Letter and Recollections of Alexander Agassiz: The 1891 Albatross Expedition

Presented here is another in the list of historic accounts of iconic research cruises of the USFC Steamer Albatross, this a reminiscence of the renowned scientist Alexander Agassiz edited by his son G. R. Agassiz, a chapter from the volume “Letters and Recollections of Alexander Agassiz,” published in 1913. Agassiz made three major cruises in the Albatross in 1891, 1899–1900, and 1904–05, adding greatly to the world’s store of specimens and knowledge of thalasography, his favored term for oceangraphy, and specifically of the Pacific Ocean. Having made important cruises and studies with the Blake in the Caribbean, he sought to do comparable research in the Pacific. His opportunity came in 1890, and with the consent of President Benjamin Harrison, he took charge of this Albatross research cruise, paying much of the expense himself. In contrast with the other ships he had been on, he found the laboratories, equipment, and furnishings to be comparatively luxurious and extremely well appointed for his work. Further, the Albatross was then captained by Lieutenant Commander Zera Luther Tanner who seemed to take as much interest in the oceanographic research as did the scientists, and Agassiz appreciated working with him, too. Little of the original text has been altered, and readers are cautioned that some of the views expressed may reflect unfortunate prejudices of that era toward individuals, nationalities, etc.

O post que é pista: análise crítica em blogs de professores de História

A popularização da Internet nos últimos anos é parte de diversas transformações no âmbito das comunicações humanas. Essas transformações também estão presentes na educação; e tanto instituições como seus profissionais vem buscando se atualizar em relações às inovações técnicas dos últimos tempos. Professores de História também integram esse quadro e foi percebida a presença de inúmeros deles na rede mundial de computadores. Uma dessas expressões se dá através da criação de blogs pessoais. Entendendo a utilização desta ferramenta como potencial para diversas reconfigurações na educação, esta pesquisa investigou como professores de História constroem suas práticas pedagógicas na rede. Para fundamentar a reflexão teórico-metodológica, foram utilizadas algumas das produções de Walter Benjamin, Guy Debord, Eni Orlandi e Norman Fairclough. Como metodologia de pesquisa, foi realizado um mapeamento de 122 blogs de professores de História da Educação Básica. Buscando um diálogo com o chamado método das constelações de Walter Benjamin (2006), foi construída uma constelação com os blogs mapeados e posteriormente, desenvolvida uma análise com contribuições da Análise Crítica do Discurso.

O que signifixa isso? Dos slogans às ressignificações do discurso pedagógico contemporâneo

O presente trabalho busca compreender as ressignificações do discurso pedagógico contemporâneo a partir da análise dos slogans que circularam na recente Conferência Nacional de Educação (CONAE), como modo de problematizar os projetos ideológicos em disputa por hegemonia no campo da educação nacional. Situado no entrecruzamento entre os campos da linguagem, da ideologia e do poder como hegemonia, toma a teoria enunciativa de Mikhail Bakhtin e a Análise Crítica do Discurso (ACD), nos termos em que formulada por Norman Fairclough, como propostas teórico-metodológicas. No escopo de um diálogo tecido entre os autores, assume a linguagem como parte irredutível da vida social, em duas abordagens que propõem as noções de discurso e de poder em perspectiva crítica. Pautado na imersão da pesquisadora na CONAE, esfera de produção-circulação do discurso pedagógico contemporâneo, este trabalho assume o texto como material privilegiado de análise, focalizando documentos oficiais e pronunciamentos político-governamentais. Dois discursos nodais foram identificados: o da democratização e o da qualidade. Em relação ao primeiro, são analisados os pressupostos assumidos e a constituição histórica de um campo de sentidos que inclui artifícios retóricos. Em relação ao segundo, é dado tratamento crítico ao léxico associado à qualidade em suas sucessivas adjetivações. A partir de ambos os discursos foram analisados dois slogans. O primeiro deles denominado Educação para todos!, Todos pela Educação! aponta para dois deslocamentos semânticos: 1) do direito à educação para o direito à qualidade; e 2) da perspectiva da igualdade para a de uma inclusão baseada no conceito da diferença. O segundo slogan denominado O protagonista, professor! aponta para um lugar contraditório ocupado pelo professor, em que a exortação não se coaduna com suas condições materiais de existência. Para abordar a constituição ideológica deste lugar, nos seus sentidos hegemônicos, são analisados: os discursos da OCDE e imagens de professores na mídia como expressões das relações entre os contextos micro e macro. Para a compreensão dos slogans é situado o binômio informação-conhecimento como cronotopo-chave da contemporaneidade. É nesse cenário que as expectativas relativas à produção do conhecimento são articuladas a exigências do sistema produtivo, sendo a educação concebida como instrumento de racionalidade econômica. Desse modo, o movimento analítico questiona, para além da positividade aparente, a forma como os slogans ganham centralidade no discurso pedagógico contemporâneo, na tentativa de perceber sentidos que interpelam sujeitos e sistemas de ensino e vão sendo naturalizados, até que, tomados como necessários, afastam possibilidades de crítica

