Susceptibility of Biomphalaria tenagophila and Biomphalaria glabrata from the same region to two Brazilian strains of Schistosoma mansoni

B. tenagophila snails from Ouro Branco, MG, showed positivity for S. mansoni, with infection rates of 5%, 10%, (SJ strain), and 1% (LE strain) using a pool of miracidia. The mollusks were found to be susceptive from the 3rd generation reared in laboratory onwards. The B. tenagophila (OB, MG) when individually exposed to 10 miracidia, showed infection rate of 2% for LE strain. B. glabrata snails from Gagé, MG, showed a positivity rate of 58% for S. mansoni (LE strain), under experimental conditions. The B. tenagophila from Cabo Frio, RJ and B. glabrata from Belo Horizonte, MG used as a control for SJ strain showed infection rates of 47% - 85% and 36% respectivily. For the LE strain, B. glabrata (BH, MG) used as control showed infection rate of 40% - 75%.

Human parvovirus B19 infection: clinical and epidemiological study of 24 cases

From March 1994 to November 1995 24 cases of human parvovirus B19 infection were seen at the Infectious Diseases Department of the Hospital Universitário Antônio Pedro, Niterói - RJ. Serum samples for IgM detection (capture enzyme immunoassay) were positive from the 1st to the 27th day after the onset of the exathema. The classical features of erythema infectiosum (slapped cheecked syndrome) were observed in 8 (33.3%) cases all of them children. Eight patients (6 adults and 2 children) presented a symmetrical polyartropathy, seen more frequently in women. These results show that B19 infection diagnosis is difficult when the disease does not present the classical features and because of the frequent involvement of the joints this infection should be considered in the differential diagnosis of early rheumatoid arthritis.

Antiviral activity of the green marine alga Ulva fasciata on the replication of human metapneumovirus

We evaluated the antiviral activity of the marine alga, Ulva fasciata, collected from Rasa beach and Forno beach, Búzios, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil on the replication of human metapneumovirus (HMPV). The algae extracts were prepared using three different methodologies to compare the activity of different groups of chemical composites obtained through these different methodologies. Four out of the six extracts inhibited nearly 100% of viral replication. The results demonstrated that the majority of the extracts (five out of six) possess virucidal activity and therefore have the ability to interact with the extracellular viral particles and prevent the infection. On the other hand, only two extracts (from Forno beach, obtained by maceration and maceration of the decoction) were able to interact with cell receptors, hindering the viral entry. Finally, only the extract of algae collected at Forno beach, obtained by maceration presented intracellular activity. To our knowledge, this is a pioneer study on antiviral activity of marine algae against HMPV. It is also the first on antiviral activity against HMPV ever done in Brazil. The study also shows the effect of different environment factors and different chemical procedures used to obtain the extract on its biological properties.

Poiésis e ciência

A acção é uma das categorias aristotélicas. Mas Aristóteles distingue poiein (produzir) de prattein (agir), diferenciando assim a ciência produtora (poietike episteme) da ciência prática (praktike episteme). Poder-se-ia definir a poética como a doutrina relativa a todo o fazer dotado de uma técnica, contrapondo-a à noética, doutrina do pensamento ou da inteligência. No entanto, poiein não tardou a ganhar o significado de criar, no sentido de representar algo artisticamente. O poiein cria o poiéma. O acto ou processo de tal criação é a poiésis. Já Platão distinguia rigorosamente o saber (episteme) da opinião (doxa), situando a opinião num terreno incerto limitado pelo conhecimento e pela ignorância. A ciência parece exigir necessariamente uma armação lógico- -racional de caracter estritamente epistémico. Mas, utilizando os termos lançados por Windelband e reforçados por Tatarkiewicz, pode-se falar de ciências nomotéticas e de ciências idiográficas. O pensar nomotético procura as leis que regem os acontecimentos, tornando-os assim previsíveis. O pensar idiográfico descreve acontecimentos (estados de coisas) e factos particulares e esgota-se neles. A faculdade científica por excelência é a razão e o seu instrumento é o conceito. O seu procedimento preferencial é a dedução. Mas o conceito de razão está longe de ser unívoco. Já os gregos distinguiam o nous da dianoia, diferenciação prolongada na distinção latina entre ratio e intellectum, na inglesa entre reason e understanding, na alemã, definitivamente estabelecida por Kant, entre Vemunft e Verstand. Kant faz da Verstand a "faculdade" que lida com regras. Os objectos são pensados mediante o entendimento e do entendimento nascem os conceitos. A razão {Vemunft) tem um estatuto mais elevado: é uma "faculdade" superior do conhecimento, "a faculdade que proporciona os elementos do conhecimento a priori".

