Desmaterialización de la envolvente estructural contemporánea : una secuencia de estrategias arquitectónicas en Toyo Ito, Herzog&de Meuron y Sanaa

La Tesis investiga aquellas obras en las que se ha producido un desplazamiento de la estructura portante hacia el perímetro del edificio para alcanzar su posterior desvanecimiento aplicando ciertos mecanismos arquitectónicos. En el proceso de la investigación se ha detectado cómo la rotundidad e inmediatez de la huella de lo estructural percibida en la arquitectura tradicional, tiende a desvanecerse, su desmaterialización queda patente en ciertas obras de la arquitectura contemporánea. La investigación comienza con la concordancia hallada entre tres edificios contemporáneos cuyo perímetro lo conforma una Envolvente Estructural: la tienda TODS, de Toyo Ito (2003); PRADA, de Herzog&de Meuron (2000) y DIOR, de SANAA (2001). Tres obras de fechas consecutivas, que, aun respondiendo a las mismas condiciones de ubicación, Omotesando (Tokio), uso, volumetría, altura y superficie, su Envolvente se configura de modo muy diverso, produciendo soluciones estructurales diferenciadas y heterogéneas. De estos tres modos de configurarse la envolvente, se desprenden las tres estrategias arquitectónicas empleadas en el desarrollo de la Tesis: figuración, abstracción y desmaterialización. Así pues, la investigación descubre, por una parte, un procedimiento figurativo que pone el acento en valores expresivos empleando códigos de significado como son los objetos de la naturaleza; por otra parte, un procedimiento abstracto, priorizando las reglas de construcción formal del propio objeto; y por último, como continuación de los anteriores, se descubre un procedimiento de desmaterialización planteado desde la delgadez de los muros, los materiales efímeros o una semitransparencia que pretende mayor conexión con el mundo exterior. Con el análisis de estas tres categorías secuenciales desveladas por los edificios citados de Omotesando, se han identificado otras obras clarividentes de Toyo Ito, Herzog&de Meuron y SANAA, por ser representativos de dichas nociones. Así pues, se han seleccionado veinticuatro casos de estudio y se han ordenado formando una colección de obras capaz de llegar a formular por sí misma un enunciado conclusivo sobre los procedimientos arquitectónicos capaces de velar la estructura mecánica. En la actualidad, el planteamiento de la Envolvente Estructural recurre a un nuevo modo de abordar la arquitectura. Esta ya no consiste en el juego sabio, correcto y magnífico, sino que adquiere una nueva dimensión poética desde la ausencia de la esencia resistente. Efectivamente, por un lado, se ha afirmado que ‘sin estructura no hay arquitectura’; y por otro lado, se trata de hacerla desaparecer. Así queda expresado en palabras de SANAA: “Para nosotros la estructura es muy importante, incluso su desaparición lo es”. Por otro lado, la Envolvente Estructural analizada en la Tesis recoge el legado de la historia, lo interpreta y se manifiesta con el lenguaje contemporáneo manteniendo aquella unidad entre las disciplinas de arquitectura e ingeniería comenzada en el siglo XIX. El contorno edilicio, conformado en un único elemento compacto e indiferenciado, resuelve diversas funciones habitualmente asignadas a otros elementos específicos: Encierra en un reducido espesor el cerramiento, la estructura resistente, el ornamento y el acondicionamiento térmico (en algunos casos); configura la forma arquitectónica y envuelve el espacio arquitectónico mostrando una libertad formal (cáscaras esculturales) y un lenguaje de liviandad (muros de espesores reducidos) sin precedentes. La tipología planteada condensa todo aquello que le permite expresar el enunciado más inmaterial de la estructura mecánica. Concluyendo, la Tesis verifica que una parte de la arquitectura