Renal Transplantation in HIV-Infected Patients: The First Portuguese Review

INTRODUCTION: With the introduction of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), prognosis of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has been improved and kidney transplantation (KT) in HIV-positive patients became possible. METHODS: We reviewed the demographic, clinical, laboratory, and therapeutic data of all the HIV-infected patients who underwent KT between 2009 (first KT in Portugal in a HIV-infected patient) and May 2014. Case accrual was through all Portuguese KT centers where a KT in an HIV-infected patient was performed. Patients were transplanted following the American and Spanish guideline recommendations that included maintenance on cART, undetectable plasma HIV RNA copies, and absolute CD4 counts of ≥ 200 cells/μL in the last 6 months. RESULTS: Fourteen KT were performed on men and 3 on women. The mean age of patients at the time of transplantation was 49.9 ± 11.7 years. HIV status was known for 12 ± 5 years. Eight patients had AIDS in the past and all patients received grafts from deceased donors. Twelve patients (64.7%) underwent induction therapy with basiliximab and 2 patients experienced early graft loss. In 2 patients, humoral rejection was diagnosed and in 3 patients, cellular rejection. Two patients died and an additional patient had early graft loss. CONCLUSION: KT is a possible, but challenging, renal replacement therapy in selected HIV-positive patients. Even in those with AIDS criteria in the past, when the disease is controlled, and after the reconstitution of the immune system with cART, KT can be performed. Nevertheless, the risk-benefit ratio for each patient needs to be taken in consideration.

Differences in Nevirapine Biotransformation as a Factor for its Sex-Dependent Dimorphic Profile of Adverse Drug Reactions

OBJECTIVES: Nevirapine is widely used for the treatment of HIV-1 infection; however, its chronic use has been associated with severe liver and skin toxicity. Women are at increased risk for these toxic events, but the reasons for the sex-related differences are unclear. Disparities in the biotransformation of nevirapine and the generation of toxic metabolites between men and women might be the underlying cause. The present work aimed to explore sex differences in nevirapine biotransformation as a potential factor in nevirapine-induced toxicity. METHODS: All included subjects were adults who had been receiving 400 mg of nevirapine once daily for at least 1 month. Blood samples were collected and the levels of nevirapine and its phase I metabolites were quantified by HPLC. Anthropometric and clinical data, and nevirapine metabolite profiles, were assessed for sex-related differences. RESULTS: A total of 52 patients were included (63% were men). Body weight was lower in women (P = 0.028) and female sex was associated with higher alkaline phosphatase (P = 0.036) and lactate dehydrogenase (P = 0.037) levels. The plasma concentrations of nevirapine (P = 0.030) and the metabolite 3-hydroxy-nevirapine (P = 0.035), as well as the proportions of the metabolites 12-hydroxy-nevirapine (P = 0.037) and 3-hydroxy-nevirapine (P = 0.001), were higher in women, when adjusted for body weight. CONCLUSIONS: There was a sex-dependent variation in nevirapine biotransformation, particularly in the generation of the 12-hydroxy-nevirapine and 3-hydroxy-nevirapine metabolites. These data are consistent with the sex-dependent formation of toxic reactive metabolites, which may contribute to the sex-dependent dimorphic profile of nevirapine toxicity.

HPV : devem os rapazes ser vacinados?

RESUMO - A infecção por Vírus do Papiloma Humano (Human Papillomavirus - HPV) é uma das doenças de transmissão sexual mais frequentes em todo o mundo. A descoberta de que esta infecção é responsável pelo carcinoma do colo do útero impulsionou o desenvolvimento de vacinas contra o HPV. Em Portugal, a vacina tetravalente contra o HPV faz parte do Plano Nacional de Vacinação, sendo administrada apenas a raparigas aos 13 anos de idade como medida profiláctica do carcinoma do colo do útero. Nos Estados Unidos da América, em Dezembro de 2010, a Food and Drugs Administration (FDA) aprovou o uso da vacina tetravalente na prevenção de lesões pré-cancerígenas e cancerígenas do ânus, tanto em rapazes como em raparigas, dos 9 aos 26 anos. A 25 de Outubro de 2011, o Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recomendou que todos os rapazes de 11 e 12 anos sejam vacinados contra o HPV com a vacina tetravalente. Partindo desta realidade, o que se pretende com o presente trabalho é compilar evidência científica suficiente que permita ponderar mais aprofundadamente acerca das implicações, a partir de dados epidemiológicos e económicos, de se vacinar ou não os rapazes contra o HPV em Portugal. Em primeiro lugar recolheu-se evidência científica acerca da relação entre a infecção por HPV e o desenvolvimento de carcinomas de diversas regiões anatómicas. Em segundo lugar compilaram-se dados epidemiológicos sobre a incidência e sobrevivência associada aos diferentes tipos de tumores potencialmente associados à infecção por HPV, dando especial ênfase à realidade portuguesa. Em terceiro lugar enquadrou-se sucintamente a história da vacinação contra o HPV em Portugal e as vacinas existentes para prevenir esta infecção. Em quarto lugar foram revistos estudos de avaliação económica da vacinação contra o HPV quer em mulheres quer em homens, após uma introdução ao conceito de avaliação económica do medicamento. Em quinto lugar, foi feita uma estimativa dos custos com a vacinação dos rapazes contra o HPV durante os próximos 20 anos. Por último, procurou-se reflectir acerca das implicações de se alargar ou não a vacinação contra o HPV aos rapazes em Portugal.