HIV-2 Integrase Polymorphisms and Longitudinal Genotypic Analysis of HIV-2 Infected Patients Failing a Raltegravir-Containing Regimen

To characterize the HIV-2 integrase gene polymorphisms and the pathways to resistance of HIV-2 patients failing a raltegravir-containing regimen, we studied 63 integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTI)-naïve patients, and 10 heavily pretreated patients exhibiting virological failure while receiving a salvage raltegravir-containing regimen. All patients were infected by HIV-2 group A. 61.4% of the integrase residues were conserved, including the catalytic motif residues. No INSTI-major resistance mutations were detected in the virus population from naïve patients, but two amino acids that are secondary resistance mutations to INSTIs in HIV-1 were observed. The 10 raltegravir-experienced patients exhibited resistance mutations via three main genetic pathways: N155H, Q148R, and eventually E92Q - T97A. The 155 pathway was preferentially used (7/10 patients). Other mutations associated to raltegravir resistance in HIV-1 were also observed in our HIV-2 population (V151I and D232N), along with several novel mutations previously unreported. Data retrieved from this study should help build a more robust HIV-2-specific algorithm for the genotypic interpretation of raltegravir resistance, and contribute to improve the clinical monitoring of HIV-2-infected patients.

Early Sac Shrinkage Predicts a Low Risk of Late Complications After Endovascular Aortic Aneurysm Repair

BACKGROUND: Aneurysm shrinkage has been proposed as a marker of successful endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR). Patients with early postoperative shrinkage may experience fewer subsequent complications, and consequently require less intensive surveillance. METHODS: Patients undergoing EVAR from 2000 to 2011 at three vascular centres (in 2 countries), who had two imaging examinations (postoperative and after 6-18 months), were included. Maximum diameter, complications and secondary interventions during follow-up were registered. Patients were categorized according to early sac dynamics. The primary endpoint was freedom from late complications. Secondary endpoints were freedom from secondary intervention, postimplant rupture and direct (type I/III) endoleaks. RESULTS: Some 597 EVARs (71.1 per cent of all EVARs) were included. No shrinkage was observed in 284 patients (47.6 per cent), moderate shrinkage (5-9 mm) in 142 (23.8 per cent) and major shrinkage (at least 10 mm) in 171 patients (28.6 per cent). Four years after the index imaging, the rate of freedom from complications was 84.3 (95 per cent confidence interval 78.7 to 89.8), 88.1 (80.6 to 95.5) and 94.4 (90.1 to 98.7) per cent respectively. No shrinkage was an independent risk factor for late complications compared with major shrinkage (hazard ratio (HR) 3.11; P < 0.001). Moderate compared with major shrinkage (HR 2.10; P = 0.022), early postoperative complications (HR 3.34; P < 0.001) and increasing abdominal aortic aneurysm baseline diameter (HR 1.02; P = 0.001) were also risk factors for late complications. Freedom from secondary interventions and direct endoleaks was greater for patients with major sac shrinkage. CONCLUSION: Early change in aneurysm sac diameter is a strong predictor of late complications after EVAR. Patients with major sac shrinkage have a very low risk of complications for up to 5 years. This parameter may be used to tailor postoperative surveillance.

