A comparative study of erbium oxide and gadolinium oxide high-k dielectric thin films grown by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) using beta-Diketonates as precursors

In this paper, a comparative study of thin films of Er2O3 and Gd2O3 grown on n-type Si(100) by low-pressure metalorganic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) under the identical conditions has been presented. beta-Diketonate complex of rate earth metals was used as precursor. Description on the evolution of the morphology, structure, optical, and electrical characteristics of films with respect to growth parameters and post-deposition annealing process has been presented. As-gown Gd2O3 films grow with <111> texture, whereas the texture of Er2O3 films strongly depends on the growth temperature (either <100> or <111>). Compositional analysis reveals that the Gd2O3 films grown at or above 500degreesC are carbon free whereas Er2O3 films at upto 525degreesC show the presence of heteroatoms and Er2O3 films grown above 525degreesC are carbon five. The effective dielectric constant is in the range of 7-24, while the fixed charge density is in the range - 10(11) to 10(10) CM-2 as extracted from the C-V characteristics. DC I-V study was carried out to examine the leakage behaviour of films. It reveals that the as-grown Gd2O3 film was very leakey in nature. Annealing of the films in oxidizing ambient for a period of 20 min results in a drastic improvement in the leakage behaviour. The presence of heteroatoms (such as carbon) and their effect on the properties of films are discussed.

Association rule mining activity : A general formalism

Mining association rules from a large collection of databases is based on two main tasks. One is generation of large itemsets; and the other is finding associations between the discovered large itemsets. Existing formalism for association rules are based on a single transaction database which is not sufficient to describe the association rules based on multiple database environment. In this paper, we give a general characterization of association rules and also give a framework for knowledge-based mining of multiple databases for association rules.

A Scalable Architecture for VoIP Conferencing

Real-Time services are traditionally supported on circuit switched network. However, there is a need to port these services on packet switched network. Architecture for audio conferencing application over the Internet in the light of ITU-T H.323 recommendations is considered. In a conference, considering packets only from a set of selected clients can reduce speech quality degradation because mixing packets from all clients can lead to lack of speech clarity. A distributed algorithm and architecture for selecting clients for mixing is suggested here based on a new quantifier of the voice activity called “Loudness Number” (LN). The proposed system distributes the computation load and reduces the load on client terminals. The highlights of this architecture are scalability, bandwidth saving and speech quality enhancement. Client selection for playing out tries to mimic a physical conference where the most vocal participants attract more attention. The contributions of the paper are expected to aid H.323 recommendations implementations for Multipoint Processors (MP). A working prototype based on the proposed architecture is already functional.

Pulsed plasma treatment of polluted gas using wet/low temperature corona reactors

pplication of pulsed plasma for gas cleaning is gaining prominence in recent years mainly from the energy consideration point of view. Normally, gas treatment is carried out, at or above room temperature, by a conventional dry type corona reactor. However, this treatment is still inadequate in the removal of certain stable gases present in the exhaust/flue gas mixture. The authors report some interesting results of the treatment of such stable gases with pulsed plasma at very low ambient temperature. Also reported in the paper is an improvement in DeNO/DeNOx efficiency using unconventional wet-type reactors, designed and fabricated by the authors, operating at different ambient temperatures. Apart from laboratory tests on simulated gas mixtures, field tests were also carried out on the exhaust gas of a 8 kW diesel engine. Further, an attempt was made to test the feasibility of a helical wire as a corona electrode in place of the conventional straight wire electrode. A comparative analysis of the various tests is presented together with a note on the energy consideration

Application of Pulsed Discharge Plasma For Methanol Synthesis

Synthesis of methanol using pulsed discharge plasma process is gaining significance. We report the production of methanol from methane and CO2/H2O, using pulsed discharge. Experiments were conducted at very low temperature (-192°C) in addition to normal room temperature. Two types of plasma reactors, cylindrical and rectangular, were tested for methanol production with different corona electrodes (straight wire, helical wire and barbed plate). Gas analysis was carried out by GC-MS and the yield of methanol at various operating conditions was compared and discussed. Experiments were carefully conducted laboratory environment

