Tab.1: Tabulation of pinguin population within the Antarctic Peninsula region

Six species of penguins breed on the Antarctic continent, the Antarctic Peninsula, the South Shetland and South Orkney Islands. Their breeding populations within the Antarctic Peninsula, and the South Orkney and South Shetland Is., and estimates of global populations are given. Typical breeding seasons are also presented, but it must be noted that these will vary inter-annually and intra-annually under the influence of factors such as sea-ice extent and ENSO (interannual) and the location of each breeding colony (southerly localities will be later than northerly localities, as their breeding season is "compressed" within the shorter summer). Their foraging strategies (categorized as near-shore or offshore) and typical durations of foraging trips are also tabulated. As with breeding season events, foraging behaviour will vary intra-seasonally and inter-seasonally (in terms of dive duration, dive depth, foraging location, etc). The distribution of known penguin breeding colonies is circum-continental, with Emperor and Adelie penguins predominant on approximately 75 % of the coast, with two major concentrations in the Ross Sea and in Prydz Bay. The third concentration is in the Antarctic Peninsula region, where some of the largest penguin colonies are present. All six species breed within the area (predominantly Chinstrap Penguins), and the Peninsula region has a greater diversity than the remainder ofthe Antarctic with respect to penguins. The distribution at sea of nonbreeding penguins is less cIear. Non-breeding individuals of all six species move throughout the Southern Ocean, and in many cases, to areas well north of the winter pack-ice zone. However, it is not possible to estimate densities of penguins at sea as there are no estimates of non-breeding penguin populations the extent of their travels.

Stable carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of Miocene to Recent foraminifera from the Rio Grande Rise, South Atlantic

Miocene to Recent species of planktic foraminifera in the Globorotalia (Globoconella) lineage evolved entirely within the thermocline. All species are most abundant within subtropical-temperate watermasses throughout their history. The near stasis in distribution within the thermocline and the subtropical convergence suggests the major morphological changes in Globorotalia (Globoconella) may have occurred through habitat subdivision rather than by vicariant shifts into new watermasses. At the Rio Grande Rise, in the South Atlantic, modern G. inflata is 0.66-0.84? more positive for delta18O than the most enriched coexisting Globigerinoides sacculifer and probably grows in the mid thermocline deeper than 325 m. All extinct globoconellid species have mean delta18O ratios 0.5-0.8? more positive than Globigerinoides trilobus and G. sacculifer and probably lived within the thermocline as well. Major events in skeletal evolution are poorly correlated with changes in delta18O in this group. These include evolutionary transitions to compressed, smooth-walled tests and acquisition of keels. In addition, morphological reversals from the umbilically-inflated G. conomiozea to biconvex G. pliozea and to unkeeled G. puncticulata occur in the absence of changes in delta18O signature. Instead, the ranges of delta18O between different species almost completely overlap once corrected for temporal changes in delta18O of sea water. Foraminifera morphologies have been widely considered to evolve in response to changes in watermasses or depth habitats. However, the variety of skeletal shapes in the globoconellid lineage apparently are not adaptations to a progressive radiation from the surface mixed layer into deeper waters.

(Table 1) Calcium carbonate content of boulder clays sampled along the baltic coast of Schleswig-Holstein, Germany

The carbonate contents in the boulder clay ('Geschiebemergel') of abrasion cliffs were investigated along the Baltic coast of Schleswig-Holstein, northern West Germany. The calcareous boulder clay and stratified drift in the cliffs are interbedded with compressed thrust sheets of Cretaceous limestone, Tertiary Tarras clay, and Eemian clay. According to chemical analyses of 173 boulder clay samples, the amount of carbonate varies mostly between 6 and 17%. Owing to the small number of samples no definite conclusion could be drawn on the distribution of Danish Cretaceous limestones in the boulder clay, nor on the different directions of movement of Weichselian glaciers.