Low Socioeconomic Status is an Independent Risk Factor for Survival After Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair and Open Surgery for Peripheral Artery Disease

OBJECTIVE/BACKGROUND: The association between socioeconomic status (SES), presentation, and outcome after vascular surgery is largely unknown. This study aimed to determine the influence of SES on post-operative survival and severity of disease at presentation among vascular surgery patients in the Dutch setting of equal access to and provision of care. METHODS: Patients undergoing surgical treatment for peripheral artery disease (PAD), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), or carotid artery stenosis between January 2003 and December 2011 were retrospectively included. The association between SES, quantified by household income, disease severity at presentation, and survival was studied using logistic and Cox regression analysis adjusted for demographics, and medical and behavioral risk factors. RESULTS: A total of 1,178 patients were included. Low income was associated with worse post-operative survival in the PAD cohort (n = 324, hazard ratio 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.00-1.10, per 5,000 Euro decrease) and the AAA cohort (n = 440, quadratic relation, p = .01). AAA patients in the lowest income quartile were more likely to present with a ruptured aneurysm (odds ratio [OR] 2.12, 95% CI 1.08-4.17). Lowest income quartile PAD patients presented more frequently with symptoms of critical limb ischemia, although no significant association could be established (OR 2.02, 95% CI 0.96-4.26). CONCLUSIONS: The increased health hazards observed in this study are caused by patient related factors rather than differences in medical care, considering the equality of care provided by the study setting. Although the exact mechanism driving the association between SES and worse outcome remains elusive, consideration of SES as a risk factor in pre-operative decision making and focus on treatment of known SES related behavioral and psychosocial risk factors may improve the outcome of patients with vascular disease.

Leishmaniose tegumentar americana na Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro: II. prevalência da infecção humana determinada pela intradermorreação de Montenegro

Em inquérito pela intradermorreação de Montenegro, realizado em 402 pessoas da população da Praia Vermelha, Ilha Grande, município de Angra dos Reis, RJ, os autores observaram uma prevalência de 11,94% de positividade; não ocorreram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre sexo e faixas etárias. Esse Inquérito ainda revelou que o risco em adquirir a infecção é de 3 vezes maior na população masculina que trabalha na área durante todo o ano, quando comparada à população de pescadores que se ausenta da área por longos períodos; também revelou um risco 8 vezes maior nos moradores dos domicílios onde ocorreu um caso humano da doença.

Leishmaniose tegumentar alviericana na Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro: III. reservatórios silvestres e comensais

Em 203 animais silvestres e comensais examinados na Praia Vermelha, Ilha Grande, município de Angra dos fíeis, RJ, durante o estudo de um surto de Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana, foram encontrados 2 exemplares de Proechimys dimidiatus, com lesões hipocrômicas nas extremidades das orelhas, e 1 exemplar de Rattus norvegicus norvegicus, com úlcera de dorso, cuja histopatologia revelou a presença de Leishmania sp. nos 3 exemplares.

Leishmaniose tegumentar americana na Ilha Grande, Rio de Janeiro: IV. reservatórios doméstios

Durante um surto de Leishmaniose Tegumemar Americana (LTA) na Praia Vermelha, Ilha Grande, município de Angra dos Reis, RJ, durante o ano de 1976, os autores examinaram 64 animais domésticos sendo 38 cães e 28 gatos. Nos 38 cães examinados, constatou-se, através de exames histopatolúgicos, infecção natural pela Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana em 4 (10,52%) cães que apresentavam úlceras com invasão de mucosas localizadas no focinho.

Leptospirose em crianças no Rio de Janeiro

Afim de obter dados sobre as manifestações clínicas da leptospirose em crianças, foram revistos 188 exames sorológicos realizados em pacientes com idade entre 0 e 12 anos no Laboratório de Referência Nacional para Leptospirose (FIOCRUZ-RJ) no período de janeiro de 1983 ajunho de 1991. Cinquenta e dois (27,6%) soros eram reagentes. Vinte etrês (12,2%) crianças tinham evidênciasorológica de infecção aguda. Os sinais e sintomas mais freqüentemente encontrados nestes casos foram: febre (100%); mialgias (69,5%); cefaléia (52,1%); icterícia (47,8%); vômitos (34,8%); dores abdominais, manifestações hemorrágicas e disfunção renal (17,4%); conjuntivite (13%); hepatomegalia (4,3%).

