Early pregnancy factor suppresses the infiltration of lymphocytes and macrophages in the spinal cord of rats during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis but has no effect on apoptosis

Early pregnancy factor (EPF) is a secreted protein with immunosuppressive and growth factor properties that has been shown to suppress acute experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced with myelin basic protein (MBP) in Lewis rats. EAE is associated with infiltration of the central nervous system (CNS) with inflammatory cells. Spontaneous recovery involves the loss of T lymphocytes from the CNS and the selective apoptosis of Vbeta8.2(+) cells. In the present study, T cell, macrophage (CD11b/c(+)) and B cell (CD45RA(+)) populations in spinal cord and popliteal lymph nodes (LN) of Lewis rats with EAE were quantitated and apoptosis was studied. Rats were treated with EPF or vehicle. Following treatment on day 14 after inoculation with MBP, neither 1 x 100 mug nor 2 x 100 mug doses of EPF affected the total number of cells infiltrating the spinal cord on day 15, although the higher dose caused a decrease in the number of CD5(+) and CD11b/c(+) cells. Treatment with 2 x 100 mug/day from days 10 to 14 decreased the total number of infiltrating cells, and the numbers of CD5(+), CD11b/c(+) and CD45RA(+) cells. Apoptosis was unaffected. No alteration on the number or type of inflammatory cells in the popliteal LN was observed after treatment on days 10-14. However, treatment with EPF from days 0 to 11 increased the total number of T and B cells and CD5(+) T cells found on day 12 in the LN. Similarly, there was an increase in the frequency of MBP-reactive cells in the LN as determined by limiting dilution analysis. These results suggest that EPF treatment reduces the numbers of lymphocytes and macrophages in the CNS, possibly through an effect on cell trafficking. (C) 2003 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Effects of heat treatment on the nutritional value of raw soybean selected for low trypsin inhibitor activity

1. Two broiler experiments and a layer experiments were conducted on Kunitz trypsin inhibitor (Kti) soybeans (SB) of low trypsin inhibitor (TI) activity to determine their nutritive value when included as mash in least-cost poultry diets. 2. Experiment 1 compared chick performance on the Kti or raw SB using a commercial full-fat SB meal (FFSBM) and a solvent extracted SB meal (SBM) as controls during a 20 d experimental period. Broiler experiment 2 compared Kti and raw SB, non-steamed, or steam-pelleted with and without DL-methionine supplementation added to every treatment containing 170 g SB/kg. For each broiler experiment the levels of each SB were 70, 120 and 170 g/kg with the control birds fed only 170 g SB/kg. 3. The layer experiment, compared steam-pelleted Kti and raw SB against a non-steamed Kti and raw SB each fed at two levels (70 and 110 g/kg) x 30 replicates from 29 weeks of age for 19 weeks in a completely randomised design. Production parameters were measured when diets were formulated to contain minimum required specifications and calculated apparent metabolisable energy (AME). At the completion of each trial, 2 broiler birds from each cage and 5 layer birds per treatment were killed, weighed, and their liver and pancreas weighed. 4. Both broiler experiments indicated that production parameters on the Kti SB treatments were significantly lower (P < 0.05) than on the two commercial control SB treatments. However, the Kti treatments were superior to the raw SB treatments. 5. Pancreas weight increased with increasing inclusion of both raw and Kti SB, suggesting that a TI was causing the depression in performance. The AME of the Kti SB was similar to that of commercial FFSB meal. After steam conditioning, the raw SB meal AME value of 9.5 MJ/kg dry matter (DM) was improved to 14.1 MJ/kg DM by reduced TI activity, but this AME improvement with TI activity reduction, plus the supplementation with DL-methionine on birds fed the raw SB had no effect (P > 0.05) on any parameter evaluated in experiment 2. 6. The layer experiment showed that hens on the Kti SB treatments had significantly greater live weight gain (LWG), egg weight and daily egg mass than birds given raw SB. A reduced food intake (FI) was observed in the Kti treatments but egg mass was generally similar to that on the FFSB control diet, indicating that Kti SB supported excellent egg production at an inclusion of 110 g/kg. The depressed performance observed for broiler chicks suggest that younger birds are more susceptible to the effects of SB TI.