Development of chitosan-based microparticles for pulmonary drug delivery

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Bioquímica

Nevirapine in an animal model of pre-diabetes: study of drug pharmacokinetic and its effects on fasting glycemia and insulin resistance

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Biotecnologia

Monitoring antibiotics in the environment. Study of Quinoxaline derivatives bioactivity

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Doutor em Química Sustentável

Programas de cuidados integrados para pessoas com esquizofrenia ou perturbação esquizoafetiva : estudo sobre a exequibilidade, implementação e resultados de um programa de cuidados integrados para pessoas com esquizofrenia ou perturbação esquizoafectiva em Portugal

RESUMO: De acordo com o estado da arte, existem intervenções psicofarmacológicas, psicológicas e psicossocias, com evidência científica dos seus resultados, no tratamento de pessoas com esquizofrenia e perturbação esquizoafectiva. No entanto, muitos destes doentes, não procuram ajuda dos serviços de saúde mental, não recebem os referidos cuidados ou não são detectados nem seguidos por estes. Esta realidade levou ao desenvolvimento de programas integrados, intervenções e estudos mais específicos, nomeadamente para tentar ultrapassar os obstáculos na acessibilidade aos cuidados de saúde e na continuidade de seguimento destes doentes. No conjunto das dificuldades apuradas, as questões da exequibilidade (feasibility) e da implementação, têm tido particular relevo na literatura científica recente, bem como a melhor forma de vencer as respectivas barreiras e adaptar essas intervenções às varias realidades, culturas e recursos. Objectivos: Objectivos gerais:1) Avaliar a exequibilidade e a implementação inicial de um programa de cuidados integrados, para pessoas com esquizofrenia ou perturbação esquizoafectiva, no contexto clínico das equipas de saúde mental comunitárias de um departamento de psiquiatria do Serviço Nacional de Saúde, em Portugal, com os recursos materiais e humanos existentes; 2) Avaliar o impacto deste programa, nestes doentes e na respectiva prestação de cuidados de saúde mental. Metodologia. Elaborámos um programa de cuidados integrados (Programa Integrar) com base no modelo clínico de case management, com seguimento mantido e integrado. Cada doente passou a ter um terapeuta de referência, um plano individual de cuidados e manteve o seguimento com o seu psiquiatra assistente. Foram seleccionadas intervenções, nomeadamente, psicoeducativas, familiares, estratégias para lidar com os sintomas e a doença, prevenção de recaídas e intervenções para melhorar o funcionamento social e ocupacional. A estas intervenções foi sempre associado o tratamento psicofarmacológico. O estudo delineado incluiu dois componentes: avaliação da exequibilidade e implementação inicial do programa de cuidados integrados (componente A) e avaliação do impacto deste programa (componente B), através de um estudo de intervenção, prospectivo, naturalista, não aleatorizado e não ontrolado. A amostra do estudo resultou das sucessivas referenciações, para o Programa Integrar, de pessoas com os diagnósticos de esquizofrenia ou perturbação esquizoafectiva, seguidas nas cinco equipas de saúde mental comunitárias do Departamento de Psiquiatria do Centro Hospitalar de Lisboa Ocidental, com uma área assistencial correspondente a uma população de, aproximadamente, 400 000 pessoas. Definimos etapas, estratégias, parâmetros e indicadores para o estudo da exequibilidade do programa. Efectuámos a monitorização e a avaliação de tarefas, procedimentos e intervenções recomendadas aos terapeutas de referência. Realizámos duas avaliações, uma no início do programa e outra após um ano de intervenção. Foram avaliadas as seguintes dimensões (com indicação do acrónimo do instrumento de avaliação utilizado entre parêntesis): psicopatologia (BPRS), depressão (MADRS), necessidades (CAN), incapacidade (DAS), actividade social e ocupacional (SOFAS), atitude em relação à medicação (DAI), insight (SAI), qualidade de vida (WHOQOL-S) e satisfação (POCS). Resultados: Dos 146 doentes que foram incluídos no estudo, 97 (66%) eram do sexo masculino e 49 (34%) do sexo feminino, com uma idade média de 36 anos. Destes oentes,116 (79,4%)tinham o diagnóstico (ICD10) de esquizofrenia e 30 (20,6%) de perturbação esquizoafectiva. Os restantes dados sociodemográficos eram típicos de populações afins em serviços de saúde mental nacionais. Do total de doentes (146) que iniciaram o estudo, 26 (18%) abandonaram