Pulsed plasma treatment of polluted gas using wet/low temperature corona reactors

Application of pulsed plasma for gas cleaning is gaining prominence in recent years mainly from the energy consideration point of view. Normally, gas treatment is carried out, at or above room temperature, by a conventional dry type corona reactor. However, this treatment is still inadequate in the removal of certain stable gases present in the exhaust/flue gas mixture. The authors report some interesting results of the treatment of such stable gases with pulsed plasma at very low ambient temperature. Also reported in the paper is an improvement in DeNO/DeNOx efficiency using unconventional wet-type reactors, designed and fabricated by the authors, operating at different ambient temperatures. Apart from laboratory tests on simulated gas mixtures, field tests were also carried out on the exhaust gas of a 8 kW diesel engine. Further, an attempt was made to test the feasibility of a helical wire as a corona electrode in place of the conventional straight wire electrode. A comparative analysis of the various tests is presented together with a note on the energy consideration

Spin-Electron-Phonon Excitation in Re-based Half-Metallic Double Perovskites

A remarkable hardening (similar to 30 cm(-1)) of the normal mode of vibration associated with the symmetric stretching of the oxygen octahedra for the Ba2FeReO6 and Sr2CrReO6 double perovskites is observed below the corresponding magnetic ordering temperatures. The very large magnitude of this effect and its absence for the antisymmetric stretching mode provide evidence against a conventional spin-phonon coupling mechanism. Our observations are consistent with a collective excitation formed by the combination of the vibrational mode with oscillations of Fe or Cr 3d and Re 5d occupations and spin magnitudes.

Co-evolution of content popularity and delivery in mobile P2P networks

Mobile P2P technology provides a scalable approach for content delivery to a large number of users on their mobile devices. In this work, we study the dissemination of a single item of content (e. g., an item of news, a song or a video clip) among a population of mobile nodes. Each node in the population is either a destination (interested in the content) or a potential relay (not yet interested in the content). There is an interest evolution process by which nodes not yet interested in the content (i.e., relays) can become interested (i.e., become destinations) on learning about the popularity of the content (i.e., the number of already interested nodes). In our work, the interest in the content evolves under the linear threshold model. The content is copied between nodes when they make random contact. For this we employ a controlled epidemic spread model. We model the joint evolution of the copying process and the interest evolution process, and derive joint fluid limit ordinary differential equations. We then study the selection of parameters under the content provider's control, for the optimization of various objective functions that aim at maximizing content popularity and efficient content delivery.

Optimal parameter selection for bilateral filters using Poisson unbiased risk estimate

Bilateral filters perform edge-preserving smoothing and are widely used for image denoising. The denoising performance is sensitive to the choice of the bilateral filter parameters. We propose an optimal parameter selection for bilateral filtering of images corrupted with Poisson noise. We employ the Poisson's Unbiased Risk Estimate (PURE), which is an unbiased estimate of the Mean Squared Error (MSE). It does not require a priori knowledge of the ground truth and is useful in practical scenarios where there is no access to the original image. Experimental results show that quality of denoising obtained with PURE-optimal bilateral filters is almost indistinguishable with that of the Oracle-MSE-optimal bilateral filters.

Bilateral smoothing of gradient vector field and application to image segmentation

Medical image segmentation finds application in computer-aided diagnosis, computer-guided surgery, measuring tissue volumes, locating tumors, and pathologies. One approach to segmentation is to use active contours or snakes. Active contours start from an initialization (often manually specified) and are guided by image-dependent forces to the object boundary. Snakes may also be guided by gradient vector fields associated with an image. The first main result in this direction is that of Xu and Prince, who proposed the notion of gradient vector flow (GVF), which is computed iteratively. We propose a new formalism to compute the vector flow based on the notion of bilateral filtering of the gradient field associated with the edge map - we refer to it as the bilateral vector flow (BVF). The range kernel definition that we employ is different from the one employed in the standard Gaussian bilateral filter. The advantage of the BVF formalism is that smooth gradient vector flow fields with enhanced edge information can be computed noniteratively. The quality of image segmentation turned out to be on par with that obtained using the GVF and in some cases better than the GVF.

