976 resultados para Finances -- Estadístiques


Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

En este artículo, a partir de la inversa de la matriz de varianzas y covarianzas se obtiene el modelo Esperanza-Varianza de Markowitz siguiendo un camino más corto y matemáticamente riguroso. También se obtiene la ecuación de equilibrio del CAPM de Sharpe.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

[cat] En aquest treball es presenta un model eclèctic que sistematitza la dinàmica de les crisis que s’autoconfimen, usant els principals aspectes de les tres tipologies dels models de crisis canviàries de tercera generació, amb la finalitat de descriure els fets que precipiten la renúncia al manteniment d’una paritat fixada. Les contribucions més notables són les implicacions per a la política econòmica, així com la pèrdua del paper del tipus de canvi com instrument d’ajust macroeconòmic, quan els efectes de balanç són una possibilitat real.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

L'autor exposa aquí el seu treball fruit de l'estudi dels arxius parroquials de dites localitats del Maresme. En concret, el seu estudi està fet sobre els llibres de Naixements, Òbits i Matrimonis. D'aquí n'extreu la informació de caràcter sanitari però també informació sobre la societat de l'època, la demografia i dades estadístiques.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Este artículo, mediante el método de la Contabilidad Generacional, examina la viabilidad a largo plazo y los efectos sobre la redistribución intergeneracional de la renta del sistema de pensiones español. Dado la enorme deuda acumulada, que se traslada a las generaciones futuras, se explora la posibilidad de introducir políticas de reforma por el lado de los ingresos que pretenden mitigar la fuerte dependencia demográfica de las finanzas de la Seguridad Social. El principal resultado obtenido es que la gravedad de la crisis demográfica hace que estos tipos de medidas estudiadas sean claramente insuficientes para restaurar el equilibrio intergeneracional.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

[eng] This paper provides, from a theoretical and quantitative point of view, an explanation of why taxes on capital returns are high (around 35%) by analyzing the optimal fiscal policy in an economy with intergenerational redistribution. For this purpose, the government is modeled explicitly and can choose (and commit to) an optimal tax policy in order to maximize society's welfare. In an infinitely lived economy with heterogeneous agents, the long run optimal capital tax is zero. If heterogeneity is due to the existence of overlapping generations, this result in general is no longer true. I provide sufficient conditions for zero capital and labor taxes, and show that a general class of preferences, commonly used on the macro and public finance literature, violate these conditions. For a version of the model, calibrated to the US economy, the main results are: first, if the government is restricted to a set of instruments, the observed fiscal policy cannot be disregarded as sub optimal and capital taxes are positive and quantitatively relevant. Second, if the government can use age specific taxes for each generation, then the age profile capital tax pattern implies subsidizing asset returns of the younger generations and taxing at higher rates the asset returns of the older ones.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Análisis del sistema de financiación local español con propuestas concretas para su reforma