A significação da experiência de uso em um Ambiente Virtual de Aprendizagem: estudo de caso sobre a plataforma Moodle no CEDERJ

Essa pesquisa é um estudo de caso sobre a interação do aluno com a interface da plataforma Moodle. Para tal, foram utilizadas técnicas consolidadas de avaliação da usabilidade de interfaces digitais. Assim, com respaldo na Semiótica do americano Charles Sanders Peirce, verificou-se e discutiu-se questões subjetivas dos processos comunicativos envolvidos nos problemas interacionais identificados. Uma vez analisado o impacto desses problemas, desenhou-se um quadro geral, denominado experiência do usuário, no qual as interfaces avaliadas são arenas das frustrações e ações que esta proposta de inspeção foi capaz de descrever. A partir desse quadro, foram fundadas as bases para compreensão do modelo mental do usuário para propor soluções. Essas soluções são baseadas, principalmente, em prescrições de usabilidade de Jakob Nielsen, Donald Norman e Steve Krug Nesse cenário, é demonstrado como o design contribui para a elaboração de uma interface que convida à ação e reflexão, de forma a proporcionar um ambiente de interação satisfatório e consonante com as novas tendências educacionais e da cibercultura. Deste modo, também demonstra-se de que forma a Semiótica pode instrumentalizar o profissional de design a resolver situações de projeto. Por meio da documentação de metodologias e resultados, esta pesquisa apoia a boa comunicação entre projetistas, ressalta a importância da subjetividade no estudo interacional, além de propor soluções para os problemas encontrados. Em virtude dos fatos supracitados, essa pesquisa tem como produto final um acervo de informações relevantes para o histórico de projetos em design. Contemplados os requisitos de usabilidade propostos por essa pesquisa, espera-se que, no futuro, tais requisitos sejam validados, para que o impacto produzido pelas mudanças implementadas possam ser avaliados. Assim, poderá ser verificado como essas mudanças impactarão no processo comunicativo da nova proposta interacional e se elas se converteram realmente em satisfação na experiência do usuário. Com isso, pretende-se que o foco da interface passe a ser a associação da satisfação do uso ao processo de aprendizagem.

Marine Fisheries Stock Assessment Improvement Plan: report of the National Marine Fisheries Service National Task Force for Improving Fish Stock Assessments