Efeitos do isolamento social neonatal, da fluoxetina e do lactato desódio sobre o pânico experimental induzido por cianeto de potássio ou estimulação da matéria cinzenta periaquedutal em ratos

Os ataques de pânico (AP) podem ser precipitados pela inalação de dióxido de carbono (CO2 5%) ou pela infusão de lactato de sódio 0,5 mol/L (LAC) em pacientes predispostos, mas não nos indivíduos sadios ou pacientes com outros transtornos psiquiátricos. Estas e outras observações sugeriram que os AP sejam "alarmes falsos de sufocamento". O TP também caracteriza-se pela alta comorbidade com ansiedade de separação da infância (ASI). De fato, a ASI tem sido considerada como um fator predisponente tanto do pânico como da resistência aos panicolíticos. Estudos pré-clínicos do nosso laboratório mostraram, por outro lado, que a fluoxetina (FLX) atenua o pânico experimental à estimulação elétrica da matéria cinzenta periaquedutal dorsal (MCPAd) e à injeção de cianeto de potássio (KCN) em doses e regimes similares aos empregados na clínica. Adicionalmente, estes estudos mostraram que o isolamento social neonatal (ISN), um modelo de ASI, abole os efeitos panicolíticos da fluoxetina (1-2 mg.kg-1.dia-1, 21 dias) no modelo de pânico por estimulação da MCPAd. Portanto, o presente trabalho avaliou os efeitos da administração de 4 mg/kg de FLX (Estudo-1) e da infusão de uma solução 0,5 mol/L de LAC (Estudo-2) sobre as respostas de pânico à estimulação da MCPAd ou à injeção de KCN, respectivamente, em ratos submetidos ao isolamento social neonatal tanto efetivo (ISN) quanto fictício (ISF). No Estudo-1, ratos Wistar machos adultos submetidos ao ISN (3 h diárias) ou ao ISF (somente manipulação), ao longo da lactação, foram implantados com eletrodos na MCPAd e tratados com salina (0,9%, SAL) ou FLX (4 mg.kg-1.dia-1) ao longo de 21 dias. Nos ratos tratados com SAL, enquanto os limiares das respostas de pânico mantiveram-se praticamente inalterados no grupo ISF, eles foram progressivamente aumentados no grupo ISN. Os ratos tratados com FLX4 apresentaram limiares mais elevados que aqueles dos ratos tratados com SAL. A comparação aos limiares basais mostrou que a FLX4 teve efeitos diferenciados nos grupos ISF e ISN, aumentando ou reduzindo seus limiares, respectivamente. Embora não tenhamos observado diferenças dos efeitos da FLX4 sobre os limiares de pânico dos grupos ISN e ISF, as variações percentuais em relação à sessão de triagem indicam que a FLX4 teve efeitos até mesmo facilitadores. Estes resultados estendem observações anteriores da ausência de efeitos de doses menores de FLX nos ratos submetidos ao ISN. Por sua vez, o Estudo-2 mostrou que a infusão endovenosa de uma concentração clinicamente eficaz de LAC (0,5 mol/L) não tem efeito algum sobre o pânico induzido pelo KCN em ratos tanto virgens quanto submetidos ao ISF ou ISN. Embora os últimos resultados sugiram que os AP ao KCN (em ratos) e LAC (em humanos) envolvam mecanismos distintos, a conclusão definitiva requer experimentos adicionais com concentrações maiores de LAC.

Percurso pedestre no Rio Este: contribuição para a educação ambiental e promoção do ensino experimental

O ensino praticado nas nossas escolas necessita ser mais consentâneo com os princípios e valores veiculados pela Educação Ambiental. Pretende-se, com este trabalho, levar os alunos a percepcionar a natureza com um olhar diferente, a estabelecer uma nova relação com o meio, adoptando uma postura pró-activa na defesa do espaço ribeirinho. Por meio de um percurso investigativo ao longo da margem esquerda de um troço do rio Este, na zona envolvente da Escola, os alunos de uma turma do 5º ano estudaram a flora autóctone existente na zona ribeirinha e recolheram amostras de água onde puderam aplicar processos de tratamento. Os temas abordados pertencem aos conteúdos leccionados nas aulas de Ciências da Natureza. Considerando que estas actividades podem ser importantes ferramentas na educação para o ambiente, elaborou-se para o grupo experimental um caderno de campo, que serviu de orientação ao estudo da flora, realizou-se uma actividade prática no laboratório, com a amostra da água recolhida. Posteriormente aplicou-se um teste, para conhecer o grau de conhecimento adquirido após a actividade e, no final, os alunos responderam a um inquérito para se conhecer o seu grau de satisfação. Ainda que os resultados do teste não mostrem diferenças significativas na aquisição de conhecimento em relação à turma não participante no projecto, a interpretação da paisagem mostrou-se um meio eficaz de envolver os alunos, desenvolver sensibilidades, construir conceitos, promover atitudes positivas que vão de encontro a uma Educação Ambiental ligada à cidadania.