Total V9 rDNA information organized at the OTU level

The present data set provides a tab separated text file compressed in a zip archive. The file includes metadata for each TaraOceans V9 rDNA OTU including the following fields: md5sum = identifier of the representative (most abundant) sequence of the swarm; cid = identifier of the OTU; totab = total abundance of barcodes in this OTU; TARA_xxx = number of occurrences of barcodes in this OTU in each of the 334 samples;rtotab = total abundance of the representative barcode; pid = percentage identity of the representative barcode to the closest reference sequence from V9_PR2; lineage = taxonomic path assigned to the representative barcode ; refs = best hit reference sequence(s) with respect to the representative barcode ; taxogroup = high-taxonomic level assignation of the representative barcode. The file also includes three categories of functional annotations: (1) Chloroplast: yes, presence of permanent chloroplast; no, absence of permanent chloroplast ; NA, undetermined. (2) Symbiont (small partner): parasite, the species is a parasite; commensal, the species is a commensal; mutualist, the species is a mutualist symbiont, most often a microalgal taxon involved in photosymbiosis; no the species is not involved in a symbiosis as small partner; NA, undetermined. (3) Symbiont (host): photo, the host species relies on a mutualistic microalgal photosymbiont to survive (obligatory photosymbiosis); photo_falc, same as photo, but facultative relationship; photo_klep, the host species maintains chloroplasts from microalgal prey(s) to survive; photo_klep_falc, same as photo_klep, but facultative; Nfix, the host species must interact with a mutualistic symbiont providing N2 fixation to survive; Nfix_falc, same as Nfix, but facultative; no, the species is not involved in any mutualistic symbioses; NA, undetermined.

Pollen records of profile Krumbach from southern Germany

Some years ago a fossil lake basin was found in the northeastern part of the former Rhine-pied- mont-glacier, situated between the endmoraine system ofthe elassical Riß- andWürm glacia- tions, respectively. The lacustrine sediments contain the pollenflora ofthe Eemian interglacial. They are intensively thrusted. These sediments are eovered by a loam-layer, rieh in elasts. The thickness of this loam-layer varies between at least 170 and 400 cm. It consists in its major part of loess-loam and solifluction material. Yet just on top of the lake sediments mentioned an in- tensively compressed loam, characterized by quarzgrains with all features of glacially pressed material, together with striated elasts is met with. It strongly resembles atil!. Ifthis is true, the stratigraphie division ofthe last glaciation strongly deviates from the hitherto accepted scheme, incorporating an early glacier advance, long before the elassical young-endmoraine systems of the Würm glaciation were formed.

Relative abundances of stratigraphically useful planktonic foraminifers from ODP Leg 167 sites

Late Neogene biostratigraphy of planktonic foraminifers has been investigated from 13 sites cored during Ocean Drilling Program Leg 167 off the coast of California. The planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy of six of these sites is presented here at higher stratigraphic resolution for the interval that encompasses the late early Pliocene through the Quaternary (~3.5 Ma to present day). The sites form a transect along the California margin from 31°N to 41°N within the California Current system. A new planktonic foraminiferal zonation has been established largely on evolutionary changes within the Neogloboquadrina plexus, supported by other taxa. A total of eight zones are recognized, most of which are broadly applicable throughout the region, thus providing a biostratigraphic zonation of the sequence at ~0.5-m.y. intervals. The new zonation appears to be unique to the California Current system. The diversity of planktonic foraminiferal assemblages during the late Neogene appears to have remained relatively constant despite large-scale paleoclimatic change. The assemblages are consistently dominated by few taxa that almost always include the neogloboquadrinids and Globigerina bulloides. Low diversity and high dominance of the assemblages favored these and other taxa well adapted to upwelling systems exhibiting high seasonal surface ocean variability. Apparently the oceanographic conditions that favor such assemblages have persisted at least for the duration of the late Neogene (~3.5 Ma to present day). The biostratigraphically important forms have been illustrated with scanning electron micrographs.