o seguimento neste programa. Para o componente A da investigação (estudo de exequibilidade) salientamos: exerceram funções a totalidade (15) dos terapeutas de referência que receberam formação, 76 % efectuaram o número mínimo recomendado de sessões / ano por doente (≥18), 44,9 fizeram o número mínimo de sessões familiares pretendido (≥ 3). Nas intervenções mais específicas foram atingidos os objectivos em mais de 75% dos doentes, à excepção das intervenções domiciliárias (19,4%), prevenção do abuso de substâncias (45,4%) e do risco de suicídio (34,3%). O plano individual de cuidados foi realizado em 98 % dos doentes e em 38,9 % dos casos ocorreu a participação da família. Neste plano, a média de objectivos definidos foi de 5 e a média de objectivos atingidos correspondeu a 3 (p= 0,001). Na primeira avaliação, estavam a frequentar estruturas de reabilitação psicossocial 42 doentes (28,8%) e,12 meses após, esse número passou para 80 (74,1%).Também aumentou o número de doentes com actividade profissional a tempo completo, de 8 (7,4%) para 18 (16,7%). No componente B do estudo (avaliação do impacto do programa), em termos de psicopatologia, e para as pontuações médias globais do BPRS, ocorreu uma diminuição entre a primeira e a segunda avaliação (p=0,001), tal como nas subescalas: sintomas positivos (p=0,003), sintomas negativos (p=0,002), sintomas de mania (p=0,002) e sintomas de depressão/ansiedade (p=0,001). Na avaliação da depressão (p= 0,001) e da incapacidade (p=0,003), as diferenças foram significativas e favoráveis. O mesmo não sucedeu na atitude em relação à medicação (p=0,690) nem na escala de avaliação do insight (p=0,079). Em relação ao funcionamento social e ocupacional, qualidade de vida e satisfação dos doentes, ocorreu uma melhoria significativa da primeira para a segunda avaliação As necessidades sem resposta mais frequentes, na primeira avaliação, corresponderam aos itens: actividades diárias, contactos sociais, relações íntimas, relacionamento sexual, benefícios sociais, sintomas psicóticos, sofrimento psicológico, informação sobre a doença / tratamento e gestão/problemas de dinheiro. Para todos estes últimos nove itens, verificou-se uma diferença estatisticamente significativa, entre a primeira e a segunda avaliação, com diminuição destas necessidades, excepto nas relações íntimas, relacionamento sexual e nos problemas de dinheiro. Na distribuição dos três estados de necessidades, para todos os itens, diminuíram as necessidades sem resposta e as necessidades com resposta parcial e aumentaram as situações em que deixaram de se verificar necessidades relevantes. Dos resultados obtidos para outros indicadores clínicos e de utilização dos cuidados, será importante referir que na comparação do ano anterior com o ano em que decorreu o programa, o número de doentes da amostra internados diminuiu 64,1%, bem como a média do número de internamentos (p=0,001). Em relação à duração dos internamentos, no ano anterior ao programa, os 39 doentes internados, tiveram um total de dias de internamento de 1522, sendo que, no ano do programa, para os 14 doentes internados, o total foi de 523 dias. Em termos absolutos, ocorreu uma redução de 999 dias (menos 65,6% dias). Também se verificou uma diminuição de 45,6 % de recaídas (p=0,001).Discussão e conclusões A exequibilidade do programa de cuidados integrados permitiu a aplicação do modelo clínico de case management, com seguimento mantido e integrado, através do qual cada doente passou a ter um terapeuta de referência assim como, em 98% casos, um plano individual de cuidados. As famílias continuaram a ser o principal suporte para os doentes, mas surgiram dificuldades quando se pretendeu uma participação mais activa destas no tratamento.A diminuição do número e da duração dos internamentos constituíram importantes resultados com implicações não só em termos clínicos mas também económicos. Os valores obtidos, para as diferentes variáveis, também sugerem o impacto favorável do Programa Integrar a nível da psicopatologia, das necessidades, da incapacidade, do funcionamento social e ocupacional, da qualidade de vida e da satisfação dos doentes. O mesmo não sucedeu para o insight e para a mudança de atitudes dos doentes em relação à medicação, resultados que devem ser igualmente considerados em futuros reajustamentos deste programa ou no desenvolvimento de novos programas. Como principais conclusões podemos referir que: 1) Foi possível a exequibilidade de um programa de cuidados integrados inovador e a implementação inicial desse programa, para doentes com esquizofrenia ou perturbação esquizoafectiva, com os recursos humanos e materiais existentes, no contexto clínico das equipas de saúde mental comunitárias, de um departamento de psiquiatria e saúde mental, em Portugal; 2) Na avaliação do impacto do programa, os resultados obtidos indiciam potencialidades de aplicação, deste programa de cuidados integrados, com vista à melhoria clínica e psicossocial destes doentes. Devem ser realizados estudos de replicação, ou complementares à presente investigação, no entanto, os dados obtidos são encorajadores para o desenvolvimento de programas similares, a nível nacional e internacional, que possam beneficiar um grupo mais alargado de doentes.