contemporánea ya ha pasado del límite denso, corporeizado y mecánico tradicional, a un límite borroso, que se ha erosionado, se ha transmutado hasta su desmaterialización, su desvanecimiento o incluso su desaparición. ABSTRACT This thesis researches those buildings where the bearing structure has been moved towards the perimeter in order to reach its fading by means of architectural strategies. In the research development it has been detected how the clearness and immediacy of the footprint of the structure as noticed in the traditional architecture, tends to vanish, its dematerialization remains patent in certain contemporary architecture works. The research begins with the agreement found in three contemporary buildings whose perimeter is shaped by a structural envelope: TODS shop, by Toyo Ito (2003); PRADA, by Herzog&de Meuron (2000) and DIOR, by SANAA (2001). Three works in consecutive dates, that share the placement conditions, Omotesando (Tokio), use, volume, height and area, but its envelope is shaped in various ways, generating different and heterogeneous structural solutions. From these three ways of the envelope shape are deduced the three architectural strategies studied during the Thesis development: figuration, abstraction and dematerialization. Thus, the research discovers, on one hand, a figurative procedure that highlights the expressive values by using meaning codes such as the nature objects; on the other hand, an abstract procedure, prioritizing the formal construction rules typical of the object; at last, as a continuation of the others, a dematerialization procedure is shown, set out from the wall thinness, the ephemeral materials or the semitransparency that tries to increase the connection with the world around. With the analysis of these three categories in a sequence, shown in the Ometesando buildings, other works from Toyo Ito, Herzog&de Meuron and SANNAA have been identified because of being representative of those concepts. Therefore, twenty four case studies have been selected and have been ordered to set a collection of works that are able to formulate by themselves a conclusive statement about the architectural procedures that are able to veil the mechanical structure. Nowadays, the Structural envelope approach leads to a new way of dealing with architecture. This is not any more a wise game, correct and magnificent, but it acquires a new poetic dimension from the absence of the resistant essence. Indeed, on the one hand, it has been stated that ‘without structure there is no architecture’; and on the other hand, it tries to make it disappear. It is so stated in SANAA words: ‘The structure is very important for us, and even its disappearance” On the other hand, the Structural envelope analysed in this Thesis gathers the legacy of history, interprets it and it is expressed with a contemporary language, by keeping that unity between disciplines of architecture and engineering already started in the XIX century. The building boundary, shaped as a compacted and undifferentiated single element, solves several functions commonly assigned to other specific elements: keeps in a small thickness the envelope, the bearing structure, the ornament and the thermal conditioning (in same cases); it shapes the architectural form and envelopes the architectural space by showing a formal freedom (sculptural shells) and a lightness language (small thickness walls) with no precedents. This typology gathers all what lets to express the most immaterial statement of the mechanical structure. As a conclusion, the Thesis verifies that a part of the contemporary architecture has already gone over the dense limit, shaped and mechanical traditional to a blur limit that has been eroded, it has been changed until its dematerialization, its fading or event its disappearance.