Estudo da tratabilidade laboratorial e optimização experimental do tratamento de águas residuais de indústrias lácteas

O presente trabalho experimental teve como objectivos estudar a tratabilidade dum efluente lácteo utilizando a técnica de coagulação/floculação e avaliar a possibilidade de utilização do carvão activado granulado (CAG) Aquasorb 2000 como adsorvente para a remoção de compostos orgânicos presentes nos efluentes lácteos pré–tratados por coagulação/floculação, funcionando como um tratamento de polimento. No estudo da tratabilidade do efluente por coagulação/floculação investigou-se a influência de determinadas variáveis como o tipo e dose de coagulante e pH, a fim de encontrar as melhores condições operatórias. A utilização da referida técnica visou a redução do valor de concentração de alguns parâmetros: carência química de oxigénio (CQO); fósforo total e turvação, tendo sido utilizados efluentes desta indústria recolhidos em diferentes datas e após tratamento biológico, designados por A, B, C e D apresentando características diferentes. Sendo que o efluente A apresentava valores de CQO, fósforo total e turvação de 500 mg O2/L;32 mg P/L e 40 NTU respectivamente, o efluente B 1400 mg O2/L; 120 mg P/L e 80 NTU respectivamente, o efluente C 12300 mg O2/L; 87 mg P/L e 350 NTU respectivamente e o efluente D 340 mg O2/L; 33 mg P/L e 42 NTU respectivamente. Os coagulantes estudados foram hidróxido de cálcio (HC), sulfato de alumínio (SA) e tricloreto de ferro (TF). Verificou-se que o coagulante com maior eficácia nos efluentes estudados foi o TF. As maiores remoções de CQO, fósforo total e turvação, 89%, 99,9% e 99%, respectivamente, foram obtidas para o efluente C, com uma dosagem de TF de 4 g/L e com um pH entre 6 e 7. Entre os efluentes estudados este era o que apresentava valores iniciais mais elevados para qualquer um destes parâmetros. As melhores percentagens de remoção obtidas com o HC, para a CQO, fósforo total e turvação foram de 59%, 99% e 91%, respectivamente, com uma dosagem de HC de 1 g/L e com um pH entre 10 e 11,5 foram conseguidas no tratamento do efluente D, com o qual se alcançaram também as melhores remoções de CQO, fósforo total e turvação de 65%, 99% e 87%, respectivamente, quando se utilizou o coagulante SA, com uma dosagem de 2 g/L e com um pH entre 7 e 7,5. Relativamente ao volume de lamas produzido neste processo pela utilização dos diferentes coagulantes no tratamento dos efluentes referidos concluiu-se que o coagulante que gera menor volume de lamas é o HC, sendo o SA aquele que origina um maior volume. Submeteu-se posteriormente o efluente D, pré-tratado por coagulação/floculação, a um processo de adsorção em batch utilizando o CAG Aquasorb 2000, onde se conseguiu uma remoção de CQO de 48%, alcançando para este parâmetro o valor de 63 mg O2/L, nas condições operatórias que correspondem a uma massa de CAG de 12,5 g/L e um tempo de contacto de 3 horas. Quanto aos custos associados com os coagulantes, o que menores custos apresenta é o HC (150 €/ton), seguido pelo TF (250 €/ton) e por ultimo o SA (340 €/ton). Sendo que o efluente quando tratado com TF e SA é necessário uma correcção do pH do meio para que estes coagulantes actuem eficazmente, em que essa correcção de pH é realizada com hidróxido de sódio (540 €/ton). Realizaram-se ainda estudos de equilíbrio de adsorção com o carvão activado referido e o azul-de-metileno usando diferentes concentrações deste (50 mg/L; 100 mg/L e 200 mg/L) e diferentes massas de CAG (0,1g; 0,2g; 0,3g; 0,4g e 0,5g). A temperatura a que se realizaram estes ensaios foi de 28,7ºC e o volume de azul-de-metileno foi de 200 mL. Verificou-se que os melhores resultados obtidos foram para uma concentração de adsorvato de 100 mg/L. Ajustaram-se os modelos de Langmuir e Freundlich às isotérmicas obtidas tendo correlações mais elevadas para a concentração de 100 mg/L de corante (azul de metileno), sendo o modelo de Freundlich aquele que melhor se ajustou apresentando uma correlação quadrática de 0,9744 e os seguintes parâmetros Kf = 6,59 e n = 5,33, enquanto que o de Langmuir apresentou uma correlação quadrática de 0,9583 e os seguintes parâmetros qmáx = 83,3 mg/g de adsorvente e K = 20 L/mg de adsorvato.. Verificou-se que a capacidade de adsorção promovida pelo CAG, em relação ao azul-demetileno, obtida experimentalmente, 83,3 mg/g, é muito inferior à capacidade de adsorção teoricamente prevista pela ficha técnica deste carvão, 280 mg/g a uma temperatura de 25ºC, o que pode indiciar que o carvão utilizado não estaria nas melhores condições.