------------ABSTRACT: Although there are psychological and psychosocial interventions well supported by scientific evidence, which show benefit when combined with psychopharmacological treatments, we know that a significant number of people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorders, do not seek help from mental health services, do not receive the care mentioned and are not detected or followed-up by them. This reality led to the development of integrated programs, interventions and more specific studies, to try to overcome the obstacles in the accessibility to the health services and on the follow-up of these patients. Amongst the barriers identified, feasibility and implementation of those programs have been of special relevance in recent scientific literature, as well as the best way to overcome such difficulties and adapt the interventions to the various realities, cultures and resources. Objectives: General objectives were defined: 1) Assessment of the feasibility and initial implementation of an integrated care program, for people with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, in the clinical setting of community mental health teams, in a psychiatric department from the national health service in Portugal; 2) Impact evaluation of the integrated care program, for these patients and their mental health care delivery. Methods: We drew up an integrated care program (Program Integrar) based on the clinical case management model, with continuous and integrated follow-up. Each patient got one case manager, an individual care plan and kept the same psychiatrist. Were selected the appropriated interventions, namely: psycho-educative, family-based interventions, strategies for dealing with the symptoms and the disorder, relapse prevention and interventions to improve social and occupational functioning. These interventions were always associated with psychopharmacological treatment. The investigation was outline with two parts: assessment of the feasibility and initial implementation of the Program Integrar (part A of the study) and impact evaluation of the program (part B of the study). We designed a naturalistic, prospective, intervention study, non-randomized and without control group. Our chosen sample was made with successive referrals of patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, followedup in one of the five community mental health teams of the Psychiatric Department of Centro Hospitalar Lisboa Ocidental, with a catchment area for a population of about 400 000 people. Different stages, strategies, criteria and indicators for studying the feasibility of the program and its implementation were set and the tasks, procedures and recommended interventions of the case managers were monitored and evaluated. We did two assessments with an interval of one year and we evaluated the following dimensions (the acronym of the assessment instrument used in brackets): psychopathology (BPRS), depression (MADRS), needs (CAN), disability (DAS), social and occupational functioning (SOFAS), attitude toward medication (DAI), insight (SAI), quality of life (WHOQOL-S) and satisfaction (POCS). Results: Of the 146 patients who started the study, 97 (66%) were male and 49 (34%) females with a mean age of 36 years. Of these, 116 (79,4%) were diagnosed (ICD10) with schizophrenia and 30 (20,6%) with schizoaffective disorder. The other socio-demographic data were typical of populations within Portuguese mental health services. Of all patients (146), who started the program, 26 (18%) of patients left the program (program dropout rate). Of the regarding part A of the study, which focused on feasibility, the following is of note: all professionals who had been trained for this purpose (15) acted as case manager, 76% did the recommended minimum number of sessions / year per patient (≥18) and 44,9% did the minimum number of