Development of a sensorimotor algorithm able to deal with unforeseen pushes and its implementation based on VHDL

Development of a Sensorimotor Algorithm Able to Deal with Unforeseen Pushes and Its Implementation Based on VHDL is the title of my thesis which concludes my Bachelor Degree in the Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Sistemas de Telecomunicación of the Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. It encloses the overall work I did in the Neurorobotics Research Laboratory from the Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin during my ERASMUS year in 2015. This thesis is focused on the field of robotics, specifically an electronic circuit called Cognitive Sensorimotor Loop (CSL) and its control algorithm based on VHDL hardware description language. The reason that makes the CSL special resides in its ability to operate a motor both as a sensor and an actuator. This way, it is possible to achieve a balanced position in any of the robot joints (e.g. the robot manages to stand) without needing any conventional sensor. In other words, the back electromotive force (EMF) induced by the motor coils is measured and the control algorithm responds depending on its magnitude. The CSL circuit contains mainly an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) and a driver. The ADC consists on a delta-sigma modulation which generates a series of bits with a certain percentage of 1's and 0's, proportional to the back EMF. The control algorithm, running in a FPGA, processes the bit frame and outputs a signal for the driver. This driver, which has an H bridge topology, gives the motor the ability to rotate in both directions while it's supplied with the power needed. The objective of this thesis is to document the experiments and overall work done on push ignoring contractive sensorimotor algorithms, meaning sensorimotor algorithms that ignore large magnitude forces (compared to gravity) applied in a short time interval on a pendulum system. This main objective is divided in two sub-objectives: (1) developing a system based on parameterized thresholds and (2) developing a system based on a push bypassing filter. System (1) contains a module that outputs a signal which blocks the main Sensorimotor algorithm when a push is detected. This module has several different parameters as inputs e.g. the back EMF increment to consider a force as a push or the time interval between samples. System (2) consists on a low-pass Infinite Impulse Response digital filter. It cuts any frequency considered faster than a certain push oscillation. This filter required an intensive study on how to implement some functions and data types (fixed or floating point data) not supported by standard VHDL packages. Once this was achieved, the next challenge was to simplify the solution as much as possible, without using non-official user made packages. Both systems behaved with a series of interesting advantages and disadvantages for the elaboration of the document. Stability, reaction time, simplicity or computational load are one of the many factors to be studied in the designed systems. RESUMEN. Development of a Sensorimotor Algorithm Able to Deal with Unforeseen Pushes and Its Implementation Based on VHDL es un Proyecto de Fin de Grado (PFG) que concluye mis estudios en la Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería y Sistemas de Telecomunicación de la Universidad Politécnica de Madrid. En él se documenta el trabajo de investigación que realicé en el Neurorobotics Research Laboratory de la Beuth Hochschule für Technik Berlin durante el año 2015 mediante el programa de intercambio ERASMUS. Este PFG se centra en el campo de la robótica y en concreto en un circuito electrónico llamado Cognitive Sensorimotor Loop (CSL) y su algoritmo de control basado en lenguaje de modelado hardware VHDL. La particularidad del CSL reside en que se consigue que un motor haga las veces tanto de sensor como de actuador. De esta manera es posible que las articulaciones de un robot alcancen una posición de equilibrio (p.ej. el robot se coloca erguido) sin la necesidad de sensores en el sentido estricto de la palabra. Es decir, se mide la propia fuerza electromotriz (FEM) inducida sobre el motor y el algoritmo responde de acuerdo a su magnitud. El circuito CSL se compone de un convertidor analógico-digital (ADC) y un driver. El ADC consiste en un modulador sigma-delta, que genera una serie de bits con un porcentaje de 1's y 0's determinado, en proporción a la magnitud de la FEM inducida. El algoritmo de control, que se ejecuta en una FPGA, procesa esta cadena de bits y genera una señal para el driver. El driver, que posee una topología en puente H, provee al motor de la potencia necesaria y le otorga la capacidad de rotar en cualquiera de las dos direcciones. El objetivo de este PFG es documentar los experimentos y en general el trabajo realizado en algoritmos Sensorimotor que puedan ignorar fuerzas de gran magnitud (en comparación con la gravedad) y aplicadas en una corta ventana de tiempo. En otras palabras, ignorar empujones conservando el comportamiento original frente a la gravedad. Para ello se han desarrollado dos sistemas: uno basado en umbrales parametrizados (1) y otro basado en un filtro de corte ajustable (2). El sistema (1) contiene un módulo que, en el caso de detectar un empujón, genera una señal que bloquea el algoritmo Sensorimotor. Este módulo recibe diferentes parámetros como el incremento necesario de la FEM para que se considere un empujón o la ventana de tiempo para que se considere la existencia de un empujón. El sistema (2) consiste en un filtro digital paso-bajo de respuesta infinita que corta cualquier variación que considere un empujón. Para crear este filtro se requirió un estudio sobre como implementar ciertas funciones y tipos de datos (coma fija o flotante) no soportados por las librerías básicas de VHDL. Tras esto, el objetivo fue simplificar al máximo la solución del problema, sin utilizar paquetes de librerías añadidos. En ambos sistemas aparecen una serie de ventajas e inconvenientes de interés para el documento. La estabilidad, el tiempo de reacción, la simplicidad o la carga computacional son algunas de las muchos factores a estudiar en los sistemas diseñados. Para concluir, también han sido documentadas algunas incorporaciones a los sistemas: una interfaz visual en VGA, un módulo que compensa el offset del ADC o la implementación de una batería de faders MIDI entre otras.

Technology independent honeynet description language

Several languages have been proposed for the task of describing networks of systems, either to help on managing, simulate or deploy testbeds for testing purposes. However, there is no one specifically designed to describe the honeynets, covering the specific characteristics in terms of applications and tools included in the honeypot systems that make the honeynet. In this paper, the requirements of honeynet description are studied and a survey of existing description languages is presented, concluding that a CIM (Common Information Model) match the basic requirements. Thus, a CIM like technology independent honeynet description language (TIHDL) is proposed. The language is defined being independent of the platform where the honeynet will be deployed later, and it can be translated, either using model-driven techniques or other translation mechanisms, into the description languages of honeynet deployment platforms and tools. This approach gives flexibility to allow the use of a combination of heterogeneous deployment platforms. Besides, a flexible virtual honeynet generation tool (HoneyGen) based on the approach and description language proposed and capable of deploying honeynets over VNX (Virtual Networks over LinuX) and Honeyd platforms is presented for validation purposes.