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The purpose of this article is to treat a currently much debated issue, the effects of age on second language learning. To do so, we contrast data collected by our research team from over one thousand seven hundred young and adult learners with four popular beliefs or generalizations, which, while deeply rooted in this society, are not always corroborated by our data.Two of these generalizations about Second Language Acquisition (languages spoken in the social context) seem to be widely accepted: a) older children, adolescents and adults are quicker and more efficient at the first stages of learning than are younger learners; b) in a natural context children with an early start are more liable to attain higher levels of proficiency. However, in the context of Foreign Language Acquisition, the context in which we collect the data, this second generalization is difficult to verify due to the low number of instructional hours (a maximum of some 800 hours) and the lower levels of language exposure time provided. The design of our research project has allowed us to study differences observed with respect to the age of onset (ranging from 2 to 18+), but in this article we focus on students who began English instruction at the age of 8 (LOGSE Educational System) and those who began at the age of 11 (EGB). We have collected data from both groups after a period of 200 (Time 1) and 416 instructional hours (Time 2), and we are currently collecting data after a period of 726 instructional hours (Time 3). We have designed and administered a variety of tests: tests on English production and reception, both oral and written, and within both academic and communicative oriented approaches, on the learners' L1 (Spanish and Catalan), as well as a questionnaire eliciting personal and sociolinguistic information. The questions we address and the relevant empirical evidence are as follows: 1. "For young children, learning languages is a game. They enjoy it more than adults."Our data demonstrate that the situation is not quite so. Firstly, both at the levels of Primary and Secondary education (ranging from 70.5% in 11-year-olds to 89% in 14-year-olds) students have a positive attitude towards learning English. Secondly, there is a difference between the two groups with respect to the factors they cite as responsible for their motivation to learn English: the younger students cite intrinsic factors, such as the games they play, the methodology used and the teacher, whereas the older students cite extrinsic factors, such as the role of their knowledge of English in the achievement of their future professional goals. 2 ."Young children have more resources to learn languages." Here our data suggest just the opposite. The ability to employ learning strategies (actions or steps used) increases with age. Older learners' strategies are more varied and cognitively more complex. In contrast, younger learners depend more on their interlocutor and external resources and therefore have a lower level of autonomy in their learning. 3. "Young children don't talk much but understand a lot"This third generalization does seem to be confirmed, at least to a certain extent, by our data in relation to the analysis of differences due to the age factor and productive use of the target language. As seen above, the comparably slower progress of the younger learners is confirmed. Our analysis of interpersonal receptive abilities demonstrates as well the advantage of the older learners. Nevertheless, with respect to passive receptive activities (for example, simple recognition of words or sentences) no great differences are observed. Statistical analyses suggest that in this test, in contrast to the others analyzed, the dominance of the subjects' L1s (reflecting a cognitive capacity that grows with age) has no significant influence on the learning process. 4. "The sooner they begin, the better their results will be in written language"This is not either completely confirmed in our research. First of all, we perceive that certain compensatory strategies disappear only with age, but not with the number of instructional hours. Secondly, given an identical number of instructional hours, the older subjects obtain better results. With respect to our analysis of data from subjects of the same age (12 years old) but with a different number of instructional hours (200 and 416 respectively, as they began at the ages of 11 and 8), we observe that those who began earlier excel only in the area of lexical fluency. In conclusion, the superior rate of older learners appears to be due to their higher level of cognitive development, a factor which allows them to benefit more from formal or explicit instruction in the school context. Younger learners, however, do not benefit from the quantity and quality of linguistic exposure typical of a natural acquisition context in which they would be allowed to make use of implicit learning abilities. It seems clear, then, that the initiative in this country to begin foreign language instruction earlier will have positive effects only if it occurs in combination with either higher levels of exposure time to the foreign language, or, alternatively, with its use as the language of instruction in other areas of the curriculum.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

En un segle hem passat de considerar l'ensenyament de llengues estrangeres com una activitat marginal sense cap dimensió educativa reconeguda a considerar-lo com una activitat que cada vegada té un paper més notable en els programes deis estudiants de secundaria i que reclama més atenció en els estudis superiors. Avui dia, no és pensable una formació superior sense una comprensió ben desenvolupada de l'anglés com a llengua vehicular d'informació deis camps de coneixement més variats. Algunes formacions de caracter superior requereixen a més a més altres habilitats lingüístiques com ara parlar i escriure. La situació dominant de l'anglés, pero, no ens ha de fer oblidar que també són necessaries altres llengues si els professionals s'han de moure en un mercat de treball únic en una Europa extremadament plurilingue: i així es veura que per exemple és probablement inadequat de formar graduats i llicenciats amb perfils que els faci integrables en els sectors comercials de la indústria o les finances sense dotar-los d'uns coneixements satisfactoris de dues llengues estrangeres (a la Universitat de Barcelona, els estudiants que podrien integrar aquest grup representen actualment més d'un 20 per cent del total de l'alumnat).