family sessions desired (≥ 3). For the more specific interventions the parameters set out were met for more than 75% of patients, with the exception of domiciliar interventions (19.4%), prevention of substance abuse (45.4%) and suicide risk prevention(34.3%). The individual care plan was done for 98% of patients and in 38,9% of cases this involved family participation. For this plan the mean objectives defined were 5 and in average was achieved 3 (p=0,001). On the first assessment, 42 patients (28.8%) were attending psychosocial rehabilitation structures and 12 months later that number rose up to 80 (74,1%). Regarding their employment status, in the first assessment 8 (7,4%) were in full time employment and in the second evaluation the number rise to 18 (16,7%). For part B of the study (impact program evaluation), in terms of psychopathology, global mean scores for the BPRS, decreased (p=0,001), as did the four sub scales: positive symptoms (p=0,003); negative symptoms (p=0,002); manic symptoms (p=0,002) and symptoms of depression/anxiety (p=0,001). Both in the evaluation of depression (p=0,001), as in the assessment of disability (p=0,003), the differences were significant. However, this was not the case with attitudes towards medication (p=0,690) and with insight evaluation (p=0,079). In relation to social and occupational functioning, quality of life and patient satisfaction there was a statistically significant improvement from the first to the second assessment. The most commonly unmet needs in the first assessment were daily activities, social contacts, intimate relationships, sexual relations, social benefits, psychotic symptoms,psychological distress, information about the disorder / treatment and money problems money management. Of these, in the second assessment, all of those nine unmet needs showed significant improvement, excepted intimate relationships, sexual relations and Money problems / money management. In the distribution of the three states of needs for all items, it happened a decreased in unmet needs and partially met needs and increased in the situations where relevant needs were no longer found. For other clinical indicators it is important to note, when we compared the year prior to this program and the year after, there were fewer hospitalizations (reduction of 64,1% of admissions) and in the mean number of admissions (p=0,001). Regarding the length of hospitalization in the year prior to the program, the 39 patients admitted had a total of 1522 hospital days, and in the year of the program for the 14 hospitalized patients, the total was 523 days. In absolute terms, there was a reduction of 999 days (65,6%). There was also a 45,6% reduction of relapses (p = 0,001). Discussion and Conclusions: The feasibility of the integrated care program allowed the application of the clinical case management model, with continuous follow-up. Each patient got a case manager and in 98% of the cases they also got an individual plan of care. Families continued to be the main support for patients but, difficulties occurred when it was claimed a more active participation. The decrease in the number and duration of admissions were important findings with implications not only in clinical terms but also in economic field. The achieved results for the different variables can also indicate the favorable impact of this program, at the level of psychopathology, needs, disability, social and occupationa functioning, quality of life and patient satisfaction. The same did not happen for the evaluation of insight and in the changes of attitudes towards medication. These data should also be considered for future readjustments of this program and for the developing of new programs.Finally, the two-overview conclusions are: 1) It was possible the feasibility of an integrated care program and initial implementation of this innovative program, for patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder, with the human and material resources available in the clinical context of the community mental health teams, in a psychiatry and mental health department of the national health service in Portugal; 2) In assessing the impact of the program, the results suggest potential application of this integrated care program, to improve clinical state and psychosocial variables for these patients. There should be done studies to replicate these results, however the results obtained are promising for the development of similar programs at nationally and internationally level, that could benefit a wider group of patients.

