Spectral-Element and Adjoint 3D Full-Wave Tomography for the Lithosphere of Central Italy

The primary objective of this thesis is to obtain a better understanding of the 3D velocity structure of the lithosphere in central Italy. To this end, I adopted the Spectral-Element Method to perform accurate numerical simulations of the complex wavefields generated by the 2009 Mw 6.3 L’Aquila event and by its foreshocks and aftershocks together with some additional events within our target region. For the mainshock, the source was represented by a finite fault and different models for central Italy, both 1D and 3D, were tested. Surface topography, attenuation and Moho discontinuity were also accounted for. Three-component synthetic waveforms were compared to the corresponding recorded data. The results of these analyses show that 3D models, including all the known structural heterogeneities in the region, are essential to accurately reproduce waveform propagation. They allow to capture features of the seismograms, mainly related to topography or to low wavespeed areas, and, combined with a finite fault model, result into a favorable match between data and synthetics for frequencies up to ~0.5 Hz. We also obtained peak ground velocity maps, that provide valuable information for seismic hazard assessment. The remaining differences between data and synthetics led us to take advantage of SEM combined with an adjoint method to iteratively improve the available 3D structure model for central Italy. A total of 63 events and 52 stations in the region were considered. We performed five iterations of the tomographic inversion, by calculating the misfit function gradient - necessary for the model update - from adjoint sensitivity kernels, constructed using only two simulations for each event. Our last updated model features a reduced traveltime misfit function and improved agreement between data and synthetics, although further iterations, as well as refined source solutions, are necessary to obtain a new reference 3D model for central Italy tomography.

Modellazione di processo in impianti di depurazione urbana finalizzata allo sviluppo di linee guida progettuali. Simulazioni e confronti su dati HERA full - scale.

Gli impianti di depurazione rappresentano, nei contesti urbani, elementi di imprescindibile importanza nell’ambito di una corretta gestione e tutela della risorsa idrica e dell’ambiente. Il crescente grado di antropizzazione delle aree urbanizzate e parallelamente le sempre minori disponibilità in termini di spazi utilizzabili a fini depurativi comportano sempre di più la necessità di ottimizzare i processi di dimensionamento degli impianti. Inoltre, l’obiettivo di aumentare l’efficienza del ciclo depurativo andando a minimizzare i costi correlati alla gestione degli stessi indirizza verso una omogeneizzazione nei criteri di dimensionamento adottati. In questo senso, la normativa tecnica di settore risulta carente, andandosi a concentrare prevalentemente sul rispetto di fissati standard ambientali senza però fornire indicazioni precise sui criteri di progettazione da adottare per perseguire tali standard. La letteratura scientifica pur indicando range di possibili valori di riferimento da adottare, nel dimensionamento degli impianti, lascia un ampio margine di discrezionalità al progettista. La presente tesi si pone pertanto, a partire da tali valori di letteratura, di andare a definire da un lato le caratteristiche quali-quantitative del refluo in ingresso e dall’altro i valori di riferimento da adottare in sede di progettazione per perseguire gli obiettivi precedentemente indicati. La prima parte, di valenza generale, oltre alla caratterizzazione dell’influente descrive nel dettaglio le diverse fasi del processo e il loro dimensionamento che in tutte le sezioni, ad eccezione del biologico, viene effettuato attraverso equazioni semplificate mettendo a confronto e analizzando i parametri progettuali proposti da letteratura. Per quanto riguarda il comparto biologico la maggior complessità del fenomeno da descrivere rende difficile la valutazione delle grandezze che caratterizzano il funzionamento mediante l’utilizzo di equazioni semplificate. Per questo si è deciso di modellare questo comparto, unito a quello della sedimentazione, attraverso un software (WEST) che permette non solo di simulare il processo ma anche, attraverso le analisi di scenario, di determinare quelli che sono i valori progettuali puntuali che consentono di ottenere da un lato una minimizzazione dei costi dell’impianto, sia costruttivi che gestionali, e dall’altro la massimizzazione delle rese depurative. Nello specifico si è fatto riferimento ad impianto fanghi attivi a schema semplificato con potenzialità fissata pari a 10000 AE. Il confronto con i dati di esercizio di alcuni impianti di analoga tipologia ha evidenziato che una buona capacità dello strumento di modellazione utilizzato di descrivere i processi. E’ possibile quindi concludere che tali strumenti, affiancati ad una lettura critica dei risultati ottenuti possono essere ottimi strumenti di supporto sia in fase di progettazione che in prospettiva di gestione dell’impianto al fine di ottimizzare i processi e quindi i costi.