Positron bunching and electrostatic transport system for the production and emission of dense positronium clouds into vacuum

We describe a system designed to re-bunch positron pulses delivered by an accumulator supplied by a positron source and a Surko-trap. Positron pulses from the accumulator are magnetically guided in a 0.085 T field and are injected into a region free of magnetic fields through a μ -metal field terminator. Here positrons are temporally compressed, electrostatically guided and accelerated towards a porous silicon target for the production and emission of positronium into vacuum. Positrons are focused in a spot of less than 4 mm FWTM in bunches of ∼8 ns FWHM. Emission of positronium into the vacuum is shown by single shot positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy.

Bloche-Maxwell treatment of amplification of high harmonic seed in soft x-ray laser amplifiers in both direct and chirped amplifications

Seeding plasma-based softx-raylaser (SXRL) demonstrated diffraction-limited, fully coherent in space and in time beam but with energy not exceeding 1 μJ per pulse. Quasi-steady-state (QSS) plasmas demonstrated to be able to store high amount of energy and then amplify incoherent SXRL up to several mJ. Using 1D time-dependant Bloch–Maxwell model including amplification of noise, we demonstrated that femtosecond HHG cannot be efficiently amplified in QSS plasmas. However, using Chirped Pulse Amplification concept on HHG seed allows to extract most of the stored energy, reaching up to 5 mJ in fully coherent pulses that can be compressed down to 130 fs.

Elastic (stress-strain) halo associated to ion-induced nano-tracks in lithium niobate: role of crystal anisotropy

The elastic strain/stress fields (halo) around a compressed amorphous nano-track (core) caused by a single high-energy ion impact on LiNbO3 are calculated. A method is developed to approximately account for the effects of crystal anisotropy of LiNbO3 (symmetry 3m) on the stress fields for tracks oriented along the crystal axes (X, Y or Z). It only considers the zero-order (axial) harmonic contribution to the displacement field in the perpendicular plane and uses effective Poisson moduli for each particular orientation. The anisotropy is relatively small; however, it accounts for some differential features obtained for irradiations along the crystallographic axes X, Y and Z. In particular, the irradiation-induced disorder (including halo) and the associated surface swelling appear to be higher for irradiations along the X- or Y-axis in comparison with those along the Z-axis. Other irradiation effects can be explained by the model, e.g. fracture patterns or the morphology of pores after chemical etching of tracks. Moreover, it offers interesting predictions on the effect of irradiation on lattice parameters

Equation of state for hot dense matter using a relativistic screened hydrogenic model

The study of matter under conditions of high density, pressure, and temperature is a valuable subject for inertial confinement fusion (ICF), astrophysical phenomena, high-power laser interaction with matter, etc. In all these cases, matter is heated and compressed by strong shocks to high pressures and temperatures, becomes partially or completely ionized via thermal or pressure ionization, and is in the form of dense plasma. The thermodynamics and the hydrodynamics of hot dense plasmas cannot be predicted without the knowledge of the equation of state (EOS) that describes how a material reacts to pressure and how much energy is involved. Therefore, the equation of state often takes the form of pressure and energy as functions of density and temperature. Furthermore, EOS data must be obtained in a timely manner in order to be useful as input in hydrodynamic codes. By this reason, the use of fast, robust and reasonably accurate atomic models, is necessary for computing the EOS of a material.

Análisis comparativo de procedimientos para la medición de las gemas y evaluación de su influencia en la determinación de las propiedades mecánicas de la madera de Pinus sylvestris L. de gran escuadría. Comparison of wanes measurement systems to evaluate their influence on the mechanical properties of large cross section timber of Pinus sylvestris L.