False anglicisms in the Spanish language of fashion and beauty

Many works have already dealt with anglicisms in Spanish, especially in science and information technologies. However, despite the high and growing number of English terms incorporated daily by the language of fashion, it has received comparative less attention in lexicographic and terminological studies than that of other areas, such as science or business. For several reasons, which include prestige or peer pressure, Spanish has not only adopted English words with new meanings and usage, but also contains other forms based on English patterns which users seem to consider more accurate or expressive. This paper concentrates on false anglicisms as indicators of some of the special relationships and influences between languages arising from the pervasive presence of English. We shall look at the Spanish language of fashion, which, in addition to genuine anglicisms, has for some time been using English words with different meanings, or even created items of its own (or imported them from other languages) with the appearance of English words. These false anglicisms, which have proven extremely popular in receiving languages (not only in Spanish) have frequently been disseminated by youth magazines and the new digital media, both in general spheres and in fashion-specific contexts.

Do first-year university students understand the language of mathematics?

The aim of the project is to determine if the understanding of the language of Mathematics of students starting university is propitious to the development of an appropriate cognitive structure. The objective of this current work was to analyse the ability of first-year university students to translate the registers of verbal or written expressions and their representations to the registers of algebraic language. Results indicate that students do not understand the basic elements of the language of Mathematics and this causes them to make numerous errors of construction and interpretation. The students were not able to associate concepts with definitions and were unable to offer examples.

An overview of the Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems

This introduction provides an overview of the state-of-the-art technology in Applications of Natural Language to Information Systems. Specifically, we analyze the need for such technologies to successfully address the new challenges of modern information systems, in which the exploitation of the Web as a main data source on business systems becomes a key requirement. It will also discuss the reasons why Human Language Technologies themselves have shifted their focus onto new areas of interest very directly linked to the development of technology for the treatment and understanding of Web 2.0. These new technologies are expected to be future interfaces for the new information systems to come. Moreover, we will review current topics of interest to this research community, and will present the selection of manuscripts that have been chosen by the program committee of the NLDB 2011 conference as representative cornerstone research works, especially highlighting their contribution to the advancement of such technologies.

Com fer lectors de poesia en secundària

En aquest article es presenten una sèrie d’activitats pràctiques i de reflexions amb el propòsit de fer lectors de poesia a Secundària, tot un repte per al professorat. S’hi insisteix en la necessitat de treballar a l’aula textos poètics per descobrir una altra forma d'utilitzar el llenguatge, vinculada al joc del ritme i la rima de les paraules, i perquè la poesia és indispensable per al desenvolupament intel·lectual i afectiu. Es pretén així facilitar experiències gratificants per ajudar el nostre alumnat a descobrir el gust per la lectura, l'escriptura i la dramatització de textos poètics.

The importance of promoting multimodal teaching in the foreign language classroom for the acquisition of social competences: practical examples

This article analyses the way in which the subject English Language V of the degree English Studies (English Language and Literature) combines the development of the five skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing and interacting) with the use of multimodal activities and resources in the teaching-learning process so that students increase their motivation and acquire different social competences that will be useful for the labour market such as communication, cooperation, leadership or conflict management. This study highlights the use of multimodal materials (texts, videos, etc.) on social topics to introduce cultural aspects in a language subject and to deepen into the different social competences university students can acquire when they work with them. The study was guided by the following research questions: how can multimodal texts and resources contribute to the development of the five skills in a foreign language classroom? What are the main social competences that students acquire when the teaching-learning process is multimodal? The results of a survey prepared at the end of the academic year 2015-2016 point out the main competences that university students develop thanks to multimodal teaching. For its framework of analysis, the study draws on the main principles of visual grammar (Kress & van Leeuwen, 2006) where students learn how to analyse the main aspects in multimodal texts. The analysis of the different multimodal activities described in the article and the survey reveal that multimodality is useful for developing critical thinking, for bringing cultural aspects into the classroom and for working on social competences. This article will explain the successes and challenges of using multimodal texts with social content so that students can acquire social competences while learning content. Moreover, the implications of using multimodal resources in a language classroom to develop multiliteracies will be observed.

One Approach to the Problem Solution of Specialized Software Development for Subject Search

In the article relevance of system development for subject search using computational linguistics is considered. The basic principles of system functioning are defined. The principle of grammar development for information retrieval from the partially structured text in a natural language is considered. The ranging principle of results of information search is defined.

Primitive culture: researches into the development of mythology, philosophy, religion, art, and custom,

Mode of access: Internet.

MUMPS language standard /

Includes bibliography.

Research bases of language data processing system design.

Includes bibliography.

Speech: its function and development.

"MB50."

Big Data Development: A Tool for Interpreting Institutional Impact

Thesis (Master's)--University of Washington, 2016-06

Pre-Service Teachers’ Mathematics Language and Reflection in the Context of an Early Childhood Mathematics Methods Course

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2016-06