Validation of the CFD code NEPTUNE for a full scale simulator for decay heat removal systems with in-pool heat exchangers

In the present work, a multi physics simulation of an innovative safety system for light water nuclear reactor is performed, with the aim to increase the reliability of its main decay heat removal system. The system studied, denoted by the acronym PERSEO (in Pool Energy Removal System for Emergency Operation) is able to remove the decay power from the primary side of the light water nuclear reactor through a heat suppression pool. The experimental facility, located at SIET laboratories (PIACENZA), is an evolution of the Thermal Valve concept where the triggering valve is installed liquid side, on a line connecting two pools at the bottom. During the normal operation, the valve is closed, while in emergency conditions it opens, the heat exchanger is flooded with consequent heat transfer from the primary side to the pool side. In order to verify the correct system behavior during long term accidental transient, two main experimental PERSEO tests are analyzed. For this purpose, a coupling between the mono dimensional system code CATHARE, which reproduces the system scale behavior, with a three-dimensional CFD code NEPTUNE CFD, allowing a full investigation of the pools and the injector, is implemented. The coupling between the two codes is realized through the boundary conditions. In a first analysis, the facility is simulated by the system code CATHARE V2.5 to validate the results with the experimental data. The comparison of the numerical results obtained shows a different void distribution during the boiling conditions inside the heat suppression pool for the two cases of single nodalization and three volume nodalization scheme of the pool. Finaly, to improve the investigation capability of the void distribution inside the pool and the temperature stratification phenomena below the injector, a two and three dimensional CFD models with a simplified geometry of the system are adopted.

New design of polyphenylene dendrimers for full-color light-emitting diodes

Dendritic systems, and in particular polyphenylene dendrimers, have recently attracted considerable attention from the synthetic organic chemistry community, as well as from photophysicists, particularly in view of the search for synthetic model analogies to photoelectric materials to fabricate organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), and even more advanced areas of research such as light-harvesting system, energy transfer and non-host device. Geometrically, dendrimers are unique systems that consist of a core, one or more dendrons, and surface groups. The different parts of the macromolecule can be selected to give the desired optoelectronic and processing properties. Compared to small molecular or polymeric light-emitting materials, these dendritic materials can combine the benefits of both previous classes. The high molecular weights of these dendritic macromolecules, as well as the surface groups often attached to the distal ends of the dendrons, can improve the solution processability, and thus can be deposited from solution by simple processes such as spin-coating and ink-jet printing. Moreover, even better than the traditional polymeric light-emitting materials, the well-defined monodisperse distributed dendrimers possess a high purity comparable to that of small molecules, and as such can be fabricated into high performance OLEDs. Most importantly, the emissive chromophores can be located at the core of the dendrimer, within the dendrons, and/or at the surface of the dendrimers because of their unique dendritic architectures. The different parts of the macromolecule can be selected to give the desired optoelectronic and processing properties. Therefore, the main goals of this thesis are the design and synthesis, characterization of novel functional dendrimers, e.g. polytriphenylene dendrimers for blue fluorescent, as well as iridium(III) complex cored polyphenylene dendrimers for green and red phosphorescent light emitting diodes. In additional to the above mentioned advantages of dendrimer based OLEDs, the modular molecular architecture and various functionalized units at different locations in polyphenylene dendrimers open up a tremendous scope for tuning a wide range of properties in addition to color, such as intermolecular interactions, charge mobility, quantum yield, and exciton diffusion. In conclusion, research into dendrimer containing OLEDs combines fundamental aspects of organic semiconductor physics, novel and highly sophisticated organic synthetic chemistry and elaborate device technology.rn

Campionamento e ricostruzione di immagini full wavefield per il monitoraggio strutturale

L'elaborato affronta la definizione di differenti strategie per il campionamento e la ricostruzione di segnali wavefield per applicazioni di monitoraggio strutturale. In accordo con quanto indicato dalla teoria del Compressive Sensing, obiettivo della tesi è la minimizzazione del numero di punti di acquisizione al fine di ridurre lo sforzo energetico del campionamento. I risultati sono validati in ambiente Matlab utilizzando come riferimento segnali acquisiti su setup sperimentali in alluminio o materiale composito in presenza di diverse tipologie di difetto.