Las gemas se evalúan mediante la norma de clasificación visual (UNE 56544), pero su aplicación en estructuras existentes y grandes escuadrías resulta poco eficaz y conduce a estimaciones demasiado conservadoras. Este trabajo analiza la influencia de las gemas comparando la resistencia de piezas con gemas y piezas correctamente escuadradas. Se han analizado 218 piezas de pino silvestre con dimensiones nominales 150 x 200 x 4.200 mm, de las que 102 presentaban una gema completa a lo largo de toda su longitud y el resto estaban correctamente escuadradas. En las piezas con gema se ha medido la altura de la sección cada 30 cm (altura en cada cara y altura máxima). Para determinar la resistencia se han ensayado todas las piezas de acuerdo a la norma EN 408. Se ha comparado la resistencia obtenida para las piezas con gema, diferenciando si la gema se encuentra en el borde comprimido o en el borde traccionado, con las piezas escuadradas. Puede concluirse que la presencia de gemas disminuye la resistencia excepto si la gema se encuentra en el borde traccionado, en cuyo caso los resultados obtenidos han sido similares a los de las piezas escuadradas. The wanes on structural timber are evaluated according to the visual grading standard (UNE 56544), but its application on existing structures and large cross sections is ineffective and leads to conservative estimations. This paper analyzes the influence of the wanes by comparing the resistance of pieces with wanes and square pieces. 218 pieces of Scotch pine with nominal dimensions 150 x 200 x 4200 mm have been analyzed, 102 of them had a complete wane along its length and the rest were properly squared. The height of the cross section was measured every 30 cm (the height on each side and the maximum height) for the pieces with wane. The bending strength of all the pieces was obtained according to the EN 408 standard. The bending strength of the pieces with wane has been compared with the strength of the squared pieces, taking into account if the wane is positioned on the compressed edge or on the tensioned edge. It can be concluded that the bending strength of the pieces with wanes is lower than the one of squared pieces, except if the wanes are on the tensioned edge of the beam.

Durabilidad de los bloques de tierra comprimida : Evaluación y recomendaciones para la normalización de los ensayos de erosión y absorción

La presente tesis continúa una línea de investigación iniciada en el 2006, centrada en el estudio de nuevas soluciones constructivas que toman la tierra cruda como base. Se pretende la difusión de los resultados obtenidos con el fin de fomentar estas técnicas constructivas, como por ejemplo, los sistemas de eco-construcción. El empleo de tierra cruda como sistema constructivo presenta grandes ventajas; entre ellas, un bajo impacto medioambiental, la capacidad de integración en el paisaje y un menor consumo energético. Con el fin de superar los inconvenientes que presenta el empleo de la tierra como elemento constructivo y afianzar su valor como posible material para la edificación, se estudian las propiedades de durabilidad de la misma y se dan pautas para una posible normativa futura. Se ha llevado a cabo un análisis exhaustivo de las normativas internacionales, estudiando los ensayos propuestos por los diferentes Organismos Internacionales de Normalización para caracterizar la durabilidad de los materiales de tierra. Ante la gran diversidad y heterogeneidad de las especificaciones encontradas en los ensayos que se aplican para un mismo fin, se han desarrollado dispositivos lo suficientemente versátiles para la ejecución de los ensayos propuestos. El conjunto de ensayos desarrollados en esta tesis, ha permitido elaborar una guía de recomendaciones para ensayos aplicados a materiales de tierra cruda. Además, se han estudiado las diferencias de comportamiento de los bloques de tierra comprimidos (BTC) fabricados en España, evaluando su viabilidad como material de construcción. Esta tesis ayuda a consolidar el papel de la tierra cruda en el panorama de edificación actual, solventando las dudas de los técnicos en cuanto a la durabilidad frente al agua y ausencia de normativa. Por tanto, las conclusiones sobre ensayos de durabilidad en materiales de tierra y las mejoras propuestas en algunos ensayos, sirven de referencia para la determinación de la durabilidad en los materiales basados en tierra cruda. De igual manera, es también un objetivo de la tesis que los resultados obtenidos aporten una visión general del estado normativo de los materiales a base de tierra cruda e información útil a aportar para la elaboración de documentos reconocidos sobre tierra en nuestro país, concretamente, apoyando la labor de normalización llevada a cabo en el subcomité de AENOR. This thesis continues a research line begun in 2006, focused on the study of new building solutions based on unbaked earth. With the aim to promote these construction techniques, it seeks the diffusion of the result obtained, for example eco-building systems. The use of unbaked earth as building system has great advantages such as low environmental impact, integrate ability into the landscape and lower energy consumption. In order to overcome the disadvantages of the use of earth as a building element and consolidate its value as possible building material, it is studied the properties of its durability and it is given guidelines for possible future standard. It has carried out an exhaustive analysis of international standards, studying the tests proposed by several International Organizations of Standards in order to characterize the durability of earth materials. Because of the great diversity and heterogeneity of the specifications found in the tests that are applied for the same purpose, we have developed devices versatile enough for the implementation of the proposed tests. The set of developed tests in this thesis has allowed developing a recommendation guideline for tests applied to unbaked earth materials. In addition, we have studied the differences of behavior of compressed earth blocks (CEB) manufactured in Spain, evaluating its viability as building material. This thesis helps to consolidate the role of unbaked earth in the scene of current building, solving the doubts of technicians about durability against rain and lack of standard. Therefore, the conclusions of durability tests in earth materials and the proposed improvements in some tests, serve as a reference for determining the durability of the materials based on raw earth. In the same way, it is also an objective of the thesis that the obtained results provide an overview of standards status of materials based on unbaked earth and useful information for the development documents recognized on earth in our country, supporting the standardization that is taking place at the subcommittee AENOR.