Fragment-based real-time object tracking: a sparse representation approach

Real-time object tracking is a critical task in many computer vision applications. Achieving rapid and robust tracking while handling changes in object pose and size, varying illumination and partial occlusion, is a challenging task given the limited amount of computational resources. In this paper we propose a real-time object tracker in l(1) framework addressing these issues. In the proposed approach, dictionaries containing templates of overlapping object fragments are created. The candidate fragments are sparsely represented in the dictionary fragment space by solving the l(1) regularized least squares problem. The non zero coefficients indicate the relative motion between the target and candidate fragments along with a fidelity measure. The final object motion is obtained by fusing the reliable motion information. The dictionary is updated based on the object likelihood map. The proposed tracking algorithm is tested on various challenging videos and found to outperform earlier approach.

Crianza de patos domésticos (Cairina moschata) en la comunidad Piedra Colorada, Matagalpa. Estudio de caso

Este estudio describe la crianza de patos domésticos (Cairina moschata), en la comunidad de Piedra Colorada, municipio de Matagalpa, de Enero a Diciembre 2011. Se seleccionaron 20 familias bajo criterios previos: anuencia, disponibilidad de patos y experiencia en el manejo de los mismos. Para recabar información se utilizaron guías de observación, entrevista. Para el procesamiento e interpretación de la información, se utilizó la estadística descriptiva, haciendo uso de gráficos de barra, tablas de frecuencia y datos porcentuales. Las variables evaluadas: cantidad de palmípedos, importancia de la crianza, manejo, parámetros productivos y reproductivos y enfermedades que los afectan. Entre los resultados están: La población de patos total es de 460; 250 adultos, 149 crías y 61 pato pichón. La importancia de la crianza de patos para la mayoría de las familias, según expresan, las utilizan para consumo de su carne. Las principales características de estas aves son: rusticidad, resistentes a enfermedades, reproducción rápida, rentables, poco andariegos, fácil manejo. De la carne y huevos, el 40% de las familias conocen su valor alimenticio y nutricional. El destino de la reproducción de patos y huevos es para consumo familiar, para venta y remplazo y en para regalar las crías. El manejo proporcionado a los patos es rudimentario y se resume en suministro de alimento y agua. El alimento suministrado, es maíz ó sorgo, además de desperdicios de cocina. No construyen instalaciones ni equipos (solamente bebederos) para las aves. Durante el pastoreo consumen insectos, hierbas, frutas, entre otros. El peso del huevo es de 72 g y ponen un promedio de 64 h/año. La incubación dura 34 días y la realizan durante todo el año. La relación hembra/macho es de 5-7 h/m. La madurez sexual de los patos se da entre los 7 a 9 meses de edad.

Efecto de sistemas de labranza, rotación y control de malezas sobre la cenosis de las malezas y el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de los cultivos de maíz (Zea mays L.) y sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L) moench)

En este trabajo se estudió el efecto de diferentes sistemas de labranza, métodos de control de malezas y rotaciones de cultivos, sobre la dinámica de la cenósis de las malezas, el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de los cultivos maíz y sorgo. El ensayo se inició en primera de 1992 en los meses de Mayo a Agosto de 1992, en el Centro Experimental "La Compañía", ubicada en el municipio de Masatepe, Carazo. El ensayo se estableció en un arreglo trifactorial en franjas con 4 repeticiones. Siendo el factor A: Labranza convencional, Labranza mínima, Labranza cero. Factor 8: Rotación maíz-frijol, rotación sorgo-soya, y el factor C: Control químico, control período crítico, control limpia periódica. Los resultados demuestran que el sistema de labranza convencional y el control químico fueron de mejor comportamiento respecto a la abundancia de las malezas para la rotación maíz-frijol, mientras que para la rotación sorgo-soya labranza cero y el control limpia periódica. Presentando menor abundancia esta rotación. Respecto a la cobertura, labranza convencional obtuvo el menor porcentaje para ambas rotaciones, igual que para la diversidad, mientras que labranza cero se destaca en ambas rotaciones para la biomasa con el menor valor. El control limpia periódica fue el de mejores resultados respecto a cobertura, biomasa y diversidad para la rotación sorgo-soya, seguido del control químico se destacan las especies Sorghum halepense y Melanthera aspera. Labranza convencional y el control químico fueron los de mejor comportamiento en el cultivo del maíz lo cual se refleja en el rendimiento. El rendimiento de materia seca se vio favorecido por cero labranza al igual que altura de plantas y número de hojas. El cultivo del sorgo obtuvo los mejores resultados bajo el sistema de labranza cero y el control período crítico.