Human parvovirus B19 infections among exanthematic diseases notified as measles

A total of 1397 sera collected from 1095 cases of exanthematic disease notified as measles in ES and RJ states during July 1992 to December 1994 were investigated. These sera were first tested for measles and rubella specific IgM. When they proved negative, they were tested for B19 specific IgM by an enzyme immunoassay. B19 infection was confirmed in 27 (2.5%) of these cases. Sera from 194 negative cases for measles and rubella IgM received from other Brazilian states were also investigated and B19 infection was confirmed for 11 of them. Sera from these 38 IgM positive cases for B19, were tested for anti-B19 IgG by an enzyme immunoassay and for B19 DNA by dot blot hybridization. Anti-B19 IgG antibodies were detected in most of the acute sera. B19 DNA was detected in the acute serum of one patient that had been splenectomized before. As the exanthem caused by human parvovirus infection may be clinically diagnosed as rubella, it could be important to diagnose B19 infection in Brazil since it is becoming prevalent as the cause of rash in countries where rubella is controlled by vaccination.

Avaliação do poder sensibilizante da reação de Montenegro

O teste de Montenegro, utilizado no diagnóstico da leishmaniose tegumentar, tem sido recentemente considerado marcador de imunogenicidade após vacinação. Neste estudo, avaliou-se o poder sensibilizante deste teste e a produção de y-IFN in vitro, em indivíduos não expostos a Leishmania. Utilizaram-se para o teste antígenos de L. amazonensis produzido em nosso laboratório (grupo I) ou produzido pela FIOCRUZ-RJ (grupo II). No dia 30, 33% dos indivíduos do grupo I e 42% do grupo II converteram o teste para positivo, comparando-se com 67% do grupo I e 50% do grupo II no dia 90. y-IFN foi detectado em 56% dos indivíduos do grupo I e 17% do grupo II no dia 30 (169±309 e 11±36pg/ml) e em 67% do grupo I e 58% do grupo II no dia 360 (69±107 e 18±20pg/ml). Estes dados demonstram que o teste de Montenegro induz, além de hipersensibilidade tardia, a produção de y-IFN.

Aspectos sorológicos e epidemiológicos da leishmaniose tegumentar americana canina em Maricá, Rio de Janeiro, Brasil

Foram estudados 261 cães (134 moradias) do Município de Maricá, RJ, Brasil, visando avaliar a resposta sorológica e infecção ativa para leishmaniose tegumentar americana (LTA). Oito cães apresentaram lesões sugestivas, sendo o isolamento positivo em 3. Pelo ELISA, 24,5% (64/261) apresentaram reatividade (sensibilidade = 66% e especificidade = 76%), estando associado ao isolamento em 2 e 0,4% (1/261) pela imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) sem associação com isolamento. Para a redução de reações inespecíficas no ELISA, utilizou-se um segundo critério para obtenção do cutoff (sensibilidade = 33% e especificidade = 93%), obtendo positividade de 6,9% (18/261) associando-se ao isolamento em um animal. Sete pessoas apresentaram cicatrizes de LTA e uma lesão ativa em tratamento. A não associação da infecção ativa dos cães à sorologia pela IFI e o grande número de resultados inespecíficos encontrado pelo ELISA, restringe o uso isolado destas no diagnóstico precoce da LTA. O encontro de lesões ativas confirma a circulação recente da Leishmania em Maricá, indicando a necessidade de estudos nesta região.

Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis em cães naturalmente infectados

Foram estudados oito cães provenientes do Município de Maricá (RJ), com lesões sugestivas de leishmaniose tegumentar americana por métodos parasitológicos e sorológicos. Leishmania spp foi encontrada em seis cães através do cultivo in vitro. Anticorpos específicos foram detectados em seis animais pelo ELISA e em dois pela imunofluorescência indireta. Cinco isolados caninos analisados apresentaram zimodema similar a Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis. Sugere-se que cães clinicamente suspeitos sejam acompanhados periodicamente, na tentativa de confirmar o diagnóstico da leishmaniose tegumentar canina.