New recycling approaches for thermoset polymeric composite wastes – an experimental study on polyester based concrete materials filled with fibre reinforced plastic recyclates

In this study, a new waste management solution for thermoset glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP) based products was assessed. Mechanical recycling approach, with reduction of GFRP waste to powdered and fibrous materials was applied, and the prospective added-value of obtained recyclates was experimentally investigated as raw material for polyester based mortars. Different GFRP waste admixed mortar formulations were analyzed varying the content, between 4% up to 12% in weight, of GFRP powder and fibre mix waste. The effect of incorporation of a silane coupling agent was also assessed. Design of experiments and data treatment was accomplished through implementation of full factorial design and analysis of variance ANOVA. Added value of potential recycling solution was assessed by means of flexural and compressive loading capacity of GFRP waste admixed mortars with regard to unmodified polymer mortars. The key findings of this study showed a viable technological option for improving the quality of polyester based mortars and highlight a potential cost-effective waste management solution for thermoset composite materials in the production of sustainable concrete-polymer based products.

Experimental coccidioidomycosis in the immunosuppressed rat

C. immitis inoculated rats are known to develop infection restricted to lung whereas cyclophosphamide (CY) treatment leads to widespread dissemination with considerable mortality. In this study, an attempt was made to elucidate the mechanisms involved in such behaviour. With this aim, spleen cells were transferred from infected CY-treated to infected untreated rats, achieving significant specific inhibition in footpad swelling to coccidioidin in recipients, attributable to a suppressor T cell subpopulation induced by greater fungal antigen concentration arising from widespread C. immitis dissemination in immunosuppressed animals. NK activity proved similar regardless of CY treatment. Lastly, chronically infected rats presented increased colony forming units count after several weekly doses of CY, as happens in immunosuppressed patients harbouring a previous infection.

An uncertainty and sensitivity analysis applied to the prioritisation of pharmaceuticals as surface water contaminants from wastewater treatment plant direct emissions

In this study, the concentration probability distributions of 82 pharmaceutical compounds detected in the effluents of 179 European wastewater treatment plants were computed and inserted into a multimedia fate model. The comparative ecotoxicological impact of the direct emission of these compounds from wastewater treatment plants on freshwater ecosystems, based on a potentially affected fraction (PAF) of species approach, was assessed to rank compounds based on priority. As many pharmaceuticals are acids or bases, the multimedia fate model accounts for regressions to estimate pH-dependent fate parameters. An uncertainty analysis was performed by means of Monte Carlo analysis, which included the uncertainty of fate and ecotoxicity model input variables, as well as the spatial variability of landscape characteristics on the European continental scale. Several pharmaceutical compounds were identified as being of greatest concern, including 7 analgesics/anti-inflammatories, 3 β-blockers, 3 psychiatric drugs, and 1 each of 6 other therapeutic classes. The fate and impact modelling relied extensively on estimated data, given that most of these compounds have little or no experimental fate or ecotoxicity data available, as well as a limited reported occurrence in effluents. The contribution of estimated model input variables to the variance of freshwater ecotoxicity impact, as well as the lack of experimental abiotic degradation data for most compounds, helped in establishing priorities for further testing. Generally, the effluent concentration and the ecotoxicity effect factor were the model input variables with the most significant effect on the uncertainty of output results.