Seismic tomographic full-waveform inversion for the Vrancea sinking lithosphere structure using the adjoint method.

The Vrancea region, at the south-eastern bend of the Carpathian Mountains in Romania, represents one of the most puzzling seismically active zones of Europe. Beside some shallow seismicity spread across the whole Romanian territory, Vrancea is the place of an intense seismicity with the presence of a cluster of intermediate-depth foci placed in a narrow nearly vertical volume. Although large-scale mantle seismic tomographic studies have revealed the presence of a narrow, almost vertical, high-velocity body in the upper mantle, the nature and the geodynamic of this deep intra-continental seismicity is still questioned. High-resolution seismic tomography could help to reveal more details in the subcrustal structure of Vrancea. Recent developments in computational seismology as well as the availability of parallel computing now allow to potentially retrieve more information out of seismic waveforms and to reach such high-resolution models. This study was aimed to evaluate the application of a full waveform inversion tomography at regional scale for the Vrancea lithosphere using data from the 1999 six months temporary local network CALIXTO. Starting from a detailed 3D Vp, Vs and density model, built on classical travel-time tomography together with gravity data, I evaluated the improvements obtained with the full waveform inversion approach. The latter proved to be highly problem dependent and highly computational expensive. The model retrieved after the first two iterations does not show large variations with respect to the initial model but remains in agreement with previous tomographic models. It presents a well-defined downgoing slab shape high velocity anomaly, composed of a N-S horizontal anomaly in the depths between 40 and 70km linked to a nearly vertical NE-SW anomaly from 70 to 180km.

Packing a trunk : a physically based approach with full motional freedom

Geometric packing problems may be formulated mathematically as constrained optimization problems. But finding a good solution is a challenging task. The more complicated the geometry of the container or the objects to be packed, the more complex the non-penetration constraints become. In this work we propose the use of a physics engine that simulates a system of colliding rigid bodies. It is a tool to resolve interpenetration conflicts and to optimize configurations locally. We develop an efficient and easy-to-implement physics engine that is specialized for collision detection and contact handling. In succession of the development of this engine a number of novel algorithms for distance calculation and intersection volume were designed and imple- mented, which are presented in this work. They are highly specialized to pro- vide fast responses for cuboids and triangles as input geometry whereas the concepts they are based on can easily be extended to other convex shapes. Especially noteworthy in this context is our ε-distance algorithm - a novel application that is not only very robust and fast but also compact in its im- plementation. Several state-of-the-art third party implementations are being presented and we show that our implementations beat them in runtime and robustness. The packing algorithm that lies on top of the physics engine is a Monte Carlo based approach implemented for packing cuboids into a container described by a triangle soup. We give an implementation for the SAE J1100 variant of the trunk packing problem. We compare this implementation to several established approaches and we show that it gives better results in faster time than these existing implementations.

Prospective clinical study evaluating the long-time adjunctive use of chlorhexidine after one-stage full-mouth SRP

OBJECTIVES: Scaling and root planing are the causal procedure in the treatment of periodontitis. Many attempts have been made to improve the outcome. The aim of this study was to verify the influence of the extended use of chlorhexidine after one-stage full-mouth (FM) SRP in patients with chronic periodontitis on the clinical outcome after 3 months. METHODS: Eighty-one patients with pockets > or =5 mm were treated by FM. All patients rinsed additionally with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) twice daily over 3 months. Plaque index, bleeding on probing, probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL) were recorded at baseline and after 1 and 3 months. RESULTS: In the test group, all variables were significantly improved after 1 and 3 months. Mean reduction of PD and CAL gain was 2.25 +/- 1.08 and 1.67 +/- 1.08 after 1 and 2.99 +/- 1.11 and 2.33 +/- 1.31 after 3 months respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Over 3 months of extended use of CHX mouth rinse after SRP showed slightly but statistically significant better results.

Microbiologic findings 1 year after partial- and full-mouth scaling in the treatment of moderate chronic periodontitis

To investigate the impact on microbiologic variables of full-mouth scaling (FMS) and conventional scaling and root planing (cSRP) after 12 months.