Evaluación de cinco cepas de Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. phaseoli en el cultivo del frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) var. Rev. 84

Esta investigación se realizó en el Centro Experimental "La Compañía" ubicada en San Marcos, Carazo, con el objetivo de evaluar la adaptabilidad de las cepas en las condiciones estudiadas, determinar cuál de las cepas es la más infectiva y efectiva en cuanto a la nodulación y determinar su efecto en el crecimiento y rendimiento del cultivo del frijol (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) var. Rev. 84. Los factores evaluados fueren 5 cepas de Rhisoblum leguminosearum by. phaseoli y 3 testigos: 1 Testigo Absoluto (no inoculado. no fertilizado) Y 2 Testigos Relativos (no inoculados y fertilizados). El diseño experimental utilizado fue el de bloques completos al azar (SCA), con 4 repeticiones. La parcela experimental del ensayo fue de 32 (8 m x 4 m), la distancia de siembra fue de 0.1 m entre plantas y 0.4 m entre surcos. Las variables analizadas fueron: número; eficiencia y peso seco de nódulos por planta, peso seco de área foliar y rendimiento. Los datos se procesaron usando análisis de varianza (AHUEVA) y se utilizó la prueba de rangos múltiples de DUNCAN (P ≤ 0. 05). No se observó diferencias significativas para las variables de nodulación y rendimiento, determinándose efecto significativo sólo para el peso seco de área foliar en la I y II etapa de evaluación Sin embargo, se determinó quo la cepa CR-436 fue la que presentó mayor infectividad en el sistema radicular y la cepa CIAT-899, la que presentó el mejor porcentaje de efectividad nodular y con la que se obtuvo el mayor promedio de peso seco de área foliar. El mejor rendimiento fue obtenido con la cepa CR-436.

Influencia de cultivos antecesores y métodos de control de malezas sobre la cenosis de las malezas y el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de los cultivos de maíz (Zea mays L.) y sorgo (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

En este trabajo se estudió la influencia de diferentes rotaciones de cultivos y métodos de control de malezas, sobre la dinámica de la cenósis de malezas y el crecimiento, desarrollo y rendimiento de los cultivos Maíz y Sorgo. El ensayo se inició en primera de 1992, en los meses de mayo a agosto, en la cooperativa Rubén Duarte, Managua. Se utilizó un diseño de parcelas divididas arregladas en bloque completo al azar. Siendo el factor A: Ajonjolí -Maíz, Soya-Maíz, Ajonjolí-Sorgo, Soya-Sorgo y el factor B: control químico, control período crítico, control limpia periódica. Los resultados demuestran que el control limpia periódica efectuó un control satisfactorio de malezas, mientras los controles periodo crítico y químico fueron insuficientes, debido a la predominancia de Cyperus rotundus y poáceas como Cenchrus sp y Rottboellia cochinchinensis. Las diferentes rotaciones influyeron sobre el nivel de enmalezamiento, siendo más bajo en la rotación Ajonjolí-Sorgo y Soya-Sorgo que en las restantes rotaciones. En cuanto a rendimiento, los mejores resultados se obtuvieron en las rotaciones Soya-Maíz y Ajonjolí-Sorgo, en éstas, los cultivos antecesores ejercieron un aceptable control de malezas.