Neostigmine in the treatment of snake accidents caused by Micrurus frontalis: report of two cases

Antivenom in order to be effective in the treatment of coral snake accidents must be injected very soon after the bite owing to the rapid rate of absorption of the venom neurotoxins. As this is not always possible, other forms of treatment besides serotherapy must be employed to avoid asphyxia and death. Neostigmine and artificial respiration are used for this purpose. Neostigmine restores neuromuscular transmission if the venom-induced blockade results from a reversible interaction of its neurotoxins with the end-plate receptors. This is the mechanism of the neuromuscular blockade produced by the venom of M. frontalis snakes from centereastern and southern Brazil, and Argentine. Neostigmine is able, therefore, to antagonize the blockade, and has been shown to be very effective in the treatment of the experimental envenomation of dogs and monkeys. In the present communication, two cases of M. frontalis accidents treated with antivenom and neostigmine are reported. In both, neostigmine was successful in producing regression of the paralysis, confirming the effectiveness shown in the treatment of the poisoning induced in animals by M. frontalis venom.

Effects of non-specific immunopotentiators in experimental Schistosoma mansoni infection: II. Corynebacterium parvum

The effects of Corynebacterium parvum on host protection, tissue reaction and "in vivo" chemotaxis in Schistosoma mansoni infected mice were studied. The C. parvum was given intraperitoneally using a dose of 0.7 mg, twice a week (for 4 weeks), thirty days before (prophylactic treatment) or after infection (curative treatment). The host protection was evaluated through the recovery of adult worms by liver perfusion and was lower in the prophylactic group as compared to the control group (p = 0.018), resulting in 44% protection. The "in vivo" leukocyte response in both prophylactic and curative groups was higher as compared to the infected/non treated group (p = 0.009 and p = 0.003, respectively). Tissue reactions were described in the experimental and control groups, but there were not remarkable differences among them. The possible biological implications and relevance of the findings for the defensive response of the host and control of schistosomiasis are discussed.

IMMUNOSTIMULATION AS ADJUVANT FOR THE CHEMOTHERAPY OF EXPERIMENTAL SCHISTOSOMIASIS

Immunosuppressed animals respond poorly to schistosomal chemotherapy and that a proper response can be restored by the administration of immune serum. Present study attempts to search whether immunological stimulation would increase drug effectiveness. Swiss mice infected with 50 S. mansoni cercariae were later treated with complete Freund's adjuvant. Treatment with oxaminiquine was made with 100 mg/kg.b.w., 25 mg/kg.b.w. and 50 mg/kg/b.w., the last two doses representing a fourth and a half of the recommended curative dose. Appropriate controls for the drug, the adjuvant and the infection were also studied. The serum-level of ant-S. mansoni antibodies (ELISA) and recovery of worms by perfusion of the portal vein system were the evaluated parameters. Statistical analysis of the results failed to reveal significant differences in worm recovery between adjuvant-stimulated animals treated with oxamniquine and any of the treated controls receiving the same amount of the drug. Although total lack of immunity interferes with curative treament the usual immune response seems to be sufficient to allow for curative drug action in schistosomiasis and thus apparently does not need to be artificially stimulated

Modelling of the kinetics of municipal solid waste composting in full-scale mechanical-biological treatment plants

A thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Sanitary Engineering in the Faculty of Sciences and Technology of the New University of Lisbon

Drug trials for treatment of human angiostrongyliasis

Abdominal and cerebral angiostrongyliasis are two important infections produced by metastrongylid worms, the former occurring in Central and South America and the later in Asia and Pacific Islands. Drug treatment is a challenge since the worms and its evolving larvae live or migrate inside vessels and efficient killing of the parasites may produce more severe lesions. Larvicidal effect of certain drugs appears to be more easily accomplished but this outcome is not useful in abdominal angiostrongyliasis since clinical manifestations appear to result from sexual maturation of the worms. We review the drug trials in murine experimental models and conclude that most of them could not be considered good candidates for treatment of human infection, except for PF1022A, pyrantel and flubendazole.

The effect of water inorganic matrix in ibuprofen adsorption onto activated carbon for water and wastewater treatment

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Experimental studies on Trypanosoma (Schizotrypanum) cruzi strains isolated from man, from animals and from triatomine bugs in Brazil

A study on nine strains of T. cruzi isolated from man, from animais and from triatomine bugs in Brazil are described. The parasites were slightly viscerotropic in white mice in six of the strains, highly viscerotropic and cardiotropic in two strains, and asymptomatic on one strain. Mechanical and cyclical passage from infected to healthy mice, and treatment of the infected mice with immunosuppressant drug, did not increase the blood parasitaemia or strain virulence. The results of biometric studies on the blood trypanosomes from each strain are also described. The various aspects on the importance of T. cruzi strain Identification are emphasized and discussed.