Relativistic high-current electron-beam stopping-power characterization in solids and plasmas: collisional versus resistive effects.

We present experimental and numerical results on intense-laser-pulse-produced fast electron beams transport through aluminum samples, either solid or compressed and heated by laser-induced planar shock propagation. Thanks to absolute K� yield measurements and its very good agreement with results from numerical simulations, we quantify the collisional and resistive fast electron stopping powers: for electron current densities of � 8 � 1010 A=cm2 they reach 1:5 keV=�m and 0:8 keV=�m, respectively. For higher current densities up to 1012 A=cm2, numerical simulations show resistive and collisional energy losses at comparable levels. Analytical estimations predict the resistive stopping power will be kept on the level of 1 keV=�m for electron current densities of 1014 A=cm2, representative of the full-scale conditions in the fast ignition of inertially confined fusion targets.

Differences in the structural response of 'granny-smith' apples under mechanical impact and compression

Apple fruits, cv. Granny Smith, were subjected to mechanical impact and compression loads utilizing a steel rod with a spherical tip 19 mm diameter, 50.6 g mass. Energies applied were low enough to produce enzymatic reaction: 0.0120 J for impact, and 0.0199 J for compression. Bruised material was cut and examined with a transmission electron microscope. In both compression and impact, bruises showed a central region located in the flesh parenchyma, at a distance that approximately equalled the indentor tip radius. The parenchyma cells of this region were more altered than cells from the epidermis and hypodermis. Tissues under compression presented numerous deformed parenchyma cells with broken tonoplasts and tissue degradation as predicted by several investigators. The impacted cells supported different kinds of stresses than compressed cells, resulting in the formation of intensive vesiculation, either in the vacuole or in the middle lamella region between cell walls of adjacent cells. A large proportion of parenchyma cells completely split or had initiated splitting at the middle lamella. Bruising may develop with or without cell rupture. Therefore, cell wall rupture is not essential for the development of a bruise, at least the smallest one, as predicted previously

Compression of matter by hypersphsericla shock waves

A novel compression scheme is proposed, in which hollow targets with specifically curved structures initially filled with uniform matter, are driven by converging shock waves. The self-similar dynamics is analyzed for converging and diverging shock waves. The shock-compressed densities and pressures are much higher than those achieved using spherical shocks due to the geometric accumulation. Dynamic behavior is demonstrated using two-dimensional hydrodynamic simulations. The linear stability analysis for the spherical geometry reveals a new dispersion relation with cut-off mode numbers as a function of the specific heat ratio, above which eigenmode perturbations are smeared out in the converging phase.