Exploring motor neuron degeneration in ALS - prevention by glycoursodeoxycholic acid and signaling to microglia

Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Genética Molecular e Biomedicina

Immunotherapy, immunochemotherapy and chemotherapy for American cutaneous leishmaniasis treatment

The first choice of treatment for American cutaneous leishmaniasis is the pentavalent antimonial drug. Although it has been shown that this treatment is mostly effective and indicated, some disadvantages should be taken into account such as side effects, long term treatment inconveniences and counter-indication for patients suffering from cardiopathy, nephropathy; yet, aging, pregnancy and other conditions. With the advent of the vaccine anti-American cutaneous leishmaniasis as a prophylactic measure, studies on therapy using the vaccine associated or not with other drugs have been performed by many investigators and it is currently among the alternative treatments and prevention measures for American cutaneous leishmaniasis. In conclusion, the association between antimony and vaccine (immunochemotherapy) showed the same cure rate when compared with the standard treatment (100%) and it was also able to reduce the salt volume in 17.9% and treatment length from 87 to 62 days, decreasing side effects.

Analysis of molecular biology techniques for the diagnosis of human papillomavirus infection and cervical cancer prevention

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the usefulness of molecular methodologies to access human papillomavirus genome in the genital tract. Samples from 136 women aged 17 to 52 years old obtained from the Dr. Sérgio Franco Laboratories between 2000 and 2001, were analyzed by the hybrid capture assay and amplified by PCR with generic primers MY09/MY11 and specific primers for types 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 58. Viral genome was detected in 71.3% of the samples by hybrid capture and 75% by amplification. When cytopathology was used as a reference method for screening lesions, hybrid capture (p=0) and amplification (p=0.002) presented positive association. The 3 methods showed absolute agreement when cytopathology confirmed papillomavirus infection and high grade intraepithelial lesion. Disagreements occurred for 10 cases: seven inflammatory cases positive by PCR and negative for hybrid capture and 3 low squamous intraepithelial lesions positive for hybrid capture but negative for amplification. In conclusion, hybrid capture was shown to be sensitive and specific enough for use in clinical routines. Moreover, the evaluation of viral load values obtained by this method were shown to be related to the severity of the lesion and merit further studies to analyze the possible association with risk of progression to malignancy.

Low prevalence of hepatitis B virus, hepatitis D virus and hepatitis C virus among patients with human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the Brazilian Amazon basin

Comorbidities in human immunodeficiency virus infection are of great interest due to their association with unfavorable outcomes and failure of antiretroviral therapy. This study evaluated the prevalence of coinfection by human immunodeficiency virus and viral hepatitis in an endemic area for hepatitis B in the Western Amazon basin. Serological markers for hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus and hepatitis D virus were tested in a consecutive sample of all patients referred for treatment of human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The variables sex, age, origin and exposure category were obtained from medical records and from the sexually transmitted diseases and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome surveillance database. Among 704 subjects, the prevalence of chronic hepatitis B carriage was 6.4% and past infection 40.2%. The presence of hepatitis B was associated with birth in hyperendemic areas of the Amazon basin, male sex and illegal drug use. The overall prevalence of hepatitis C was 5% and was associated with illegal drug use. The prevalence of hepatitis B and C among human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients in the Western Amazon basin was lower than seen elsewhere and is probably associated with the local epidemiology of these viruses and the degree of overlap of their shared risk factors. An opportunity presents itself to evaluate the prevention of hepatitis C through harm reduction policies and hepatitis B through vaccination programs among human immunodeficiency virus or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome patients.

Risky behavior regarding drug use and HIV infection: an Internet questionnaire coupled with short education texts for Portuguese speakers

Surveys of risky behavior relating to HIV/AIDS are generally made for groups at risk of infection, for which HIV/AIDS prevalence is usually expected to be higher than in the general population. Therefore, an educational homepage in Portuguese was created on the Internet to inform/ask internauts regarding knowledge and behavior. The internauts were classified as adolescents (13 to 25 years) and adults (>25 years). The number of STDs was reported as 1. 8 ± 2. 6 infections (range: 1 to 20 infections); 43% used condoms during sexual intercourse. Alcohol consumption was reported by 63% and illicit drug use by 32% (marijuana 24% and inhalants 15%). Among the adolescents, 31% did not classified alcohol as a drug. The adults more frequently reported homosexuality, anal intercourse and STDs, although the adolescents also presented high rates of risky behavior. These results show the need to reach out to internauts through better control strategies. Different types of strategies must be encouraged, in order to reach people that use this means of communication and entertainment.

Insights into the epidemiology of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and closely-related streptococci in the era of conjugate vaccines

In Portugal, the introduction of the seven-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) has led to significant changes in the population structure of Streptococcus pneumoniae. However, the levels of antimicrobial resistance have not decreased and have been a matter of concern. (...)

Etiological treatment of young women infected with Trypanosoma cruzi, and prevention of congenital transmission

The objective was to detect Trypanosoma cruzi infection in 32 children in Salta, Argentina, born to 16 chronically infected young women who were treated with benznidazole. Tests were performed to assess the efficacy of treatment after 14 years. At the end of the follow up, 87.5% of the women were non-reactive to EIA tests, 62.5% to IHA and 43.8% to IFA. 62.5% of the women were non-reactive according to two or three serological tests. No infected children were detected among the newborns of mothers treated before their pregnancy.