This report argues for greatly increased resources in terms of data collection facilities and staff to collect, process, and analyze the data, and to communicate the results, in order for NMFS to fulfill its mandate to conserve and manage marine resources. In fact, the authors of this report had great difficulty defining the "ideal" situation to which fisheries stock assessments and management should aspire. One of the primary objectives of fisheries management is to develop sustainable harvest policies that minimize the risks of overfishing both target species and associated species. This can be achieved in a wide spectrum of ways, ranging between the following two extremes. The first is to implement only simple management measures with correspondingly simple assessment demands, which will usually mean setting fishing mortality targets at relatively low levels in order to reduce the risk of unknowingly overfishing or driving ecosystems towards undesirable system states. The second is to expand existing data collection and analysis programs to provide an adequate knowledge base that can support higher fishing mortality targets while still ensuring low risk to target and associated species and ecosystems. However, defining "adequate" is difficult, especially when scientists have not even identified all marine species, and information on catches, abundances, and life histories of many target species, and most associated species, is sparse. Increasing calls from the public, stakeholders, and the scientific community to implement ecosystem-based stock assessment and management make it even more difficult to define "adequate," especially when "ecosystem-based management" is itself not well-defined. In attempting to describe the data collection and assessment needs for the latter, the authors took a pragmatic approach, rather than trying to estimate the resources required to develop a knowledge base about the fine-scale detailed distributions, abundances, and associations of all marine species. Thus, the specified resource requirements will not meet the expectations of some stakeholders. In addition, the Stock Assessment Improvement Plan is designed to be complementary to other related plans, and therefore does not duplicate the resource requirements detailed in those plans, except as otherwise noted.

The distribution of larval fishes of the Charleston Gyre Region off the southeastern United States in winter shaped by mesoscale, cyclonic eddies

Serial, cyclonic, mesoscale eddies arise just north of the Charleston Bump, a topographical rise on the continental slope and Blake Plateau, and characterize the U.S. outer shelf and upper slope in the region of the Charleston Gyre. This region was transected during the winters of 2000, 2001, and 2002, and hydrographic data and larval fishes were collected. The hydrodynamics of the cyclonic eddies of the Charleston Gyre shape the distribution of larval fishes by mixing larvae from the outer continental shelf and the Gulf Stream and entraining them into the eddy circulation at the peripheral margins, the wrap-around filaments. Over all years and transects (those that intercepted eddies and those that did not), chlorophyll a concentrations, zooplankton displacement volumes, and larval fish concentrations were positively correlated. Chlorophyll a concentrations were highest in filaments that wrapped around eddies, and zooplankton displacement volumes were highest in the continental shelf–Gulf Stream–frontal mix. Overall, the concentration of all larval fishes declined from inshore to offshore with highest concentrations occurring over the outer shelf. Collections produced larvae from 91 fish families representing continental shelf and oceanic species. The larvae of shelf-spawned fishes—Atlantic Menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus, Round Herring Etrumeus teres, Spot Leiostomus xanthurus, and Atlantic Croaker Micropogonias undulatus—were most concentrated over the outer shelf and in the continental shelf–Gulf Stream–frontal mix. The larvae of ocean-spawned fishes—lanternfishes, bristlemouths, and lightfishes—were more evenly dispersed in low concentrations across the outer shelf and upper slope, the highest typically in the Gulf Stream and Sargasso Sea, except for lightfishes that were highest in the continental shelf–Gulf Stream–frontal mix. Detrended correspondence analysis rendered groups of larval fishes that corresponded with a gradient between the continental shelf and Gulf Stream and Sargasso Sea. Eddies propagate northeastward with a residence time on the outer shelf and upper slope of ∼1 month, the same duration as the larval period of most fishes. The pelagic habitat afforded by eddies and fronts of the Charleston Gyre region can be exploited as nursery areas for feeding and growth of larval fishes within the southeastern Atlantic continental shelf ecosystem of the U.S. Eddies, and the nursery habitat they provide, translocate larvae northeastward.

Using wildlife activity and antibiotic resistance analysis to model bacterial water quality in coastal ponds

Models that help predict fecal coliform bacteria (FCB) levels in environmental waters can be important tools for resource managers. In this study, we used animal activity along with antibiotic resistance analysis (ARA), land cover, and other variables to build models that predict bacteria levels in coastal ponds that discharge into an estuary. Photographic wildlife monitoring was used to estimate terrestrial and aquatic wildlife activity prior to sampling. Increased duck activity was an important predictor of increased FCB in coastal ponds. Terrestrial animals like deer and raccoon, although abundant, were not significant in our model. Various land cover types, rainfall, tide, solar irradiation, air temperature, and season parameters, in combination with duck activity, were significant predictors of increased FCB. It appears that tidal ponds allow for settling of bacteria under most conditions. We propose that these models can be used to test different development styles and wildlife management techniques to reduce bacterial loading into downstream shellfish harvesting and contact recreation areas.