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

En la darrera dècada, la població de nacionalitat estrangera a la ciutat de Barcelona s'ha incrementat de forma notable fins a superar el 10% dels residents. Paral·lelament, ha existit una forta variació en les nacionalitats més presents i en les seves principals característiques sociodemogràfiques, de manera que s'han experimentat canvis substancials en la seva distribució espacial. És aquest darrer aspecte que es vol estudiar mitjançant les tècniques estadístiques d'anàlisi espacial, aplicades a nivell inframunicipal, amb la intenció d'observar l'evolució experimentada des de 1991 i la diversitat de pautes residencials en funció de la nacionalitat.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

The article presents and discusses long-run series of per capita GDP and life expectancy for Italy and Spain (1861-2008). After refining the available estimates in order to make them comparable and with the avail of the most up-to-date researches, the main changes in the international economy and in technological and sociobiological regimes are used as analytical frameworks to re-assess the performances of the two countries; then structural breaks are searched for and Granger causality between the two variables is investigated. The long-run convergence notwithstanding, significant cyclical differences between the two countries can be detected: Spain began to modernize later in GDP, with higher volatility in life expectancy until recent decades; by contrast, Italy showed a more stable pattern of life expectancy, following early breaks in per capita GDP, but also a negative GDP break in the last decades. Our series confirm that, whereas at the early stages of development differences in GDP tend to mirror those in life expectancy, this is no longer true at later stages of development, when, if any, there seems to be a negative correlation between GDP and life expectancy: this finding is in line with the thesis of a non-monotonic relation between life expectancy and GDP and is supported by tests of Granger causality.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Desarrollo de un API por el protocolo SMTP. A través de este API los clientes podrán conectar sus programas cliente de correo electrónico. Conectando los clientes podrán enviar emails y ver estadísticas de los propios envíos a través de la interfaz web Eolica. Se trata de dar un valor añadido a clientes que hacen sus campañas o envíos de email a través de sus clientes de correo electrónico.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Aquest treball estudia la gestió a Catalunya tant dels tributs de les entitats locals com de les seves multes (sobretot les imposades per infraccions de trànsit), i proposa diverses mesures per millorar-la. Les dades estadístiques posen de relleu que encara hi ha un cert recorregut per incrementar l’eficàcia en la recaptació d’aquests ingressos. Entre els factors que determinen la manca d’eficàcia, destaquen la falta de mitjans materials de molts municipis i el fet que l’ordenament jurídic limiti l’actuació de les administracions locals fora del seu àmbit territorial, una restricció que dificulta en gran mesura les actuacions en fase de recaptació executiva.Tenint en compte aquest context, la cooperació interadministrativa és un dels mecanismes més adients perquè les entitats locals puguin avançar en la millora de la gestió dels seus recursos. Fins ara, aquesta cooperació s’ha concretat principalment a través de convenis de delegació de competències dels ajuntaments a les diputacions i de convenis de col·laboració entre les administracions locals i les administracions central i autonòmica. Aquestes fórmules, com es constata al llarg del treball, s’han anat perfeccionat en els darrers anys i estan donant resultats satisfactoris.Sens perjudici de continuar emprant aquests instruments, el present estudi proposa mesures noves i el reforçament de determinats mecanismes ja existents. Així, per exemple, se suggereix la creació d’un sistema d’indicadors de gestió tributària local que permeti avaluar els resultats que aporten els mecanismes de col·laboració, l’establiment d’un registre de convenis per facilitar-ne el coneixement, o el foment de la interoperabilitat i dels mitjans informàtics en la gestió tributària. En el cas dels impostos de gestió compartida, com ara els que recauen sobre els béns immobles, les activitats econòmiques i els vehicles, s’evidencia que caldria agilitzar la gestió de la informació continguda a les bases de dades estatals del cadastre i del registre de vehicles.

Relevância:

10.00% 10.00%

Publicador:

Resumo:

Trust in public institutions and public policies are generally perceived as a precondition for economic recovery in times of recession. Recent empirical evidence tends to find a positive link between decentralization and trust. But our knowledge about whether decentralization – through increased trust – improves the perception of the delivery and effectiveness of public policies is still limited. In this paper we estimate the impact of fiscal and political decentralization on the perception of the state of the education system and of health services, by using the 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2008 waves of the European social survey. The analysis of the views of 160,000 individuals in 31 European countries indicates that while the effect of fiscal decentralization on the perception of the state of the health and education system is limited, political decentralization clearly affects citizen’s satisfaction with education and health delivery. The influence of political decentralization, however, is highly contingent on whether we consider the capacity of the local or regional government to exercise authority over its citizens (self-rule) or to influence policy at the national level (shared-rule). Keywords: Education, health, satisfaction, fiscal and political decentralization, Europe. JEL codes: H11, H77