimento (que possuam projetos sustentáveis) para cumprir suas metas ambientais. O objetivo é transformar um passivo ambiental (destinação final dos resíduos sólidos urbanos) em um recurso energético, além do estudo da alternativa de obtenção de recursos financeiros através dos CERs. São analisadas as tecnologias de conversão energética (tecnologia de gás de lixo, incineração, entre outras), com a seleção da melhor alternativa para a geração de energia através do biogás de lixo em aterros sanitários. A metodologia utilizada é a recomendada pela Agência de Proteção Ambiental dos Estados Unidos - USEPA (2005). Serão apresentadas outras duas metodologias de cálculo da geração de metano: a do Banco Mundial e a do IPCC (Painel Intergovernamental sobre Mudanças Climáticas). São apresentados estudos comparativos demonstrando quando as turbinas a gás, motores de combustão interna (ciclos Otto ou Diesel) ou outras tecnologias de conversão energética serão viáveis na área técnica e econômica para implantação de Unidades Termoelétricas a biogás. No caso do Aterro de Gramacho, o projeto é viável com a utilização de motores a combustão interna e a obtenção de receitas com a venda da produção de energia e créditos de carbono. Por fim, será apresentada a alternativa do uso do biogás como substituto do gás natural para fins energéticos ou outros fins industriais.