Reproductive biology of the blue swimmer crab (Portunus pelagicus, Decapoda: Portunidae) in five bodies of water on the west coast of Australia

Portunus pelagicus was collected at regular intervals from two marine embayments and two estuaries on the lower west coast of Australia and from a large embayment located approximately 800 km farther north. The samples were used to obtain data on the reproductive biology of this species in three very different environments. Unlike females, the males show a loosening of the attachment of the abdominal flap to the cephalothorax at a prepubertal rather than a pubertal molt. Males become gonadally mature (spermatophores and seminal fluid present in the medial region of the vas deferentia) at a very similar carapace width (CW) to that at which they achieve morphometric maturity, as reflected by a change in the relative size of the largest cheliped. Logistic curves, derived from the prevalence of mature male P. pelagicus, generally had wider confidence limits with morphometric than with gonadal data. This presumably reflects the fact that the morphometric (allometric) method of classifying a male P. pelagicus as mature employs probabilities and is thus indirect, whereas gonadal structure allows a mature male to be readily identified. However, the very close correspondence between the CW50’s derived for P. pelagicus by the two methods implies that either method can be used for management purposes. Portunus pelagicus attained maturity at a significantly greater size in the large embayment than in the four more southern bodies of water, where water temperatures were lower and the densities of crabs and fishing pressure were greater. As a result of the emigration of mature female P. pelagicus from estuaries, the CW50’s derived by using the prevalence of mature females in estuaries represent overestimates for those populations as a whole. Estimates of the number of egg batches produced in a spawning season ranged from one in small crabs to three in large crabs. These data, together with the batch fecundities of different size crabs, indicate that the estimated number of eggs produced by P. pelagicus during the spawning season ranges from about 78,000 in small crabs (CW=80 mm) to about 1,000,000 in large crabs (CW=180 mm).

Age and size composition, growth rate, reproductive biology, and habitats of the West Australian dhufish (Glaucosoma hebraicum) and their relevance to the management of this species

Samples of the commercially and recreationally important West Australian dhufish (Glaucosoma hebraicum) were obtained from the lower west coast of Australia by a variety of methods. Fish <300 mm TL were caught over flat, hard substrata and low-lying limestone reefs, whereas larger fish were caught over larger limestone and coral reef formations. Maximum total lengths, weights, and ages were 981 mm, 15.3 kg, and 39 years, respectively, for females and 1120 mm, 23.2 kg, and 41 years, respectively, for males. The von Bertalanffy growth curves for females and males were significantly different. The values for L∞, k, and t0 in the von Bertalanffy growth equations were 929 mm, 0.111/year, and –0.141 years, respectively, for females, and 1025 mm, 0.111/year, and –0.052 years, respectively, for males. Preliminary estimates of total mortality indicated that G. hebraicum is now subjected to a level of fishing pressure that must be of concern to fishery managers. Glaucosoma hebraicum, which spawns between November and April and predominantly between December and March, breeds at a wide range of depths and is a multiple spawner. The L50’s for females and males at first maturity, i.e. 301 and 320 mm, respectively, were attained by about the end of the third year of life and are well below the minimum legal length (MLL) of 500 mm. Because females and males did not reach the MLL until the end of their seventh and sixth years of life, respectively, they would have had, on average, the opportunity of spawning during four and three spawning seasons, respectively, before they reached the MLL. However, because G. hebraicum caught in water depths >40 m typically die upon release, a MLL is of limited use for conserving this species. Alternative approaches, such as restricting fishing activity in highly fished areas, reducing daily bag limits for recreational fishermen, introducing quotas or revising specific details of certain commercial hand-line licences (or doing both) are more likely to provide effective conservation measures.